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HomeMy WebLinkAboutR-77-0148RESOLUTION NO, '` .4y .:.... A RESOLUTION OP THE CITY COMMISSION ACCEPTING THE RESPONSES RECOMMENDED BY THE LOCAL PLANNING AGENCY, A COPY OP WHICH iS ATTACHED HERETO AND MADE A PART VEttEOP, SUBJECT TO CERTAIN ADDITIONS AND DELETIONS CONTAINED HEREIN; DIRECTING THE CtERX TO TRANSMIT THE RESPONSES TO THE APPEC`Pt;D AGENCIES AND ESTABLISHING A PUBLIC REARING DATE 'Wit' fr., �, webravi CONSIDERATION OP ADOPTION OP THE MIAMI C PRE.1.IEN8IV1 NEIGHBORHOOD PLAN. LJOVUa r �,`V v r FOLLOW" WHEREAS, the Local Governtent Comprehensive Planning Act of 1975 (Chapter 163 P.S.) requires that local governments adopt a comprehensive plan and has established procedures leading to adoption; and WHEREAS, the City of Miami has declared its intention of exercising its authority under the provisions of the Local Govern- ment Comprehensive Planning Act of 1975 (Chapter 163 F.S.) for the total area under its jurisdiction by Ordinance 8545, dated April 22, 1976; and WHEREAS, the Commission has designated the Planning Advisory Board as the Vocal Planning Agency in conformance with the provisions of the Local Government Comprehensive Planning Act of 1975 (Chapter 163 F.S.) by Ordinance 8546, dated April 22, 1976; and WHEREAS, the Local Planning Agency has transmitted the Miami Comprehensive Neighborhood Plan for review by Resolution PAB 27-76, dated October 6, 1976; and WHFREAS, the Commission has transmitted copies of the Miami Comprehensive Neighborhood Plan to the Division of State Planning; Bureau of Coastal Zone Planning, Department of Natural Resources; South Florida Regional Planning Council; Dade County Planning Department and any other governmental agency that requested a copy for their comments (per Chapter 163 F.S,) by Resolution 76-1031, dated November 17, 1976; and WHEREAS, the City Commission finds that the Local Planning Agency has held a public hearing on the proposed compre- hensive plan with due public notice on February 9, 1977, as required by Chapter 163 F,S,; and %MEW the Local Plantitg Agency has reCowntended Adoption, With Modifications, of certain elements of the Miami Comprehensive Neighborhood Plan (per Chapter 163 P,S.) in public hearing based on the comments of the governtiental agencies, private groups and citi2etts by Resolution PAB 11=77, dated February 9, 1977 ; and WHEREAS, the Local Planning Agency has considered these comments of the governmental agencies in public hearing and has recommended that the Commission transmit responses and the Technical Report to these agencies (per Chapter 163 F.S.) by Resolution PAB 10-77, dated February 9, 1977; and WHEREAS, the Commission has reviewed the comments of the Division of State Planning, the Bureau of Coastal Zone Planning, Department of Natural Resources; South Florida Regional Planning Council, Dade County Planning Department and other governmental agencies on the Miami Comprehensive Neighborhood Plan and the aforementioned recommended responses of the Local Planning Agency; NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED BY THE COMMISSION OF THE CITY OF MIAMI, FLORIDA: Section 1. The City Commission does hereby accept the responses recommended by the Local Planning Agency, a copy of which is attached hereto and made a part hereof, subject to the following additions and deletions: MAURICE A. FERRE MAYOR "SUPoir) �`1'f1 DCLI S FGLLOW»' Section g The City Clerk is hereby directed to transmit copies of this resol tiot'i, together with the teeht►ica1 report referred to its the Planning Advisry tc.rd Resoutoti No, 10=77, dated February 9, 1977 (attached hereto) to the Division of State Planning; the I#urean of Coastal Zone Planning, Department of Natural Resources; South Florida Regional Planning Council; Dade County Planning Department and other governmental agencies. Section 3. A public hearing for the consideration of the adoption of certain elements of the Miami Comprehensive Neighborhood Plan be, and the satiie is, hereby set for Wednesday, April 27, 1977, at 2:00 p.m., at City Hall, Dinner Rey. PASSED AND ADOPTED this 23 day of FEBRUARY__ 1977. ATTEST: PREPARED AND APPROVED BY: MICHEL E. ANDERSON Assistant City Attorney APPROVED S TO FORM AND CORRECTNESS: GEO GE F City Attor D16TI1 UT1 1;1ST DIVIe bh bf State Planning Mr. Ronald G."Whittle, Jr., Director biVisiOn of State Planning Department of AdMinistratibn 660 Apalachee Parkway IPM tuildirig Tallahassee, Florida 32304 13u1 eau ..of Coastal Zone planning Department of Natural Resources Mr. truce .7ohnson Bureau of Coastal Zone Planning Department of Natural Resources 115 bloxham Street - Pennington building Tallahassee, Florida 32304 3. South F1.orida Regional Planning. Council Mr. M. tarry Peterson, Executive Director South Florida Regional Planning Council 1515 NW 1.67th Street - Suite 429 Miami, Florida 33169 4. bade County Planning Department Mr. Reginald Walters, Director Dade County Planning Departmentw „ trickell Plaza pt'1 T; •t \ - 909 SE 1st Avenue + ;Jt'� 7+ VE Miami, Florida DCC'1i' ti.,_ i.:iv S 5. City of Coral Gables Fj ' . Mr. John E. Vinsant Planning Director City of Coral Gables PODrawer 341549 Coral Gables, Florida 33134 . City of Hialeah Mr. Richard W. Gross, Director Manpower and Community Development Planning Office City of Hialeah 86 East 6th Street PO Box 40 Hialeah, Florida 33011 r / :./.._ 9. 8/9 - 6086 PLANNING bEPAPI'MENfi P. 6. BOx 330`7013 MIAMI, PLbRIbA 88188 D12A F' Dear Mr. .After considering the comments of your agency on the Miami Comprehensive Neighborhood Plan in public hearing on Feb- ruary 23, 1977, the Miami City Corntnission by Resolution 77- / dated February 23, 1977, has directed me, to transmit specific responses. Resolution 77 11 ' dated February 23, 1977 refers to and includes: Planning Advisory Board Resolution PAB 10-77 dated February 9, 1977 Exhibit A, Responses to Comments by Govern mental Agencies MCNP Technical Report All of the above are enclosed with this letter. Sincerely, Ralph G. Ongie City Clerk "RI n,-) f rea • ', i j C. btRu1-v eLRRK WVILWELMINA DELL 0p103ERfi NoRRIS r[o6ERr E. TINGLEV February 26, 1977 larTha ttx 2P: Offtrt of tip (Eitg •Tirirk ttttit aIL 3xtiti Patti s tttrriratt Oritic t�tttt, <Fltirthtt 2101 Mr. Pi hard W. Gross, Director Manpower and Community Development Planning Office City of Hialeah 86 Bast 6th Street P.O. Box 40 Hialeah, Florida 33011 Dear Mr. Gross, RAL€ H 6, ONeit Cif CLERFC MAtiLbt HIRAI ASSISfAN9' GitY CLERIC After considering the comments of your agency on the Miami Comprehensive Neighborhood Plan in public hearing on February 23, 1977, the Miami City Commission by Resolution No. 77-148 dated February 23, 1977, has directed me to transmit specific responses. Resolution No. 77-148 dated February 23, 1977 refers to and includes: - Planning Advisory Board Resolution PAB 10-77 dated February 9, 1977. - Exhibit A, Responses to Comments by Governmental Agencies. - MCNP Technical Report. All of the above are enclosed with this letter. "SCJ:��7O RT! `fE , � Sincerely, Ralph G. Ongie, City Clerk RGO/rt ENC. (2) F..LOW' btPutY CLs tKS WqILHELMI`7A SELL f[OBEPT NORRIs ROBEPT E. ¶INGLEY February 25, 1977 Mr. John F.'Vinsant Planning birector City of Coral Gables P.O. Drawer 341549 Coral Gables, Florida 33134 Cita, 'tetra .» .Lti �i. 1. ffttt of tilt ett dierk tttj ttt tits 1tttt Attlt'rtittt Dt tur Matt, Ifteritid 31133 i bear Mr. Vinsant, After considering the comments of your agency on the Miami Neighborhood Plan in public hearing on February 23, 1977, the Miami City Commission by Resolution No. 77-148 dated February 23, 1977, has directed me to transmit specific responses. Resolution No. 77-149 dated February 23, 1977 refers to and includes: RALPH G. 0NCIt City CLe:g* MAtiLb€ HIRAI AsststANt ill@' CL@lilt All - Planning Advisory Board - Exhibit A, Responses to • MCNP Technical Report. of the above are enclosed with this letter. Sincerely, Ralph G. Ongie, City Clerk RGO/rt ENC. (2) Comprehensive Resolution FAB 10-77 dated February 9, 1977. Comments by Governmental Agencies. `Lai ? -Vil i- i i WILNELAiINA BELL R09ERT NOQRIS kost'RT E. tINGLEr February 25 1977 ' 3i► as Mitt of tltr (tt j t lrrl (tttg Batt 25110 Wit s t►trrtttui prtur it tttt, lkiirtbtt 31 Mr. Reginald Walters, birector bade County Planning bepartinent Brickell Plata 909 Sot. 1st Avenue Miami, Florida bear Mr. Walters, RALPH G. ON61 City CLr_RK MA ILbe HIRAI AssiSTANt CItY CLERK After considering the comments of your agency on the Miami Comprehensive` Neighborhood Plan in public hearing on February 23, 1977, the Miami City Commission by Resolution No. 77-148 dated February 23, 1977, has directed me to transmit specific responses. Resolution No. 77=148 dated February 23, 1977 refers to and includes: - Planning Advisory Board Resolution PAB 10-77 dated February 9, 1977. - Exhibit A, Responses to Comments by Governmental Agencies.' MCNP Technical Report. All of the above are enclosed with this letter. Sincerely, Ralph G. Ongie, City Clerk RGO/rt ENC. (2) rf 41 (,11 bEPUTY CLEPKS WILFtLMINA BELL aoestot NoRols ilotERt E. tINGLEY rebruaty 25, 1977 CYIn J• � *it w[3 ALl'r a . ,vA1 A i4 .i'�'41 (fffrt tit tilt (Lull Clerk dap ziail 33L1I Salt Attt tita►t brig am. tmi, lnribn 33133 M. M. tatty Peterson, Executive Director South Florida Regional planning Council 1515 N.W. 167th Street, Suite 429 Miami, Florida 33169 •alit•".. . FRALf H 6. oNdit. CItfl CLtAK M49"ILbt HI$ AI ASSIStANt City LERR Dear Mr. Peterson, After considering the comments of your agency on the Miami Comprehensive Neighborhood Plan in public hearing on February 23, 1977, the Miami City Commission by Resolution No. 77-148 dated February 23, 1977, has directed me to transmit specific responses. Resolution No. 77-148 dated February 23, 1977 refers to and includes: - Planning Advisory Board Resolution PAE 10-77 dated February 9, 1977. - Exhibit A, Responses to Comments by Governmental Agencies. - MCNP Technical Report. All of the above are enclosed with this letter. Sincerely, Ralph G. Ongie, City Clerk RGO/rt ENC. (2) 4 bEPUtse CL.Mirt WLHtLMINA ..y HELL RobER? NORRIs Ro9ER1 s. TINGLEV February 25, 1977 • Office ttf the ite (tag(itt k; (tttt tllt Jatt . tttcrttatt Drtttt !tattti, Ifltirila 321J3 Mr. Bruce Johnson Bureau of Coastal Zone Planning Department of Natural Resources 115 B1o+hain Street - Pennington Building Tallahassee, Florida 32304 Dear Mr. Johnson, IZALiH . bNIli tity CL€R K MA' ILbE HIRAI ASSIstA! f C ITY CLERK After considering the comments of your agency on the Miami Comprehensive Neighborhood Plan in public hearing on February 23, 1977, the Miami City Commission by Resolution No. 77-148 dated February 23, 1977, has directed me to transmit specific responses. Resolution No. 77-148 dated February 23, 1977 refers to and includes: - Planning Advisory Board Resolution PAB 10-77 dated February 9, 1977. - Exhibit A, Responses to Comments by Governmental Agencies. - MCNP Technical Report. All of the above are enclosed with this letter. Sincerely, Ralph G. Ongie, City Clerk RGO/rt ENC. (2) t� btPu h' CLERKS WILHELMINA (SELL Ra9EPi NoRRIs RaBERf E. tINGLEv ?ebruary 26, 1977 Qflttj a4Tht, larlha Offitt of Op cItttt (J1trt (ttt; hall ttli Van Amnion tr ttt +Drittt lllattti, _flottba 3 13 Mr. Ronald G. Whittle, Jr., Director Division of State Planning Department of Administration 660 Apalachee Parkway IBM Building Tallahassee, Florida 32304 • RALRH G. oNGIE tit*. dLERP( MATILbE HIRAI ASsustANt tit? OLErK Dear Mr. Whittle, After considering the comments of your agency on the MialLi Comprehensive Neighborhood Plan in public hearing on February 23, 1977, the Miami City Commission by Resolution No. 77-148 dated February 23, 1977, has directed me to transmit specific responses. Resolution No. 77-148 dated February 23, 1977 refers to and includes: • Planning Advisory Board Resolution PAB 10-77 dated February 9, 1977. - Exhibit A, Responses to Comments by Governmental Agencies. - MCNP Technical Report. All of the above are enclosed with this letter. Sincerely, Ralph G. Ongie, City Clerk RGO/rt ENC. (2) PLANNING FACT SHEET APPLICANT REQUEST EXPLANAT ION City of Miami Plane .t.. Depa ri -ruent January 11, 1977 Consideratic n of recommending the Miami Comprehensive Neighborhood Plan as the comprehensive plan requited by the Florida Local Government Comprehensive Planning Act of 1975, (Chapter 163 L. F.) by the Miami Planning Advisory board, the local planning agency designated by Ordinance i 8546 pursuant to Section 1:3. 3167 (8) of the above Act. The Local Government Comprehensive Planning Act of 1975 (Chapter 163 L. ) requires all units of local government throughout Florida to adopt comprehensive plan,. b;7 'July 1, 19 7 ?, i he Miami City Code, Chapter 2, Section 2,67 and Chapter 62, Section 62a5, also calls for the preparation of a comprehensive plan or master plan. Once adopted, the State Act specifies that: Section 163.3194 (1) . . .all development undertaken by, and all actions taken in rega r,l to development orders by, governmental agencies in regard to land covered by such plan or element shall b>: consistent with such plan or element as adopted, All land development regulations enacted or amended shall be consistent with the adopted compre- hensive plan, or element or portion thereof. (2)(a) . no land development regulation or land development code or amendment thereto shall be adopted by the governing body until such regulation, code, or amend- ment has been referred to the local planning agency for review and recommendation as to the relationship of such proposal to the adopted comprehensive plan or element or portion thereof, (3)(a) A court, in reviewing local governmental action or development regulations under this act, may consider, inter alia, the reasonableness of the comprehensive plan or element or elements thereof relating to the issue justiziably raised or the appropriateness and completeness of the comprehensive plan or element or, elements thereof in relation to the governmental action or development regu- lation under consideration. The court may consider the relationship of the comprehensive plan or element or elements thereof to the governmental action taken or the Page 1 of 4 77 • tACKGROUND STATUS development regulation involved in litigation, but private prop•!rty shall not b i to :en without due process of Lc..- and the p iyi teiit of just compensation. The Miami Compri pensive Neighborhood Plan has been pre. pared by consultants and the City of N i.at ti Planning teparttnent to update the City's Comprehensive Plan for the first tithe in nearly 20 years, to prepare laid -use control rccon-nriet'ttl ltions, to organize a capital improvement prograinini.ng process, and develop a planning information system. The 18 month study commenced in April 1975 and corirlinl:.:d in October 1976. The prime consultants were 'Wallace, MicT-larg, Roberts and Todd, Assisting V+MMBTwere t-lunter Moss and Company and Gladstone Associates for economic and marketing; Environ- mental Design Group for transportation and utilities; Dr. Ernest R. Bartley and Bair Abernathy and Associates for zoning; and Social1-research Consultants for social planning. The study was divided into three phases. The first phase had a City-wide ernpliasis and resulted in a City-wide concept plan. The second phase addressed neighborhood concerns. The City, d i;'titr,Ct into i i planning analysis districts and the con - a i'� suit:.-,r.t:Planciinvg D.`pa.rtrnent team worked with c1ti7en advisory committees in each district. The Planning Advisory Board sponsored two public meetings in each of the districts. The third phase a City-wide comprehensive plan - is responsive to the Florida Local Government Comprehensive Planning Act of 1975, It contains all of the elements required by the legisla- tion except a capital improveinent program and additionally con- tains certain elements which are optional in the legislation. The following significant actions denote progress on the MCNP: September 26, 1973- The City Commission by Ordinance 8192 directed that a portion of federal revenue sharing funds be used for the preparation of a Comprehensive Plan. November 21, 1973 - The City Commission authorized the start of the first phase of the study by Ordinance 8210. December 5 1973 - The administration requested letters of interest from 13 urban planning consulting firms in the eastern United States of which 10 firms responded. Page 2 of 4 January 24, 1974 = Three urban planning consulting firmsi recommended by the administration, were invited to 1liarni for interviews by I-Ze,olution 74-62 l'obruatly 28, 197 - Three urban planning consulting firms, presented them- background, experience and ability to perform to the Commission, April 11, 1974 = The Comrnissi.on requested deferral of consultant selection pending a clarification of the impact anal relationship of the MCNP to the Metropolitan 1Jacle County planning program by Resolution 74=294. ,,Tune 27, 1974 = The Commission by Resolution 74..557 directed the administration to proceed to recommend a consulting firm for the NICNP, July 25, 1974 - The Commission authorized the administration to negotiate a contract with the consulting firm of Wallace, McHarg, Roberts and Todd by Motion 74-634. January 9, 1975 - The Commission authorized execution of the City/consultant contract by Resolution 75-37. April 1, 1975 - -Iiit: consultants crrr:n tnc«,d v.or'k per authorization from City i\•tanager dated March 24, 1975, for an 18 month study. October 9, 1975 - The consultants presented their findings from Phase I of the MCNP to the Commission. Not ember -December 1975 - The Planning Advisory Board sponsored public meetings on the preparation of the MCNP on 6 planning districts throughout the City. March -April 1976 - The Planning Advisory Hoard sponsored public meetings on planning proposals in 6 planning districts throughout the City. April 22, 1976 - The consultants presented their findings of Phase II of the MCNP to the Commission. The Commission declared its intention of exercising its authority under the provisions of the Local Government Comprehensive Planning Act of 1975 (Ordinance 8545) and designated the Planning Advisory ;Board as the local planning agency (Ordinance 8546). J_ ul}y 8, 1976 - The Commission participated in a workshop with the consultants on the recommendations of Phase II of the MCNP. Page 3 of 4 FUTUFR ACTIONS RECOMMENDATIONS -PLANNING DEPARTMENT -PLANNING ADVISORY BOARD COMMUNITY REACTION PD 2/4/77 r 2/10/77 October 6, 1976 The Plannintz Advisory Board recommended that the Cornrnis ion transmit the l\tCNF' to State, regional and local agencies per the requireinents of the Local GGovcrninent w. Comprehensive F'1Aniziri Act of 1975 by Resolution PAB 27.76. 1ovembt r 17, 1976 '- The Cormmission transmitted copies of the NICNP to the affected governmental agencies by Resolution 76.,1031. January 27, 1977 = Comments were to be received from the agencies (above). ehruary 23, 1977 = The Commission will consider transmitting PAB responses to the comments of the affected governmental at «ncies. April 27, 1977 - The Commission will consider the PAB rccorn tnendations regardi_ g the adoption of the IOCNP4 For your inforrnatio-, a chart is attached which identifies the schedule for consideration of adoption of the comprehensive plan. Approval, with modifications. Approval, with modifications by a 7-0 vote in Resolution No. PA13 11-77, February 9, 1977. Representatives of Planned Development Corporation and Florida Power and Light Company explained their positions on certain proposed modifications. Suggested for transmittal (only for information purposes) to affected agencies, together with Resolution No. PAB 10-77 in draft City Commission Resolution scheduled for February 23, 1977. Tentative City Commission Agenda: April 27, 1977 Page 4 of 4 vT.1TIVE SCETEDU_ LF. FOR THE At)OPTIC» of 'TIE 1\1L Ml GO'tPRE F NS1\'F. ?;TEIGHE3O12IiOO1) PLAN 1'ER '1`131:: 1:EQ C)1 Tii1:; LOCAL, CO CO;.tPi EHF:NSIVE PL',NN1NG ACT Or 1975 Maximurn 60 days (or longer, if Com- mission agrees) (State law) Minimum 60 days (State law) X Maximum 4 weeks (State law) Minimum 2 weeks (State law) • Nnveml e.r 17,1976,. .Miami City Comttiissic rt receives MCNP frorn Planning Advisory t oard, and autliorites transrnissioti of copies tot a) Division of State Planning, Department of Administration (DSP will advertise City Commission public hearing of April 27, 1977). b) Coastal Coordinating Council South Florida Regional Planning Counciit d) Dade County Planning Department e) Any unit of local government or govern- mental agency that has requested a copy. 2. January 27, 1977 - A11 comments due from a-e (above). 3. February 9, 1977_ Miami Planning Advisory Board public hearing to snake recommenda- tions regarding adoption of MCNP and to recommend response to a-e (above). 4. February 23, 1977- Miami City Commission transmits response to a-e (above). 5, April 27, 1977 - Miami City Commission Public Hearing: consideration of adoption of MCNP. City of Miami Planning Depa.rtrnent PLA iNING ADVISORY t3OARD RESOLUTION No. 11=77 REPORT OF THE CITY OF MIA11I PLANNING ADVISORY 130ARD MAKING CERTAIN FINDINGS AND CO MEND- ING APPROVAL, WITH MODIFICATIONS, Off' VIE MIAMI CON,IPREIIENSIVE NEIGHBORHOOD PLAN, As REQLIR Eta BY TFIE LOCAL GOVERNMENT COMP11EHENSIVE PLANNING ACT OF` 1975 (CHAPTER 163 L.F. ), AS REQUIRED 3 MIAMI CITY CODE CHAPTER 2, SECTION 2-67 (ORDINANCE 6972) AND AS REQUIRED BY MIAMI CITY CODE, CHAPTER 62, SECTION 67-5 (ORDINANCE 8234). The Planning Advisory Board, in pubic hearing on February 9, 1977 has carefully considered the Miami Comprehtr nsive Neighborhood Plan, which comprehensive plan is required by local Government Comprehensive Plan- ning Act of 1975 (;Chapter 163 L.F. )t by Miami City Code Chapter 2, Section 2.67 Master Plan, and by Miami City Code, Chapter 62, Section 62-5 Comprehensive Planning Program: Preparation and Adoption of Comprehensive Plans for the City as a whole or a Geographical or Functional Classification thereof. The Planning Advisory Board makes the followirrg findings and recommend- ations: FINDINGS General 1, The Plan provides poici es for the comprehensive and coordinated development of the City of Miami with provisions for periodic review and provides principles, guidelines and standards for the orderly and balanced future economic, social, physical, environmental and fiscal development of the area, 2, The Plan is internally coordinated and consistent. The Plan is generally considered to be economically feasible, pending submission of a Capital Improvement Program at a later date. 3, As the Plan does not contain fiscal proposals for the expenditure of public funds for capital improvements, the economic assumptions underlying the Plan will be analyzed at a. later date, upon submission of a Capital Improvement Program, 4, TI•ht Plan t: ii', n cc r'di21'ti;. rt ;'2`1' the st:".'t`rat plans of the State of .Florida and the South Florid`A 1?t iori:i 1 Planning Cortitinission through the review process a.rtd th:‘ c0;1m-tents of these agencies and responses recommended by Planning Advisory Board resolution PAi3 10-77 dated February 9, 1977. The Plan has been coordinated v.it}t the plans of adjacent tnunicipalities through a infot=rnattonal rnr2eting with the Dade County Technical Advisory Cornrnittee on September 22, 19 76 and through the corn'rneits of the adjacent tnuni- cipalities and responses recom'ii,Inded by Planning Advisory board R esotution PATS 10-77 dated February 9, 1977. The Plan has bete coordinated with the plans of Metropolitan Dade: County which is; responsible for certain rnetrop:,titan=:tide functions through meetings of an informal inter -dcpartmenta1 coordinating committee which met on April 21, May t7, ar.ri Junc 8, 1976 and through the com- ments by the Dade County Planning Department and responses reco:n- mended? tanninzAdvlsory Board Resolution PAI3 10-77 dated February 9, 1977. The Plan spacifically states: It is the policy of the City of Miami that the Compre- hensive Plan and any modifications thereto shall be coordinated with and related to the comprehensive plans of the State of Florida, Dade County, the South Florida Regional Planning Council and adjacent muni- cipalities as such plans exist or are prepared. The Plan provides recorntn idations for its successful complementation. To fully implement the Plan, certain actions are specified: a. Revisions to Existing Land Use Controls and Regulatory :Measures and Adoption. b. Adoption of Capital Program and Budget. c . I r/:3 r'! li 7e, of POV. c`ra Eminent Dc, re,Zin to Pront:rte nt. d. Use of Yi•oposed Constitu';ioiial Amend:n..,if for Tax Increment/Abatement Financing ee Commitment of the Residents, Property Owners and Businesspersons to Impletnoni the Plan, fe Continuation of the Planning process, Further, the State Act provides self -implementing requirements, as follows; Section 163. 3194 (1) After a comprehensive plan, or element or portion thereof, has been adopted in conformity with this act, all developm not undertaken by, and all actions taken in regard to development orders by, governtne:ntat agencies in reg.:t rd to land covered by such plan or con ,ist ;nt with such plsn or element as adopted. All land development regulations enacted or amended shall be consistent with the adopted compre- hensive plan, or element or portion thereof. This legal effect of the adopted comprehensive plan is echoed in the Miami City Code Chapter 2, Section 2-67 and Chapter 62, Section 62-6. The State Act states that the planning program shall be a continuous and ongoing process; periodic reports on the comprehensive plan once adopted are required at least once every five years. Further the Miatni City Code Chapter 62,Section 62-7 requires review of the comprehensive plan, once adopted, not less then once every two years. 6, The planning process has provided the:: opportunity for widespread citizen participation. '.3- In lr)'; r''tnber and I),,c-etrb-'2- he S7lpnnirig Aci-isory 23r rd sponsored acii.;,•rtisecl public meetings in each of six districts throughout tFu City for the purpose of discussing problems and opportunities in those districts. Fottow•ing these: meetings, voluntary citizens advisory comr1iittccs were formed in eacli of the six districts; which met with the consultants and Planning bcparttnent todiscuss %carious planning proposals and alternaties during the period for December 1976 through March 1976. Individual rnernbers of the Planning Advisory I3oard served as liaison members with these committees. Next, the Planning Advisory l3oard sponsored a second series of advertised public meet- ings in each of the six districts in March and April 1976 to receive citizen input on the planning proposals. In addition to the required legal advertisements, tette 1. S Were sent to all citizens who ,rolunteered for the citizens advisory committees to inform them of meetings. Informational posters were distributed through school children notifying parents of meetings. Media talk shows have featured Planning Advisory Board members discussing the planning process in local radio and television stations. Both the Miami Herald and Et Miami Herald have carried background articles on the Plan. RECOMMENDATIONS The Planning Advisory Board recommends to the Commission that certain required elements of the Miami Comprehensive Neighborhood Plan be adopted, with modifications, as follows: (references in parentheses a re to Chapter 163 L. F. ) a) Future Land Use and Transportation Element, consisting o Future Land Use Plan Element (Section 163. 3177(6)(a) Traffic Circulation Element (Section 163, 3177 (6)()) Mass Transit Element (Section 163, 3177 (7)(a) Port and Aviation Facility Element (Section 163, 3177(7)(.b) wherein port and aviation facility planning and operation are the responsibility of Metropolitan 1).de County; the Dade County Comprehensive Development MVlaster Plan is the appropriate reference document for these ±v1etropolitanwide functions. bl Elemet c0r;S; General Sanitary Se.:er, Solid t.Vaste Drainage and Potable Water Elr_ni •nt (Section 163.3177(6)(1 Electric: Utility Element in confoitha.nce with the Florida. Electrical Power Plant Siting Act. (Section 163.3177(6)(i) Conservation and Safety Element, that partconsisting oft Conser�•ation Element (Section 163. 31 (7(6)(d) Coastal Zone Protection Element (Section 163. 3177(6)(g) d) Recreation and Open Space Element (Section 163, 3177(6)(e) f) ltousir.g and Residential Neighborhoods Element consisting of Housing Element (Section 163. 3177(6)(f) g) Intergovernmental Coordination Element (Section 163. 317 7(6)(h) a 2. The Planning Advisory Board also recommends that certain optional elements of the Miami Comprehensive Neighborhood Plan be adopted, with modifications, as follows: (references in parentheses are to Chapter 1(11 I,. r. a) Public Services and Facilities Element (Section 163. 3177(7)(e) b) Community Design Element (Section 163. 3177 (7)(g) c) Neighborhood Rating, Neighborhood Treatment and Neighborhood Development Strategies Element conforming to a General Area Redevelopment Element (Section 163. 3177(7)(h) d) Conservation and Safety Element,that part including - Safety Element (Section 163, 3177 (7)(i) - Historic and Scenic Preservation Element (Section 163.1377(7)(j) e) Economic Development Element (Section 163.3177(7)(k) 3. The Planning Advisory Board recommends that the following modific- ations be incorporated in the Miami Comprehensive Neighborhood Plan, as an addendum to the Plan under consideration.. (See Exhibit A) 1 'srsr' Advisor.' y I-kl r•l Ch i'_'p3 son. Director ATT STt '1ann ttg Dt•t1Yie Director, epa rtrnent of AL-rninistration for Planning and Zoning o—Ar`s ?-/F7, Public He .ritia Data 4 tXlilliiT A RECOMMENDED ,MODCFICATIONS TO PLAN AND TEXT (deletions are included in pa.renfhe$Qs; additions are underlined) 1. Modifications to the Plan taps Future Land Use and Transortation Plan Map a) The letter " 0" now located on NW 54tli Street is relocated northerly adjacent to the intersection of Martin. Luther King Boulevard (NW 62rid Street) and NW 7th Avenue, b) t the IV 20th Street/NW 7th The letter "1" nowlceatc:�� northwest of � Avenue intersection is relocated easterly within the C►arrnent Center at approximately the intersection of NW 24th Street and NW 5th Avenue c) The letter "W" now located at the intersection ot NW 1st Avenue and NW 6th Street is relocated westerly to approximately the intersection of NW 7th Avenue and NW 11th Street d) The words("Jeune Road') are changed to "LeJeune Road". e) The tvords ("F3rike1l Ave. ')are changed to'`l3rickell Ave." } The designation of property one-half block east of Miami Avenue, between SE 15th Rcad and SE 13th Street as residcmtial is changed to special use as part of C-Zrickell Office (requested by Planned Development Corporation). Regional. Context Map g) The map is modified to show that part of the City of Miami extending westerly on either side of NW 36th Street to the vicinity of NW 37th Avenue. Modifications to the Text: Preamble: Purpose and Objectives Restate the sentence in the fifth line to read: "The Plan consists of all required elements, excepting a Capital Improvement Program to be appended subsequently, and certain optional elements." Preamble: �, �t�r�hlr; Intergovernmental C:oardin<zfion b) Restate the third paragraph tr, read; "A Technical Advisory Committee convened by Dade: County has reviewed (will continue to review) Plan recommendations and (/or) will continue to review subsequent revisions. Preamble Deonomnic Feasibility. c) II estate the second paragraph to react; "Detailed economic assumptions underlying the Plan and all aspects of Plan elements requiring expenditures of public funds including fiscal proposals related to estimated costs, priority ranking, a.r►cl proposed funding sources are to be included andsubtnitted later in a (the) Draft Capital Improvement Program (prepared by the City Planning Department and are submitted with this Plan)." I -lousing and Residential Neighborhoods Element: I;ackground to the Housitig Market d) In the 2nd line of the 1st paragraph, change the percentage for the housing stock in need of major repair or dilapidated from (2°7c) to a In the 6th line of the 2nd paragraph, change the 1975 population of the City of Miami from (352, 000) to 354, 000, Transportation Element: Background f) Restate the second sentence to read: "In addition to these transportation improvements and those forth- coming from two on -going studies; the Miami Urban Area Trans- portation Study Update and the Dade County Transit Improvement Program, the following actions are proposed to facilitate movement within and through the City, pending further coordination with the aforementioned on -going studies." Transportation Element: .Actions g) In the 5th paragraph change the word ("west") to "east" in the 4th line. Acid zt new paragraph 10 to read: "10, teco,;„ izn and Proir.ot(.: Port Arid Aviation facilities Plans, (irogratns and operation of the Port of l liariii and the Nltami International. :Airport are the re_ spon sibiliy of. Xletropolitan Dade County; el he D,t1c County Comprehensive„ Development i.laster Plan is the appropriate reference document," tcononiic UevelgpmontElement: i3acr: rounri i) Delete the sentence starting in line 13 of paragraph 2t "(In fiscal 1975..1976, lyZiamii s budget of $85 million faced a deficit of $8 million. )" Recreation and Open Space Element: Strategies J) In line 3 of paragraph 4, change. the maximum sire of mini'parks from (15) to 0.5 acres. Conservation and Safety Element: Strategies k) To paragraph 4, add the following statement: "The Miami Civil Defense Plan, updated through 1976, provides operational guidelines for the protection of persons in the event of disaster." Utility Element: Background 1) Add supplementary materials to the last sentence in the paragraph: "Florida Power and Light - FPL - has prepared a plan in conformance with the Florida Electrical Power Plant Siting Act and can adequately provide electric power to the City through 1986, although additional local distribution facilities - sub -stations may be required, with City approval." Utility Element: Actions m) Restate the 3rd line of paragraph 5 to read: "FPL sub -stations should preferably be located (on major arterials) in non-residential areas and where they will not disrupt the continuity of retail uses, " ■ APPLICANT REQUEST EXPLANATION BACKGROUND PLANK (UG FACT SHEET City of 'Mi mi }Tanning I)opa rt hertti January 11, 077. Consideration ration r,f Planning I)epirtment responses to any writ.tt� n comments by State, 1: E.gi rjnat and County planning a.g,encics on the liarei Comprehensive Neighborhood flan, which comments and responses are required by the Florida Local Goverrarient Comprehensive Planning Act of 1975, (Chapter 163 L, ;) and consideration of Planning Departs net t responses to any cotnntents by other units of local govern. ent. The focat Co-ernni nt Comprehensive Planning Act of 1975 (Chapter 163 ice.''+ ) establishes certain review procedures before a comprehensive plan can be adopted. The Planning Advisory Hoard has transmitted the Miami Cornprehensivvc Neighborhood Plan to the City Commission by Resolution PAI3 27-76 dated October 6, 1976, and the City Commission has transmitted the Plan for review and comment (Resolution 76-1031; dated November 17, 1976 and letter from the City Clerk dated November 29, 1976) by the Division of State Panning: the Bureau of Coastal Zone Plannin2. D'•partrnent of Natural Resources; South Florida Regional Planning Council: and the Dade County Planning Department. The Cities of Coral Gables and Hialeah also requested copies of the Plan. All comments were to be received by January 27, 1977. The next step in the review procedures requires the City Commission, within four weeks (of January 27, 1977), to transmit responses to the comments of the reviewing agencies. Following transmittal of the responses, the Commission cannot consider adoption of the Plan until two weeks have elapsed. The City Commission shall consider all comments received from any person, agency or government. It may adopt, or adopt with modifications, the proposed comprehensive plan, or element or portion thereof, despite any adverse comment received. 1=Iowever, any comments, recom- mendations or obJections of the specified review agencies and responses thereto shall be public documents, forming a part of the public record, and admissable in any proceeding in which the comprehensive plan is at issue. 77- Plis RECOMi 1ENDAT IONS 'PLANNING DEPARTMENT & PL.ANN I NG ADVISORY i30AID Recornnie.•r ciur : t>spon fr. r transmittal, The conitnents of ft., a4tqnc:ies and ari;acent municipalities, together with tie recommended rE spratlses as prepared by the P1u1ntnL L? 2partment. are c:nntained it* E chibit A which is sug2estec1 hp!' inccrporatiott by reference in the ?An Resolution, Approval, by a .0 vote in Resolution No. Pf,i3 1007. February 9 1977. (See PA13 Resolution attached) See proposed City Commission 13esolutioh attached: Tentative City Commission Agenda; rebruary ?3, 1977 1:)I_,\ .s4. :,rs . i•;Oi<i' 1,OA ,t) 1tISOLUTION ic.�. pAB. 10-7i • REPORT OF THE c;ITY OF MIAMI PLANN1.NC.', ADVISOR Y hoARO O1,` COMMENTS BY GOVERNMENTAL AGENCIES ON THE MIAMI COMPREHENSIVE NECG111ORHOOD PLAN: RECaMtvrENDING RESPONSES TO THE COMMENTS, AND RECOMMENDING TO THE CoMMISStON THAT THE RESPONSES ANt) TECHNICAL REPORa YE TRANSMITTED TO TI-4E AVVECTED ACENCIES AS 1�EQUIRED 13Y TFIE LOCAL GOvERNMIENT COMPREHt SI\ E PLANNING ACT Ot' 1975 (CHAPTER 163 L. F� Th Planning Advisory Pea rd. the Lc.cal PI.7tnnin, Agency.meeting. in public hearing on February 9, 077 has reviewed the comments submitted by. the Di%ision of State Planning: the 1'v::'e.a.0 cf Coastal Zone Planning, Department of Natural Resources; South Florida Regional Planning Council; Dade County Planning; Department and the Cities of Coral Gables and Hialeah. The Planning Advisory Board wishes to e pr+__s their appreciation for the time and efforts of these agencies in preparing these comment s which have assisted the Planning Advisory Board in their deliberations. In response to the comments of the governmental agencies. the Planning Advisory Board makes the following findings and recommendations: FINDINGS 1. The comments of the governmental agencies on the Miami Compre- hensive Neighborhood Plan are principally concerned with the compre- hensiveness of the document and the relationship of the Plan with current and future planning; being undertaken by other governmental agencies. 2 -n,e plan .1$ a polio; '?.-,el IT Cn k wlaf<Icl.e[aly' coal )re- h,:nsi e to accot iplish the purpose o guiding ft:t+tre growth and satisfies the follo`.'.'ing descri )tiotis in the Local Govern- ment Comprehensive Planning Act of 1975 (Chapter 163 Section 163, 3177 (1) The Comprehensive Plan shall consist of materials in such descriptive form, written or graphic, a m v he a.ppropriatc to the pre- scription of principles, guidelines, and stan- dards for the orderly and balanced future economic, social,physical, environmental and fiscal development of the area. Section 163, 3194 (3) (b) It is the intent of this act that the Compre- hensive Plan set generalguidelines and principles concerning its purpose and contents and that this act shall be construed broadly to accomplish its stated purpose. 3. The Plan is intended to be coordinated with the plans of other governmental agencies. This part of the review process is precisely directed toward the accomplishment of intergovernmental coordination. As stated in this Plan: It is the policy of the City of Miami that the Comprehensive Plan and any modi- fications thereto shall be coordinated with and related to the Comprehensive Plans of the State of Florida., Dade County, the South Florida Regional Council and adjacent ? unieipilities as each plans enst or re prepared. Ell' IF111t 1` ;"'.. t \ t 510i1 itc:w i,i;'tdlitio7 ts. arisc_4 p'!l;cit'` C.tl tIl'_l'; 'arv1) it: tLt, pt'ri()r1ir" tl tip !Au.. PI;.ti is a requirement of the Act (C`ilapter 163 1,.1". ) '.which states Section 163, 3191 (1) The planning program shall be a continuous and ongoing process. The local planning agency shall prepare periodic reports on the coi prehen- sive plan which shall be sent to the governing body at lr; t cc every five years after th.: adoption of the comprehensive plan, or element or portion thereof. Reports may be transmitted at lesser intervals as may be required or .ipon request of the governing body. 5. Specific responses (Exhibit ;A) to individual comments by the governmental agencies are attached to and included as a part of these findings. Supporting studies utilized in the preparation of the Comprehensive Plan are contained in the Technical Report (enclosed). RECOMMENDATIONS TO THE CITY COMMISSION The City of Miami Planning Advisory Board recommends to the Commission that these responses are sufficient to reply to the comments of the governmental agencies and recommends further that these responses together with the Technical Report be trans., milted to the affected agencies as required by the Local Govern. nient Comprehensive Planning Act of 1975 (Chapter 163 L. F. ), ATTtST s -�•C.v2�or r , Dit`e.c�tot, Plahn=ng 1)4.-.pr:rtntcnt birector, Departnnollt flear.i:iistrat.ori for P1•annirt2, `_nr.? Zoning Boards ■ RESPONSES TO COMMENTS BY GOVERNMENTAL AGENCIES ON THE MIAMI COMPREHENSIVE NEIGHBORHOOD PLAN Agency Division of State Planning Department of Administration R ESPONSES 1 9 Bureau of Coastal Zone Planning 11 Department of Natural Resources RESPONSE 14 South Florida Regional Planning Council 15 R ESPONSES Dade County Planning Department RESPONSES 19 21 28 City of Coral Gables 31 (NO RESPONSE) City of Miami Planning Department February, 1977 7?-i9! sun t$ rt l t t A fintarittind of Abmittititratt Division of State Planning naWit, emmoimmenmeR, Mr. Ralph G. "Ongie Offiee of the City Clerk 3500 Pan American Drive Miami, FL 33133 Dear Mr. Ongie: 1) Apelin tre Pit wsy ISM Building TALLidiAla@itE (904) 4064411E January 24, 1977 Rambla dos: MILS* UMW Lt. tea% #1mo 1b►liilaraa iWOOti t,(al ursuant to s. 163.3184, Florida Statutes, the Division of State Plan- ning has conducted a review of the proposed Comprehensive Neighborhood Plan for the City of Miami. Our review indicated that the content of the sub- mitted document is too general to adequately evaluate as a plan. In our opinion, the submitted document is an excellent plan summary, and would be very useful in soliciting public comment and understanding. However, as the actual plan there is simply not enough specificity to provide the type of direction for decision -making as anticipated in the Local Government Compre- hensive Planning Act. Our conversations with your planning department indi- cate that there are additional background materials, appendices and district- level plans. Selections from these materials would no doubt provide needed policy specificity and background information. Consequently, we must object to your plan as presently developed. Specific comments which provide the basis for our objections are attached for your consideration and possible use. In addition, you will also find attached comments of other state agencies which had comments after reviewing your plan. In accordance with s. 163.3211, Florida Statutes, conformance with a properly adopted local comprehensive plan does not obviate the need for any developer of a project meeting the standards in Chapter 22F-2, Florida Administrative Code (Developments Presumed to be of Regional Impact), to comply with the provisions of s. 380.06, Florida Statutes. Also, the adop- tion of a local comprehensive plan does not preclude the designation of an area of critical concern under the provisions of s. 380.05, Florida Statutes, at some time in the future. p k. Mt. Raipb► O. "Ongie Page Twa January 241 1977 if va may be of asaiatanoe in this matter, do not neaitate to tontaot ua. ROWjrtite Attachments co: South Florida Regional Planning Cout cil Metropolitan Dade County Planning Department Sincerely, R. C. little, dr. Director DIVISION OF STATE RAANNINO COMMENTS ON THE PROPOSED COMPREHENSIVE NEICHECRHOOb PLAN FOR THE CITY OF MIAMI 1. The Miami Plat represents an excellent start on the comprehensive planning process. However, the plans, strategies, and programs presented throughout are much too broad and general to provide a meaningful guide for the growth and development of the City. The lack of depth in development of the various elements makes it impossible to determine if the elements are consistent. 2. The economic assumptions on which the plan is based are not analyzed and set out as part of the plan. A draft Capital improvement Program was mentioned in the plan but was not submitted for review. Therefore, the economic feasibility of the plan could not be determined. 3. Although the Traffic Curculation Element appears to satisfy the mini- mum requirements of the law, the plan does not satsify the requirements for Mass Transit and Port, Aviation and Related Facilities Elements as outlined in s.- 163.3177(7)(a) and (b), Florida Statutes. 4. The general requirements for a general Sanitary Sewer, Solid Waste, Drainage and Potable Water Element are outlined in s. 163.3177(6)C, Florida Statutes. In your Utility Element, mention is made of each of these compo- nents; however, little indication is given as to the existing problems, level of need for these services, how the need will be met, and what facilities and funding will'be required. 5. The provision of the Conservation and Safety Element as presently developed appears primarily as a plan to do a plan. The Conservation Ele- ment should address specific policies for the conservation, development, utilization and protection of natural resources in the area. In addition, this element identifies saltwater intrusion and a continued supply of freshwater as significant issues affecting the future well-being of the area. No specific policies or proposals are presented for dealing with these issues. 6. The Housing and Community Development Elements provide an excellent approach to positive planning concepts with an emphasis on several levels of strategies proposed to solve problems and create better communities, but the simple mention of codes, proposed enabling legislation and some existing programs seem barely adequate. All major items required by the Statutes are addressed, however no specific plans, principles or standards are included. No specific implementation is included. Provision for tax increment and tax abatement as well as guarantees from a state housing finance agency were defeated in the November election. 7. The discussions of the Coastal Zone, found in the Conservation Element, does not address most of the required provisions of the Act for the Coastal tone Protectiod Eiehetrtt. Item such as proposed ttartagethent and regulatory techniques, vegetation surveys, tilAintOhafite and restotatiott of tea maining resources including the water quality of tiscayne ray Aquatic Pre.. serve, conservation principles, and ecological planning principles should be included. 8. Miami's central role in Southeast Plorida allows it to provide and receive many regional services. This regional interdependence stakes a strong Intergovernmental Coordination Element essential. The proposed intergovarn= mental Coordination Element neither shows relationships or guidelines to be used in accomplishing co ordination_of the plan with other plans nor demon., strates consideration of the effects of the plan on the development of other Wittig of government. Pot example, the interdependencies in economic activity, transportation (port, aviation, mass transit, and rail), water, sewer, etc. are discussed only superficially. Although some of these activities may fall outside of the eity's immediate responsibility or jurisdiction, they should be addressed since their impact on the city may be substantial, The impact of proposed plan actions on surrounding Jurisdictions is not given. g► Since 1886, thirteen major hurricanes have passed over or near bade County. The delineated 100-year flood plain does not accurately portray the potential impact of a hurricane on (1) the physical area to be affected, (2) the capability to evacuate Miami and the surrounding metropolitan area, and (3) the eXtent of the potential datnage. A Safety Element for the Miami area should identify evacuation corridors, temporary internment areas, buildings capable of withstanding the storm and thus providing shelter, and the provi- sions of emergency water, food and power. In addition, consideration should be given to civil defense plans to deal with a nuclear accident at Turkey Point, 10. The attention to energy conservation is commendable. However, only energy conservation aspects of the built environment, especially operational costs of new structures, are considered. The energy conservation implications of land use patterns, transportation, water, and waste management systems.are ignored. Finally, the importance of energy conservation to the city's economy is not recognized. tit Fibrida ° ► ► trn nt of Transportation ti MAIN btb. treVIANoll t. Beige Swanson, Chief Bureau of Comprehensive Planning Division of State Planning Department of Administration 660 Apalachee Parkway IBM Building Tallahassee, Florida 32304 Dear Mr. Swanson: urn, buirding. Mk Summits Wtiaft till iet*. Ottsfiti $2 , trtednac rot) 1/i! tOM'lli'Mkt. J. tllCMMtAkt iatt<uary 124 19 ' / This is in reply to your Review and Comment Cover Sheet of December 8, 1976, which transmitted "Miami Comprehensive Neighborhood Plan 1976y-19S6" prepared by the City of Miami. You requested review of this document as specified in Chapter 75-257, Laws of Florida, 1975 (now Sections 163.3161- .3211, F.S.). The "Miami Comprehensive Neighborhood Plan 1976-1986" appears to have addressed the required elements of the Local Government Comprehensive Plan of Section 163.3177, F.S. The transportation element of the Plan presents a very general description of the traffic circulation element required by Section 163.3177(6)(b), as well as the mass transit, port, non -automotive vehicular, and pedestrian traffic required by Sections 163.3177(7)(a-c), F.S. The off-street parking plans required by Section 163.3177(7)(d) do not seem to be covered in the plan at all and the other transportation elements are so general that there is no possibility of reviewing fiscal proposals for capital expenditures and proposed funding sources required by Section 163.3177(3), F.S. The transportation element material in the plan, together with the maps, community design concepts, and the economic feasibility at imple- mentation sections give a good basis for the continuing planning process contemplated by the Local Government Comprehensive Planning Act. Special attention must be given to coordinating access through the City of Miami to the Miami International Airport and from the Port of Miami to the adjoining Dade County. The transportation element of the Miami Local Government Comprehensive Plan will continue to be a very dynamic and changing activity. The extensive studies associated with the Dade Area Rapid Transit (DART) and the Miami Urban Area Transportation Study (MUATS) process will require that the City of Miami coordinate very closely and participate in these DART and MUATS program studies. We urge continued coordination in this Mr. Helga S'attsott January 12, 1977 Page 2 transportation planning with the Metropolitan Dade County 'Transit Agency, Policy and Technical Coordinating Committees and the staff of the Miami Urban Area Transportation Study as Well as with the Fourth District of the Florida Department of Transportation in Pt. tanderdale. Sincerely, RAY G. L'AMORRAUX, DIRECTOR DIVISION OP PLANRINO & PROtfl MMING 4W. N:9ftoo0P. B. Chief, Bureau of Planning W'ML/JvS/pc cc: Mr. W. X. Fowler Mr. L D. Merrell Mr. P. J. Pearneide Senator Ralph Poston Dr. John Dyer Elk REA H N ( D. ASl€f. State of I i �` ;]. Y, Elitvt. I: A. SMA r► ERS - '°: 5rrtetaty of State RollERT L. SNLVlN /attorney Gerietal oLkAlti A. LEWIS D RARTM NT OP NATURAL RESOURCES PHILIP P. ASHLER Cornotroflet tteastitet t 0YLL CONNEI HARMON W. SltLbs CRowN RUILbING / 202 BLOUNT S?itft r / 1'ALLANASsu 32304 Co PH . tU oP GtONutti lOterotive bitectot kAL�H b. l U�LI�Vi~i1U(rl �7 a 1U r '� +� �% Cot5ltiiissioott of E:duratioti Mr, Robert Ressler Bureau of Comprehensive Planning Division of state Planning 660 Apalachee Parkway /BM Building Tallahassee, Florida 32304 Dear Mr. Ressler: Reference is made to the City of Miami Comprehensive Planning Document. Referenced comprehensive planning document has been reviewed by the Department staff. Comments are as follows: A. Division of Resource Management (Bureau of Coastal Zone Planning) 1. The Comprehensive Neighborhood Plan, as presented for review, appears to be a summary of various technical reports de- veloped in the comprehensive planning process. While this document may be very useful for meeting public participation requirements, we feel that it does not meet the requirements of the Local Govern- ment Comprehensive Planning Act. Specifically, the Coastal Zone Element requires the development of policies related to five aspects of coastal management and regulatory techniques. Policies must be specific in relationship to: a. The maintenance, restoration and enhancement of the en- vironmental quality of the coastal zone; b. the maintenance of optimum population of wildlife; c. the balance use and preservation of coastal resources; d. the avoidance of irreversible commitments of coastal resources and; e. the ecological principles to be utilized in determining the suitabilityand extent of future developments. DIVISIONS / ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES • LAW ENFORCEMENT • MARINE RESOURCES RECREATION AND PARKS • RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Mr. Robert i{e861er Page Two January 14, 1077 Apparently these specific requirements are to be met based upon a one paragraph discussion of generali2ed guidelines. While we generally agree with the policies stated within these guidelines, we feel that they do not meet either the specific requirements or the intent of the Local Government Comprehensive Planning Act. 2. While the plan is general in nature, it appears that there }. is an overwhelming emphasis on the land use aspects of planning. The coastal management concerns associated with the portion of tiscayne Day within the Miami City limits are rarely mentioned within the document. Therefore, we feel that more attention should be focused on the interface between the land and water and also on Biscayne Say itself. g. Division of recreation and Parks: An impressive work, somewhat hard to review, but a good workable plan. Sincerely, #40'14i4( James G. Smith Assistant to the Executive Director JGS/cc RESPONSES To COMMENTS $fit: DIVISION OP STATE PLANNING DEPARTMENT OP ADM1NYSTt ATION ebt nee t 1. Response: Supporting studies utilized in the preparation of the Comprehensive Plan are contained in the Technical Report '(enclosed). 2. Response: Precise fulfillment of the requirements of Section 163. 3177 (3) of the State Act must await the subrnis., sion of a Capital tmprovenzent Program at a later date. 3. Response: The Mass Transit Element is included in the Trans- portation Element. Planning for Port and Aviation facilities is the responsibility of Metropolitan Dade County: The Dade County Seaport Department will shortly commence an application for Development of Regional Impact for expansion of the Port of Miami. which will be coordinated with the City of Miami. The Dade County Comprehensive Development Master Plan is the appropriate reference document. 4. Response: The Plan specifies that the Water Quality Management Plan prepared for Metropolitan Dade County provides program specifics. The Miami -Dade Water and Sewer Authority, an entity of Metropolitan Dade County, is responsible for this metropolitan -wide function. The Dade County Comprehensive Development Master Plan is the appropriate reference document. Policies for local sewer, water and solid waste as provided by the City of Miami are proposed in the Plan. The Solid Waste Management Study, prepared for the City of Miami, describes operational programs. Additional supporting studies are contained in the Tech- nical Report (attached). 5. Response: The City of Miami is 97% developed, the Conservation Element appropriately recognizes this urban stituation. Comment 6. Response: The housing policies provided by the flan are bufficient to accomplish the purposes of the State Act, The City of Miami intends to press for a State Housing FinariCe Agency and 'Tak increment/Abatement Pinancirig in the next State legislative session leading to a Constitutional Attieralmetit. R esponse: Coastal tone planning is actively proceeding on at least three levels (State, region, County) at this time. In the interest of economy and efficiency and to avoid duplication of effort, the City of Miami intends to cooperate with these planning efforts as they unfold, based on the Coastal Zone Protection Element established in the Conservation and Safety dement. . Response: intergovernmental coordination has been continuous throughout Plan preparation; meetings have been held with an informal interdepartmental coordinating cot- mittee and an information meeting was held with the Technical Advisory Committee. The Plan provides a clear policy statement on intergovernmental coordination. Further, intergovernment coordination is assured through this very process of comments and responses. Moreover, the City of Miami would welcome and support a more structured intergovernmental coordination effort through the Dade League of Cities and the Technical Advisory Committee. The adjacent municipalities of Coral Gables and Hialeah find no objections to the Plan; the responses to comments by the Dade County Planning Department are included separately. Response: The Safety Element appropriately relies on the specific guidelines provided by the Federal Flood Insurance Program for the protection of property. Moreover, the Miami Civil Defense Plan, updated through 1976, provides operational guidelines for the protection of persons and designates the Fire Chief, as Civil Defense Director, in charge of all emergency operations throughout the City in the event of disaster. 10. Response: Energy considerations are neither required nor optional under the State Act. 10 State of Florida DEPARTMENT OATU AL RESOURCES I•IAitMON µ. SHIELDS kecutive t IPtct°, Cats N tst3►WING / /tt/ 81.00 I Silt t / 1 ALLAHA'.SSLL 32 04 January 27, 1977 Mr. Richard L. rosmoen, Al? ��Dyirectoro f Pi..anning P. 0. Box 330708 Miami, Florida 33133 Dear Mr. Fosrnoen: fU .HIS WO. ASKEW Gr;vertsut BRUCE •A.Si1A1►tt►ts Secteturtot State kb141. t1 t.. stttNl.N Atttjttte± tittsetul titittA Lb A. I LWIS evvettottr+lfet PIHLIP' F, :ASItLI.lt ttHsurtt btiVLL CONtt_R Ctrttitnk3irtPtet t,t' Ag kulture RALPH b. tUttt.INCI i4 Ct.thtflissirinet tit 6h/catit,n In response to your letter of January 24, I977# please be advised that we have sent written comments related to the Miami Comprehensive Neighborhood Plan to the Division of State Planning as they are the state agency responsible for coordinating the review of comprehensive plans required by the Local Government Comprehensive Planning Act of 1975. For your information a copy of these comments has been enclosed. We appreciate your notice concerning the forthcoming public hearing, but due to staff limitation on travel, we will not be able to attend this meeting. Thank you for your consi- deration in this matter. BJ/jqs CC: Mr. Charles M. Sanders Mr. Lou Burney Mr. Jim Quinn Ms. Dorothy Bergamaschi Mr. Robert Kessler Sincerely, Of Alf BRUCE ,"SON, Chief Bureau of Coastal Zone Planning .R,Y► r.: ;.,.r7.a �L''TIi:G DE t'Av.L.at.ii IOFES DATE •JANN JOB r:t?, �i, t FILE NO._ DIVISIONS f ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES • LAW ENFORCEMENT orMARINE. RESOVi;ClS RECREATION AND PARKS . RESOURCE MANAGEMENT t i of -Florida .DErAtiTMnik4T. .Or .NATVRAL FtESOURCES.... INTERCMICE 6fMtiy r TO: Charles M. Sanders Division of tesour 'anuary 4, 1977 bireetor e Management `136M: Cim Quint, Coastal Planner bureau of Coastal Zone Plan Miami Comprehensive Neighborhood Plan 1976-86 In response to the provisions of Chapter '15•-257, Laws of Florida, the Bureau of Coastal zone Planning has reviewed the above referenced document and offers the following comments: 1.. The Comprehensive Neighborhood Plan, as presented for review, appears to be a summary of various technical reports developed in the comprehensive planning process. While this document may be very useful for meeting public participation requirements, we feel that it does not meet the requirements of the Local Government Comprehensive Planning Act. Specifically, the Coastal Zone Element requires the development of policies re- lated to five aspects of coastal management as well as the development of proposed coastal management and regulatory techniques. Policies must be specified in relationship to: a. The maintenance, restoration and enhancement of the environmental quality of the coastal zone; b. the maintenance of optimum population of wildlife; c. the balanced use and preservation of coastal resources; d. the avoidance of irreversible commitments of coastal resources and; e. the ecological principles to be utilized in determin- ing the suitability and extent of future developments. 1Z b MOR 1,►bttM Charles M. Sanders January 4, 1917 Page two Apparently these specific requirements are to be met based upon a one paragraph discussion of general.i2e[ guidelines. While we generally agree with the policies stated within these guidelines, we feel that they do not meet either the specific requirements or the intent of the Local Government Comprehensive Planning Act. While the Plan is general in nature, it appears that there is an overwhelming emphasis on the land use aspects of planning. The coastal management concerns associated with the portion of Biscayne Bay within the Miami City limits are rarely mentioned within the document. Therefore, we feel that more attention should be focused on the interface between the land and water and also on Biscayne Bay itself. Thank you for the opportunity to comment on this Plan. JO/sps cc: Bruce Johnson Lou Burney Dorothy Bergamaschi 13 ResponSet RESPONSE TO COMMtNTS 13t : ttJ12EAt7 or COASTAL ZONt PLANNING DEPARTMENT or NATURAL RESOURCES The City of Miami is 97% developed; the Conservation Element appropriately recognizes the extent of urbaniz- ation. Studies utilized in the preparation of the compre. hensive plan are contained in the Technical Report (enclosed). Coastal zone planning is actively proceeding on at least three levels (State, region and County) at this time. In thz interest of economy and efficiency and to avoid duplication of effort, the City of Miami intends to cooperate with these planning efforts as they unfold, based on the Coastal Zone Protection Element established in the Conservation and Safety Element. • south Florida Regional Planning Council ISISN W,167th Street, Suite 429, Nliarni, Piutide ii169 ON) 621.3871 AOBNIA I1 M #8b JANUARY 3, 177 fit3: COUNCIL MEMBERS FROM: STAFF SUBJECT: REVIEW OR COMPREHENSIVE NEIGHBORHOOD PLAN, CITY OF MIAMI► DADS COUNTY The Council has reviewed the proposed Comprehensive Plan of the City of Miami in accordance with the provisions of the Florida Local Government Comprehensive Planning Act (LGCPA) of075, Chapter 163, F.S. We have the following comments concerning specific elements: 1. Traffic circulation element - The suggested rerouting of the proposed Mass Rapid Transit and the suggested relocation of transit stations should be coordinated with Dade County. Also, even though port facilities are managed by Dade County, any expansion of the Port of Miami facilities should be evaluated in terms of the impacts on the City of Miami, such as additional traffic generated, additional requirements for energy and water, and additional loads on sewage treatment facilities. 2. General sanitary sewer, solid waste, drainage and potable water element - The provision of these services is discussed in the utility element of the plan. It is noted that potable water will be available for future growth and that the Miami -Dade Water and Sewer Authority has a program for installing high pressure mains in'the Downtown area. The plan also acknowledges that sewer services should be extended and improved; and appropriate storm drainage solutions should be developed. In order to meet the requirements of Chapter 163.3177 (6)(c), which states that the element be correlated to principles and guidelines for future land use indicating ways to provide for future potable water, drainage, sanitary sewer, and solid waste requirements ..,, 15 we recend that a) specific storm drainage solutions be developed prfor to the adoption of this plan; b) sudh solutions be Implemented in donjunctioh with .future development; o) future water requirements be assessed in terms of their impact on the South Florida water systems; and d) the program far future high pressure mains be indluded in the plan. Conner. tinh_e_ement = The conservation element addresseswater conservation by proposing that development guidelines based on water conservation prindiples be adopted. while not required under the Act, it it cornrnendable that a similar proposal is made for energy conservation. In order to meet the requirements of Chapter 163.3177 (b)(d) which requires A conservation element for the conservation, development, utilization, and protection of natural resources in the area, including, as the situation may be, air, water, estuarine marshes, soils, beaches, shores, flood plains, rivers, lakes, harbors, forests, fisheries and wildlife, minerals, and other natural and environmental resources, we recommend that the proposed guidelines be developed and included as part of the plan prior to its adoption. The conservation element also contains the coastal zone protection element. The plan recognizes that the County, the South Florida Regional Planning Council, and the State are preparing plans for Biscayne Bay and the coastal zone. In giving its support to the plans prepared by other units and agencies of government the plan makes a contribution toward meeting the intent of Chapter 163.3161 (4) which states: It is the intent of this act to encourage and assure cooperation between and among municipalities and counties and to encourage and assure coordination of planning and development activities of units of local government with the planning activities of regional agencies and state government in accord with applicable provisions of law. in addition, the plan proposes that guidelines for development within the coastal zone be adopted. In order to meet the coastal protection element requirements of Chapter 163.3177 (6)(g) which specifies ...surveys of existing vegetation types which need to be preserved for natural control of dune and beach erosion and surveys of traditional patterns of public access and use of beach resources, setting out the policies for: 16 is Ma i ntenanee, restorat i on Y and enhancement of the overall quality of the coastal gone envir tnmerit, 1ncIuding but not limited to, its amenitiet and beathet i e va I uel . 2, Continued existence of optimum populations of ail speeIet of wildlife. 3. The orderly and balanced utilisation and preservation, Consistent with sound conservation principles, of ail living and nonliving coastal Zone resources. 4, Avoidance of Irreveralble and irretrievable commitments of coastal Zone resources. . 5. Ecological planning principles and assumptions to be used in the determination of suitability and extent of permitted development. 6. Proposed management and regulatory techniques, we recommend that the City of Miami develop a coastal protection element Including implementation strategies consistent with State, regional and county plans for water and coastal zone management, prior to the adoption of this plan. This is particularly important in light of the future of Biscayne Bay (and the proposed Biscayne Bay Aquatic Preserve regulations) and any areas subject to development or redevelopment such as Virginia Key and Watson island, none of which are addressed in the conservation element. 4. Recreation and open space element - The plan proposes a "unique recreation and amusement complex" be constructed on Watson Island. We recommend that any proposed development be assessed, in the plan, In terms of parking requirements, traffic generation, water and energy requirements, and additional loads on sewer facilities. Any proposed development should also be coordinated with the other elements of the plan, such as conservation and coastal zone protection. 5. Housing element - The plan addresses the provision of low and moderate income housing, the provision of such housing near job opportunities, and the distribution of publicly -assisted housing. We recommend that the City continue to coordinate its share of publicly -assisted housing with the counties and other municipalities in the Region; and that the City also participate in the evaluation of the Areawide Housing Opportunities Plan (AHOP) presently being proposed by the South Florida Regional Planning Council. 6. Intergovernmental coordination element - The plan states that "It is the policy of the City of Miami that the Comprehensive Plan and any modifications thereto shall be coordinated with and related to the Comprehensive Plans of the State of Florida, Dade County, and the South Florida Regional Planning Council, and such adjacent municipalities as such plans exist or are prepared." This is a commendable policy. However, in order to meet the requirements of Chapter 163.3177 (6)(h) which requires an element: 17 showing relationships and stating principles and guidelines to by used in the accomplishment of Coordination Of the adopted corprehensive plan with the plans of school boards and other units of local government providing servte s but not having regulatory authority over the use Of land, with the com►prehenstve plans of adjacent munieipaltties, the County, adjacent counties, or the ,region, and (with) the state dompfehenstve plan, as the Case may require and as sudh adopted plans or plans in preparation may exist. This element of the local compre- hensive plan shall dery anstrete consideration of the particular effects of the Iooal plan, when adopted, upon the development of adjacent municipalities, the county, adjacent Counties, or the region or on the state comprehensive plan, as the Case may require, we recommend that prior to adoption of this plan the City develop Intergovernmental coordination relationships and guidelines, and that the City assess the effects of the plan upon adjacent areas and the Region. We have the following comment concerning the entire plan: 1. It would appear that the adoption of the plan as submitted, without any technical and/or supporting documents may greatly diminish the usefulness of the plan in its implementation. The Act states that surveys and studies used in developing the plan are not considered part of the plan unless specifically adopted (Chapter 163.3177(8)). It may be helpful to include the technical support documents in the plan when adopted, in order to meet the general requirements of the Act, such as Chapter 163.3177(3) which states: The economic assumptions on which the plan Is based and any amendments thereto shall be analyzed and set out as a part of the plan. Those elements of the comprehensive plan requiring the expenditure of public funds for capital improvements shall carry fiscal proposals relating thereto, including, but not limited to, estimated costs, priority ranking relative to other proposed capital expenditures, and proposed funding sources. We therefore recommend the City consider the adoption of technical and/or -supporting documents to aid in the planning process and plan implementation. Recommendation: That the above comments be forwarded to the City of Miami, Dade County, and the Division of State Planning. • 18 • RESPONgt8 TO COMMENTS BY: S tJT1# FLORIDA ftFCICNAL PLANNING COUNCIL Comment 1. Response; Representatives of the Dade County Planning Department and the Office of the Transportation Administration have attended greetings of the informal interdepartmental coordinating committee whose purpose was to review plans which include the proposed transit modifications. The City will continue to assist and'eoordinate with Dade County on the selection of the final transit alignment and station locations. The Dade County Seaport Department will initiate in February 1977 the preparation of a Develop. ment of It egional impact statement for the expansion of the Port of Miami, which will be reviewed by and coordinated with the City of Miami. 2. Response; (a) The City has carefully studied alternative storm drainage solutions and presently utilizes a variety of methods including auger holes, french drains and positive storm drainage which alleviates flooding and promotes water conservation. The Dade County Department of Environmental Resources Man- agement is currently preparing an Areawide 208 Waste Treatment Plan scheduled for completion on March 1, 1978. This plan will provide recommendations for alternative storm drainage solutions. Upon the completion of this plan- ning effort, the City of Miami will review its present procedures. (b) Appropriate storm drainage solutions are presently being implemented and will be coordinated with future development. (c) The Water Quality Management Plan prepared for Dade County states that the region will have adequate water supply through the year 2000 if certain actions are undertaken by Dade County, who is responsible for County -wide water distribution. The City of Miami supports these actions -- the projected moderate growth of the City is in accord with projections established by the County which are the basis for the preparation of the Water Quality Management Plan. (d) Dade County Water and Sewer Authority is presently upgrading the water distribution system in the central area of Miami. Adoption of the specifics of this program (future high pressure mains) are not required by this Act. 19 Comm rit Si responses The City of Miami is 9?%0 developed; the Conservation Element appropriately recognizes the extent of urbanization. Studies utilized in the preparation of the eotrpreiiensive plan are contained in the Technical Report (enelossd). Coastal zone planning is actively proceeding on at leapt three levels (State, region and County) at this time. In the interest of economy and efficiency and to avoid duplication of effort, the City of Miami intends to cooperate with these planning efforts as they unfold, based on the Coastal one Protection Element established in the Conservation and Safety ;Element. The Land Use Plan Element designates certain conservation areas on Virginia Rey. 4. Response: Foremost among the prerequisites to be considered for the development of Watson island as a unique recreation and amusement complex is the preparation of a beveloprnent of Regional Impact statement. Adoption of program specifies is not required by this Act, 5. Response: it is the intention of the City to continue to closely coordinate its housing policies and programs with Dade County. b. Response Intergovernmental Coordination has been continuous throughout Plan preparation; meetings have been held with an informal interdepartmental coordinating committee and an informational meeting was held with the Technical Advisory Committee. The Plan provides a clear policy statement on intergovern- mental coordination. Further, intergovernmental coordina- tion is assured through this very process of comments and responses. Moreover, the City of Miami would welcome and support a more structured intergovernmental coordination effort through the Dade League of Cities and the Technical Advisory Committee. I. Response: Precise fulfillment of the requirement for economic feasibility (Section 163.3177 (3)) must await the submission of a Capital Improvement Program by the City of Miami at a later date. The Technical Report (enclosed) is considered as a supporting study utilized in the preparation of the Comprehensive Plan. The City of Miami does not presently contemplate the adoption of the Technical Report. 20 PLANNINfil APPARTAWIT, METROPOLITAN DADE COUNTY FLORIDA n Suite '900, BrlekeH Plate, 909 S.E. it Ave., Miami. Plaids 33131 Mr. Ralph G. ingie, City Clerk City of Miami P.0. BOX 330708 Miami, Florida 33133 Dear Mr. 0ngie: The Metropolitan Dade County Planning Department has reviewed the pro- posed "City of Miami Comprehensive Neighborhood Plan; 1976-1986" pure scant to the responsibilities as set forth by the Local Government Comprehensive Planning Act of 1975 and the Metropolitan Dade County Charter. The following comments result from review of the proposed Plan with respect to the County responsibilities for 1) preparation of County wide comprehensive plans, 2) provision of certain County -wide and trans- ferred municipal -level facilities and services within the City of Miami, and 3) development planning and regulation in incorporated areas adjacent to the City of Miami. January 28, 71 0t General Comments The proposed Plan, together with the reference detailed backup reports, represents a major planning accomplishment for the City of Miami. However, the planning processes indicated in this project should be considered only as a beginning in providing the full planning/management framework required for the central city of the major metropolitan area. Two factors make it difficult to relate the proposed plan to the County'e planning processes: 1) the unavailability of the referenced backup reports to the proposed Plan document hampers the complete understanding of the basis for the Plan recommendations, and 2) the lack of color clarity between the land use legend and map makes it difficult to fully determine the land use densities depicted. If these two difficulties were corrected, a portion of the following comments might be found to be unnecessary or invalid. , 6661 466. 21 ltr. kalph 0. tngie January 28, i577 The bepartment finds the two major deficiencies of the Plan are! 1) the absence of a clear statement of the goala and policies for the City that formed the basis of the Plan, and 2) the lack of recognition of the responaibilitiea of the County and other governmental jurisdictions for certain of the Plan elements and implementing activities. The proposed Platt should contain a full statement of goals, objectives, and policies attd srategies related to the City's role as a eantral city of a rapidly growing major metropolitan area. Such a atatetient would provide a clear direction for the development and redevelopment of the City that would be helpful in gaining full support from other cities, the County, State and nation in helping the City of Miami fulfill its proper role. Without such a statement the City will have missed at opportunity to enlist the assistance of these other levels of government in achieving its pro,= posais. Correspondingly, the Plan needs to fully recognize that, many of the proposals are not the City's direct responsibility and have not been fully coordinated with the planning and implementation programs of the responsible governmental units. The implementation activities that are its responsibility should be more fully dimensioned within the document itt terms of the City's ability to accomplish them within the necessary time frame. The proposed Plan would be more effective if it were more a policies document and less of a proposal of a program of specific activities that may not have been fully determined to be feasible. The Local Government Comprehensive Planning Act encourages the preparation of unrealistic plans when it fails to recognize that each unit of government is not responsible for all of the planning functions within its boundaries and does not provide the complete mechanism for coordi- nating this planning with the responsible jurisdiction. Additionally, the "effect of law" status of plans adopted pursuant to the State act is not totally compatible with the use of the proposed Plan as a beginning point of negotiation with other governmental jurisdictions responsible for carrying out some of the proposals. Specific Comments The following specific comments on various parts of the Plan reflect the opinion of the Planning Department staff and the several County agencies that provided comments. As mentioned above, the statement of Purposes and Objectives of the Plan are too broadly stated to permit the Plan to be properly evaluated. The intergovernmental coordination of proposals set forth in the Plan are a good beginning, but need to be strengthened. Proposals are recommended that require more extensive interaction between planners, managers and policy -makers before they can be finalized. To accomplish this full coordination will require going beyond the minimal requirements of the Local Government Comprehensive Planning Act. Mt. kalph C. Ottgie January 28, 1977 The Economic Passibility Element is one of the more difficult requirements of the Local Government Comprehensive Planning Act for any governmental unit to meet. Without the referenced draft Capital tmprovement Program being available for review, it is impossible to determine the extent to which the City Plan is economically feasible in terme of the requirement it places on County government for funding of additional facilities and services Three of the six stated actions listed in the Implementation section have a major bearing on County responsibilities. The adoption of a Capital. Improvements Program and budget is indeed an important play► implementation device; the City needs to work closely with Dade Countyta processes toward coordinative programming of City and County itaprovementa needed to implement the proposed Plan. The requirement for broadened urban renewal powers needs to be coordinated very closely with the County since the County's Charter identifies this as a County function, tt is imperative that both governments work closely together in achieving the enactment of Tax Increment'Pinancing and Tax Abatement as a major tool for plan implementation. Again, it is important that there be a commitment from the total metropolitan community to help the City of Miami fulfill its central city `role and responsibilities: The Housing and Residential Neighborhoods Element is one portion of the Plan that explicitly recognizes the interdependency between the City of Miami and the metropolitan area. As documented by the statistics cited, the shift of the public housing program from a City to a nearly county -wide based activity has yet to match the historic support the City has provided for publicly assisted housing. As suggested, the provision of adequate low- and moderate -income housing is a community wide responsibility with the central city continuing to play a major role. A more explicit metropolitan strategy needs to be developed that permits the proper sharing of responsibility between the City of Miami, other municipalities, and the County. Again, this is an activity that needs to have major coordination to develop proper solutions. If the City is to realize the proposal to utilize public tax money to encourage middle income housing, it will need the full support of the metropolitan community in achieving the necessary legislative changes. Two of the neighborhood development strategies hold major implications for the County's responsibility for the provision of facilities and services. Of the several direct services suggested as appropriate treatment for areas that are service intensive, the County has major responsibility for such services as manpower, health and housing oppor- tunity. Similiarly, the suggested strategy for redevelopment areas includes recognition of the role of public transit as a potential generator of market demand that will permit better utilization of land. 23 Mr. Ralph C. Otgie January 281 1977 The Public Services and Facilities Element euggeets several actions that can be undertaken to improve the quality of life within the City of Miami. A number of these are the responsibility of the County, or other governmental juriedictione, and thus in need of full coordination before their achievement can be programmed or accomplished. The recent shift of Federal graft funds from categorical to block grant programa that have diminished the County'a revenues and increased the City+a, should be recognised in the programing of eoeial eervieee. The 'transportation Element is another area of clear need for full recog- nition of the County's responsibilities for metropolitan planning and service delivery. In the absence of a clear statement of the trans- portation goals and strategies necessary for the City of Miami to properly realize its central city role, most of the actions recommended are difficult to evaluate and premature in view of the extensive planning the County has underway through the Miami Urban Area Transportation Study update and the Rapid Transit improvement Program. The Transpor- tation Element of the Plan needs to have a thorough policies orientation and a somewhat longer time frame. Such a policy framework would have provided the basis for a more thorough treatment ofsuchconsiderations as the relationship between the provision of downtown people movers and restricting of automobile usage downtown. Also, certain of the pro- posals; i.e. the replacement of two bridges and construction of a new one within a three block area, exceed any identified need and resources. Itt summary, this section should be more policies oriented and the pro- posed actions should be given further evaluation within the County's ongoing transportation planning processes. Better yet, the City could defer action on the Transportation Element until the MUATS 2000 process can be completed to provide a County -wide transportation plan. The Economic Development Element is one of the logical places to provide a more complete analysis of the City's role vis-a-vis the County's. The Plan document does not reflect any analysis of the City's function within the context of long-term economic trends in Dade County and South Florida. Hopefully, the backup documentation to the Plan includes a more thorough treatment of the issues concerning central city economic vitality. The strategies proposed do recognize the demonstrated ability of public improvements and private projects to stimulate central city economic development. The important role of the convention center and the rapid transit system as catalysts to further economic vitality of the central city is noted, but more attention must be devoted to identi- fyiag the other ingredients. The strategy to effect legislation permitting Tax Increment and Tax Abatement financing clearly is an effort that will require the full backing, support and coordination of local'governaental units as well as other urban areas throughout the State. 24 Mr. Ralph O. Ongie January 2 , 107/ The Community Design Element considerations are in complete compatibility with County -wide policies and plans. 4. The Utility Element does not properly recognise the County's role and responsibility. The Miami -Dade Water and Sewer Authority's function in the provision of water and aanitary sever service in the City of Miami is different from that described. The Authority is responsible for designing, constructing, owning, operating and maintaining all the eater mama both inside and outside of the City of Miami. Sanitary sewer collection ayatems within the City are designed and installed by the City Public Worka Department and are transferred to the Authority for ownership, operation and maintenance. The sanitary aeyer interceptor system and large pumping stations are designed, constructed, owned, and operated by the Authority. This division of reaponaibility, while effectively providing water and sewer service to the City of Miami, heightens the need to have coordination with the metropolitan' -vide entity. The Recreation and Open Space Element contains a good balance of facility and program proposals that are comparative with the County plans. The suggested limit of 15 acreas for mini parks seems high for central city neighborhoods; additional smaller parks would perhaps be more effective. The Conservation and Safety Element contains wide-ranging strategies that suggest an agenda for further planning that would include approaches for cooperative efforts at City, County and regional levels. This section properly recognized ongoing planning responsibilities and programs at each government level. The Future Land Use and Transportation Map component of the proposed City of Miami Comprehensive Neighborhood Plan appears to be compatible with Dade County plane. However, several factors make the full comparison between the City and the County plans difficult. The previously mentioned difficulty relating the map and legend, the use of maximum density designations, and the scale and detail of the City Plan prohibits ready determination of the relationship of the City's Plan with the County's. Perhaps, the most ready comparison between the intent of the two plans is the-respecitve population projections which indicate that the two plans provide for essentially the same population within the boundaries of the City of Miami. However, the full achievement of the land use plan and the strategies and actions contained within the various elements of the City's Plan must draw on resources beyond those that would be expected to accompany the additional development the City would expect 25 1 Mr. RAlph 0. Oftgie January 28, 1077 to be generated through population growth alone. The achievment of the full implementation of the Plan will, again, require extensive commitment of resources puteide of the confines and responsibility of the City of Miami. ,Several specific conflicts between City and County plans do exist. The adopted Dade County Comprehensive nevelopmettt Master plan proposes residential development in the narrow corridor between N.N. 7th Avenue and f-95 north of 36 Street, while the City's Plan shows commercial development within this area. Also, the proposed development south and southeast of Miami International Airport appears to propose a density of developments that might be incompatible with that designated for these areas by the joint City of Miami - Dade County MIA Compatibility Study. Similarly, there appears to be no acknowledgement in the City's Plan of the airport study recommendations that sound -proof construction be used and places of public assembly be excluded in the development and redevelop- ment of such areas. It is imperative that the City and the County work together in the review and implementation of necessary development regulations in the vicinity of this important economic activitycenter. The transit route and station locations shown in the proposed Plan should not be considered binding until further final design work has proceeded. The proposals can, however, be used as alternatives for review and consideration in the subsequent stages of the rapid transit program planning. in a broader sense, the City's Plan is generally compatible with the County's Comprehensive Development Master Plan along the rapid transit corridor, in terms of the types of development and the indicated station area goals, although there are differences in recommended development densities. The City's proposed Plan does recognize common plan objectives with regard to transit area stations by designating portions of each transit station area for "special use" that will permit mixed use development compatible with the transit system operation. in recognition of extensivec detailed planning required to more precisely determine the appropriate types, locations and densities of the develop- ment around transit stations and the potential for changes in station location, we suggests that the area on either side of the transit route be depicted as a "transit development corridor" subject to plan refine- ment in accord with the plans prepared and adopted for the transit system. The detailed planning would need to be conducted as a coordi- nated City -County effort. 26 Mt. Rd h C. Otgio nnuary 28, 1977 In conclusion, we commend the City for its pioneering preparation of a plan that addresses all of the elements mandated by the State Act. The product should be strengthened in its goals and objective delineation and its coordination of the specific plans and programs that involve County responsibilities. This agency looks forward to assisting the City in plan refinement and implementation. MdCO210,16S. Reginald R. Walters, Director Planning Department RRW:ARB:na cc: Division of State Planning South Florida Regional Planning Council Cities of Coral Gables and Hialeah 27 • R FSFCNS18 TC COMMtNTS ' ! • DADS COUNTY 'MANNINO DFPARTMtN in general, the comments of the Metropolitan Dade County Planning Department are appropriate: the State Act, because it has to address all governmental arrangements throughout the State of Florida, is not responsive to the structure, authority and responsibility for metropolitan wide and local planning encompassed in our two-tier form of metropolitan government. Coordination of plane and programs is essential if our citizens are to be served: experience in day-to-day political, administrative and operational cooperation among Metropolitan Dade County and the several Municipalities have established our governmental strue• ture as a national model. Moreover, the City of Miami welcomes and supports a more structured intergovernmental coordination process either ;through the Dade League of Cities or the 'technical Advisory Committee. To answer specific comments, the following responses are made: Comment 1. Response: The Goals and Objectives (and other supporting information) requested are summarised in the Technical Report (enclosed). While it is not presently intended to adopt the Technical Report, the goals and objectives were subsumed within the various Plan elements, 2. Response: Although the Plan is considered to be economically feasible in general, the precise fulfillment of Section 163. 3177 (3) of the State Act by the City of Miami must await the sub- mission of a Capital Improvements Program at a later date. 3. Response: The transportation element has been continuously coordinated with the two applicable Metropolitan Dade County transporta- tion planning efforts: the Miami Urban Area Transportation Study update and the Dade County Transit Improvement Program. The Miami Comprehensive Neighborhood Plan is susceptible to future revisions, as required by the State Act, upon comple- tion of the County -wide transportation plan. The extension of SW let Avenue southward from S. 2nd Street across a new bridge over the Miami River to SW 7th Street is intended to replace, not supplement, the existing Miami Avenue Bridge. 4. Response: The Utility Element in the Plan repeats the essentials of the division of responsibility between the City and County described in the comment. 28 fonrnent 5. Responses During the preparation of the Dade County Comprehensive Development Master Plan, extene1ve reliance was placed on the existing Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance of the City of Miami for area within the City, except where Metropolitan Dade County had ongoing planning efforts in conjunction with urban renewal=related programs. Any differeneee in densities lie in the definitions i. e. dwelling units per gross acre vs. dwelling units per net acre, 6. Responses The Dade County Comprehensive Development Master Plan of 1975 recognized land use recommendations of the Model City Comprehensive Plan of 1974 by proposing residers. teal development in the narrow corridor between NW ?th Avenue and I.95 north of N. 36th Street; consistent with the general posture of the CDM1 in encouraging activity centers rather than recognizing existing commercial strips. In February and March, 1976 the Planning Department suet with the Model Cities Administering Board and with the citizens in Model Cities to review Planning Department proposals to update the Model Cities Comprehensive Plan. As a result of these meetings, in order to obviate the necessity of declaring over 2miles of commercial frontage as non -cony forming, it was agreed that the most appropriate use for the foreseeable future would be commercial. 7. Responses The Miami International Airport Compatibility Study - a joint City/County planning effort - continues to provide guidelines for the development of areas adjacent to the Airport. The densities depicted on the Plan are consistent with densities shown on the Dade County Comprehensive Development Master Plan, recognizing that the different densities shown are, through examination of the definitions, essentially equivalent. The City recognizes that sound- proofing of structures exposed to excessive noise is a logical component of the Dade County Building Code. Finally, in the summer of 1974, the Planning Department proposed a CA zoning district southeasterly of the Airport, in part to eliminate or reduce public assembly establishments. In public hearing .in October 1974, widespread opposition from citizens of Grapeland Heights and local businessmen convinced the City Commission that the proposed zoning district was not appropriate. 29 6i3' ent 8. Reap rise: The approach taken in this Plan to transit station land use planning and implementation is both specific and flexible, The suggestion made in the comments that areas within + nh•half mile of the 10. 5 linear mines of Stage 11 bade County Rapid `transit System within the City of Miami be designated as a +ttransit development corridor" on this Plan could deter development on 9.5 square miles or 28 percent of the land within the City, because of the legal implications of the Plan. 30 THE x P CORAL GASES NNINd Bintetef4 Litt WALL Richard L. Fosmoen, AIP Director City of Miami, Florida Planning Department P. O. box 330708 Miami, Florida 33133 P. b. bikkAtelk 34Ia#� detAAL &Aelt9, PLi3R16A 55134 ttLtlis 1cr4 (38t) 446.0111111 fNt en: Enutitut January 26, 1977 RE: MIAMI COMPREHENSIVE NBIGEBORHOOb PLAN - 1976 - 1986 Dear Mr. Posmoen: The Planning Board at its meeting held on Monday, January 17, 1977 considered the Miami Comprehensive Neighborhood Plane- 1976 - 1986 and after discussion, the Planning Board instructed me to advise you that the City of Coral Gables did not have any objection to the Comprehensive Neighborhood Plana JEV/csm Very truly yours, THE CITY OF CORAL GABLES PLANNING BOARD ;CITY 441 .y.;l .'i.:, t:;�Xi DEM11NIw1RNlt t r:OFIES DATE ,1At1 2 .' 'Oa ND. FILE NO. • t112"C .,,.M., • �, " e.I=r 31 1 1 1 1 1 n YA0 OPT CREDITS Prepared far the City of Miami City Comittioners Maurice A, Ferre, Mayor close Gordon, Vice -Mayor Theodore R. Gibson J. L, Plummer, Jr. Manolo Reboso City Manager Joseph R. Grassie Charles L. Crumpton, Assistant City Manager for Community Development Planning Advisory Board Grace Rockafellar, Chairperson Selma Alexander, Vice -Chairperson Isidro C. Borja Frank Dannenberg, Jr. Ofelia T, Fernandez Mary Lichtenstein Cyril Smith William R. Rolle George J. Acton, Jr., Executive Secretary Citizens Task Force Our special thanks to all the many citizens of Mi- ami's neighborhoods who participated in the com- mittee meetings and public hearings leading to the preparation of this Plan. Inter -Departmental Committee Our special thanks to City and County Departments who participated in the review of neighborhood plans. University of Miami Our special thanks to the University of Miami Center for Urban and Regional Studies for their assistance in preparation of plans for the Overtown/Culmer Park areas. The preparation of this Plan was funded through Federal Revenue Sharing. This Plan Was prepared by: WeNoel McHHalm Roberta and Tedd Urban and Ecological Planners 2b1B South Bayshore Drive Miami, Florida 3813 David A. Wallace, Partner -in -Charge Richard W. Huffman, Associate Partner -in -Charge Boris Drarnov, Project Director Willy A. Berrnelio, Senior Planner John E. Fernslet, Planner Alyn C. Pruett, Planner Bonnie H. Fisher, Planner Jane Laughlin, Graphics Dee Strickland, Graphics Russell Morasch, Graphics William Robinson, Graphics Margaret Dewey, Composition City of Miami Planning Department George J. Acton, Jr., Director Joseph W. McManus, Project Manager Jack Luft, Planner Matthew Schwartz, Planner Matilde M. Ponce, Graphics Richard Butler, Graphics Theodore Beide, Graphics The capital improvement program, land use field sur- veys and inventory were prepared by Miami City Plan- ning Department. Edward Lynch, Planner -in -Charge Pierce Eichelberger, Planning Information System Subconsultants Economics: Hunter Moss & Company/Gladstone Associates 1401 Brickell Avenue, Miami, Florida Transportation: Environmental Design Group P.O. Box 1120, Winter Park, Florida Zoning: Dr. Ernest Bartley/F. Bair 1050 S.W. 11 th Street, Gainesville, Florida Social Services: Social Research Consultants, Inc. 929 Majorca Avenue, Coral Gables, Florida TABLE OF CONTENTS Credit§ Technical Report 1.0 Preamble 1 1.1 Purpose and Objectives 1 1.2 Study Approach 1 1.3 Inter -Governmental Coordination 1 1.4 Econornic Feasibility 2 1.5 Implementation 2 2.0 Basis for Change 3 2.1 Population Characteristics 3 2.2 Potential Growth Patterns 2.3 Summary of Comprehensive Plan Goals and Objectives 13 3.0 Elements of the Plan 21 3.1 Housing and Residential Neighborhoods Element 21 3.2 Econornic Development Element 33 3.3 Conservation and Safety Element 41 3.4 Community Design Element 57 3.5 Land Use Element 69 3.6 Recreation and Open Space Element 83 3 7 Public Services and Facilities Element 89 3.8 Transportation Element 95 3.0 Utility Element 119 3.10 Inter -Governmental Coordination 123 4.0 Implementation 127 4.1 Capital Investment Process 127 4.2 Regulatory Program Development 133 4.3 Development Prospects 135 4.4 Continuing Planning Process 141 5.0 Capital Needs List 143 5.1 Capital Needs List. Planning District A .143 5.2 Capital Needs List Planning District B 147 5.3 Capital Needs List Planning District C 159 5,4 Capital Needs List Planning District D 163 5.5 Capital Needs List Plarming District E 167 5,6 Capital Needs List Planning District F .171 6.0 Appendices 175 6.1 Residential Inventory 177 6.2 Greater Miami Office Survey -Fall 1975 179 6.3 City of Miami Zoning Distribution ---January 1974 .181 6.4 Specifications on Tree Planting Program 183 6.5 Recreational Inventory 187 6.6 Index to Cultural Facilities 193 6.7 Public Schools Located within City Limits of Miami .201 6.8 List of One -of -a -Kind Maps 203 6.9 Glossary 205 6.10 Bibliography 211 1 TECHNICAL REPORT t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 The Miami Comprehensive NeighbO rhobd Plan was prepared jointly by the City of Miami Planning De- partment and the consultant team led by Wallace, McHarg, Roberts and Todd. This is the City-wide ¶ chnical Report which supports The Plan Which was presented to and accepted by the Miarni Plan- ning Advisory Board on October 6, 1976. Tho Plan has been transmitted to the Miami City Commis sion and will he transmitted to other governments tor intergovernmental review in accordance with the State Local Government Planning Act of 1975. Following this review the City Commission will then hold appropriate public hearings toward adop- tion of The Plan. The Technical Report is a summary document. It is accompanied by four Technical Appendices: Zoning, Economics, Social, and Transportation. These documents serve as background support for The Plan. in addition six Planning District Concept Plans have been prepared for the Districts identified on the accompanying map: A Northeast -Edison Park -Little River B Central Miami C South Coconut Grove -Shenandoah D Little Havana E Flagami F Grapeland Heights-Ailapattah The plan for Virginia Key (area G) has been pre- pared by the Planning Department and is included in these technical recommendations. THE MANDATE A Comprehensive Plan is a legal requirement of the City Charter. In addition, the recently enacted State legislation (Local Government Comprehensive Plan- ning Act of 1975) requires every municipality to adopt a plan by July 1, 1979. The State law requires that certain planning elements be included in the Plan. These are: 1. Land Use 2. Traffic and Circulation 3. Sanitary Sewer, Solid Waste, Drainage and Water 4. Conservation 5. Recreation and Open Space 6. Housing 7. Coastal Zone Protection 8. Inter -Governmental Coordination 9. Utility 10. Mass Transit 11. Plans for Port, Aviation, and Related Facilities These are also optional elernents which may be con- tained in the Plan: 1. Circulation of Non -Automotive Vehicular and Pedestrian Traffic 2. Off -Street Parking Facilities 3, Public Services and Facilities 4. Community Design 5. General Area Redevelopment 6. Safety 7. Historical and Scenic Preservation 8. Economic According to the Act, "The Comprehensive Plan shall consist of principles, guidelines and standards for the orderly and balanced future economic, so- cial, physical, environmental and fiscal development of the area. Coordination of the several elements of the Comprehensive Plan shall be consistent and the Plan shall be economically feasible."* The City of Miami is the central city of Florida's largest region. As such the Comprehensive Plan ori- entation emphasizes changes in existing develop- ment as much as new development. Since most pri- vate land is already developed, a great percentage of this Technical Report refers to redevelopment for housing or economic improvement. For this reason the optional Economic Development Element of the State law has been included as a main part of The Plan and is covered in this Technical Report. Since government in Miami is both regional (Dade County Metro) and local (Miami City) many areas of The Plan overlap in responsibility. The Coastal Zone Protection Element includes a local compon- ent in the Conservation Element addressed in these documents, as well as a regional component addressed in the Coastal Zone Protection Plan now being pre- pared for the region. The Miami Comprehensive Neighborhood Plan has adopted the objectives of this regional study as well as the water quality and regional transportation objectives included in Dade County plans. 'Feasibility is essentially a function of the ability and willingness of governmental funding and taxation and will be docurnented in the annual capital budget and program prepared in accordance with this Plan by the City of Miami Planning Department. THE PLAN ELtMEN This Technical Report conforms with the State man- date in the following elements: 1 Land Use: The Land Use Element is found in Section 3.5 of the Technical Report, 2. Traffic and Circulation: The Traffic and Circu- lation Element is included in Section 3.8, Trans- portation. 3. Sanitary Sewer, Solid Waste, Drainage and Water: The Utility Element, Section 3.9, cov- ers this element as well as the regional water quality management plan under adoption by the County. Conservation: Conservation is covered under Section 3.3 and covers in addition, optional elements of Safety and Historical and Scenic Preservation. 5. Recreation and Open Space: This element is addressed in Section 3.6 of thechnical Re- port. 6 Housing: Because of its importance in the City of Miami, the Housing Element is listed first, Section 3.1, and discusses Housing and Resi- dential Neighborhoods. 7. Coastal Zone Protection: This element is in- cluded on a local level in the Conservation Ele- ment, Section 3.3, and incorporates the region- al plan objectives of the Coastal Zone Protec- tion Pain now underway. 8. Inter -Governmental Coordination: This ele- ment is discussed in Section 3.10 in the Tech. nical Report. 9. Utility: This element is included with Sewer, Solid Waste, Drainage and Water under Sec- tion 3.9, Utilities. 10. Mass Transit: The City of Miami and Dade County are in the process of preparing final plans for Phase I of a rapid transit system. These plans are included in preliminary form under Section 3.8, Transportation. Regional objectives for mass transit are included as part of this Technical Report. More important, how- ever, are the elements of redevelopment impact associated with a new transit system. This im- pact is discussed generally under Section 3.1, Housing, and Section 3.2, Economic Develop- ment, as well as Section 3.5, Land Use. 11. Plans for Port, Avaition and Related Facilities: These plans are regional in nature and thus ap- pear in Dade County's Comprehensive Plan, The impact of these facilities is addressed in 4. 1 1 Section 3.2 of this Technical Report with spe- cific local recommendations as Well as Sections 3.3, Conservation and Safety, and 3.8, Trans- portation. Optional Elements included in this Plan are: 1. Public Services and l`=acilities--Section 3.7. 2. Coniniunity Design -Section 3.4. 3. General Area Redevelopment —Sections 3.1, 3.2, and 3.5. 4. Safety —Section 3.3. 5. Historical and Scenic Preservation —Section 3.3. 6. Economic --Section 3.2. THE PLANNING DISTRICT CONCEPT PLANS This Technical Report presents all products referred to in the City Code for the City of Miami which include: 1. Future development of the City 2. Location, relocation, and character of the various uses of land and water 3. Location, relocation, character of public and private open spaces and structures for recrea- tion, amenity and cultural life 4. Modes and means of travel and transportation 5. Location andcharacter of public buildings, services, and facilities 6. Provision of necessary utilities 7. Development of standards for ecological and environmental quality 8. Panning for conservation, rehabilitation, or- re- placement of housing 9. Treatment of areas, sites, or structures of his- torical or archaeological import and significance 10. Density of population 11. Methods and policies for encouragement of cooperation of private persons and groups in the development, implementation, and accom- plishment of adopted comprehensive plans 12. Taxing and financial arrangements and long- range capital improvement programs deemed necessary to implement the planning program 13. Land use control and regulatory measures and other instruments deemed necessary to accom- plish the arms and objectives of adopted com- prehensive plans. The final implementation :levces associated with The Plan and Technical Report are the responsi- bility of the City of Miami through adoption of specific recommendations for modification of existing land use control and regulatory measures, taxing and financial arrangements and long-range capital improvements programming and continuing citizen participation in the planning process. The District Plans prepared in Phase II of the three phase planning project will serve as the basis for detailed implementation tasks. The Capital Needs identified during this Phase are included in this Technical Report under Section 5, Capital Needs List. The requirements of implementation are discussed in Section 4 of the Technical Report. r 1.0 PREAMBLE 11 PURPOSE ANO OBJECTIVES The purpose of the Comprehensive Plan is to pro- vide an official guide to future development ih the City of Miami. The preparation of this Plan is man= dated both by the City Charter and the recently enactedStateLocal Government Comprehensive Planning Act of 1975, The Plan consists of re- quired and optional elements. These elements are coordinated and are internally consistent and are aimed at achieving the basic objectives of health, safety and welfare stated in City Charter and State Act. Each element relates to specific issues which need to be addressed to ensure the orderly growth and development, adequate provision of services and facilities and well-being of the future popula- tion of the City. 1.2 STUDY APPROACH The Miami Comprehensive Neighborhood Plan is a result of a three-phase study. The first phase had a City-wide emphasis, the second had a Planning Dis- trict and 'Neighborhood emphasis and the third pro- vided for preliminary and final Plan preparation. In order to ensure citizen participation in the planning process, the Planning Advisory Board held two pub- lic hearings City-wide and in each of six Planning Districts as ,veil as numerous workshops. Task forces were comprised of both City-wide interest groups and neighborhood residents, property owners and biisinessp% rsons. The Technical Report and six District Concept Plans fully document the basis for Plan recommendations. The Plan assumes a 1985 population ranging from 372,000 to 397,000, an increase of between 18,000 and 43,000 over 1975 estimates of 354,000. The Pian is based on citizen identification of local is- sues and needs and an evaluation of various data sources. 1.3 INTER -GOVERNMENTAL COORDINATION To ensure coordination among the various agencies and levels of government concerned with planning and the provision of services to the City, an Inter - Departmental Coordinating Committee was formed. Information was exchanged, six District Plans were reviewed and revisions made. It is the policy of the City of Miami that the Corn- prehensive Plan and any modifications thereto shall be coordinated with and related to the Comprehen- sive Plans of the State of Florida, Dade County, the South Florida Regional Planning Council and adja- cent municipalities as such Plans exist or are pre- pared. A Technical Advisory Committee convened by Dade County will continue to review Plan recommenda- tions and/or subsequent revisions. 1.4 ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY Miami's bonding capacity, as established by State Law, is $550 million, or 15% of its assessed prop- erty valued at $3.7 billion. As of 1975 the net debt outstanding from previously issued bonds was $94 million, leaving a legal debt margin of $456 million for additional capital improvements. The degree to which Miami draws upon this amount, however, de- pends upon its ability to absorb increases in opera- ting and maintenance costs as well as its bonding capacity. Detailed economic assumptions underlying the Plan and all aspects of Plan elements requiring expen- ditures of public funds including fiscal proposals related to estimated costs, priority tanking anti proposed funding sources are included in the Draft Capital Improvement Program prepared by the City Planning Department and are submitted with this Plan. 1.5 IMPLEMENTATION The State Comprehensive Planning Act of 1975 requires that the Plan be adopted by July 1, 1979, and that this Plan have legal status and that "no public or private development shall be permitted except in conformity with Comprehensive Plans) or elements or portions thereof," In order to fully implement this Plan, the following actions are required: 1. Revisions to Existing Land Use Controls and Regulatory Measures and Adoption. The Future Land Use Element is not an official zon- ing reap. Present ordinances must be revised and tones mapped by an additional process already ini- tiated by the Miami City Planning Department. 2, Adoption of a Capital Progfart} and Budget. Coordinated and planned investment of public funds for capital improvemehts, including Community De- velopment, must be committed to attract private development and encourage neighborhood stability as well as to provide needed public improvements. 3, Broad Use of Powers of trnineitt Domain to Promote Redevelopment. Public urban renewal powers to promote private development of obsolescent and deteriorated areas need to be broadened and applied to help strengthen the economic base. 4. Use of the Proposed Constitutional Amend- ment for Tax Increment Financing and Abate ment. This incentive legislation will provide additional tools for promoting redevelopment and strengthen- ing the economic base. 5, Commitment of the Residents, Property Own- ers and Businesspersons to Implement the Plan. Citizens must individually and cooperatively work to achieve development objectives, maintain and improve residential neighborhoods and lend support to public actions required to implement the Plan. 6. Continuation of the Planning Process. The State Act stipulates that "the planning program" shall be a continuous and ongoing process." This means continuing citizen involvement, monitoring implementation and effects of the Plan, revisions and Plan update. a t t 1 1 1 1 i PI:AN PREPARATION - PHASE t AIVENidN xf,urc MIOS iO! G tilt 115 NOS I ctscRiPttlkietilCli^ HAY Cr TOE ` rr pr1yWCS /' GOOktrill � () CHANGE 1 , !. Y t 1 I l H CITY OF MIAMI "rdi��+ Rwf C DA APPLICATION PROCESS okast COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT TARGET AREAS COMO SAW St WOOS 011OONS IMPLEMENTAtION OF CDA PROJECTS AND REAPPLICATION PARKS FOR PEOPLE DISTRICTS PLANNING DISTRICTS PREVIOUS PLANS STUDIES r9�weeu:. i b�:we[ 11 u are-ecnwwwweer •r n 1.1 lwelr WETS/II i ■ ee-ie■ WSMMMlewrue ee-,ee1 OOP weeww WOW I enr■ r ien.i i ..aa�...eeee! PEW-i-n .:w:c EYS.. IliI� r of ■■ n■^- hw�1'Jiiewwewwri nr. u■ mire. ■[. .. a Ili OI 111111111! niIIIIIIilhIpj';:i iiin ■■ r e■ IrE! m e■ , i 11E. WPPIIIIi00I!HHIL NMI W .4 � 66 11 1i1' I. n _ �lPI 65 tt ![ [r 7002 ■u WI r au► n•.6wuil■uw MOSS\ wo61uauwo.•wwee uJeeeeere. 2.0 BASIS FOR CHANGE 2.1 POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS GROWTH TRENDS Growth rates between 1960.1970 ranked Dade County as the eighth fastest growing metropolitan area in the nation. Due to national trends of ac- celerated elerated suburbanization, spurred by federal soli- Gies concerning highway construction, mortgage in- surance/tinancinq and urban renewal, however, the rnaior thrust of this growth was outside the City of Miami. The City captured only 13% of this growth luring the last decade and its population increased by 43,171 pi rsons.1 Though this increase Was rela- tively greater than other major cities in the nation, it was a decline from its growth rate in the 1950's. Components of Change The rnajor component for change in the rate of growth for both the county and the City has been in -migration. Major sources of in -migration to the City and county have been the influx of Cubans and retirees. In -migration to Dade County over the ten year period between 1960 and 1970 almost equalled the total 1960 population of the City of Miami (292,000 persons). In the City itself, however, na- tural increase and net migration contributed almost equally to population increases. This was due again to the out -migration of City residents to the suburbs and the high birth rates of the Black and Cuban populations. Catalysts for Change There are six major events and circumstances which have been critical as catalysts in changing the com- position, size and location of the population of the City of Miami: 1. The climate, water oriented environment and new forms of home ownership have continued to attract northeastern Anglo-Americans, many of whom are well-to-do, without children or retired and in their late forties. 2. The rise to power of Castro's government in Cuba caused the exile of more than 80,000 Cubans to Miami in 1960, and, although there were low points in tare flight of exiles from Cuba between 1962 and 1965 due to the Bay of Pigs invasion and the Missile Crisis, there are approximately 350,000 Cubans in Dade County today.2 The first wave of Cuban exiles included the upper and upper -middle class Cuban profes- sionals and businessmen, many of whom es- tablished their homes and businesses in what is today known as "Little Havana." This pro- vided a cultural cushion which afforded the future exiles a smooth transition and accul- turation process. Urban renewal and highway construction dur- ing the late 1960's and early 1970'3 accounted for the removal and relocation of more than 20,000 Backs in the Overtown area.3 Prior to these events, the Overtown area was the major Black community in Miami and repre- sented an important center for entertainment throughout the South. Real estate and financial redlining has been in- strumental in the districting of Blacks into three areas: Model Cities, Overtown, and the Black Grove. The administration of property taxes, other public funding sources and tax incentives, or the lack of them, have prompted the public and private sector into redistribu- ting both quality services and investment from those areas and providing opportunities in others. An attitude taken by property owners, indus- tries and government of riot capitalizing on the Miami River, F.E.C. Railroad and Biscayne Bay, except in the most utilitarian sense, has fabricated industrial barriers which are im- penetrable, dividing the City into three some- what unrelated sectors. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POPULATION Ethnic and Racial Distribution Among Miami's most unique characteristics is its truly multi -ethnic population. Though Blacks, Latins and Anglos are the major groups which are described, each of these has strong ethnic compon- ents within them. Of the 1970 population in the City of Miami, white persons represented a sizeable majority, with 76.6% of the total, compared with 84.6% of the population of the metropolitan area. Blacks represented a cor- responding 22.8%'of the City's population. Of the 1970 population 45.3% was Spanish speaking, com- posed primarily of Cubans. For the metropolitan area, the figure was 23.6%. However, recent evidence indicates that at present Cubanscompriseapproxi- mately 52% of Miami's population.4 The Anglos, referring to all non -Latin whites, made up about a quarter of the City's population in 1973. 15% of these are Jewish, and many are from New York and New Jersey. The Anglos of foreign stock come from a number of countries, especially the Soviet Union, Italy, Poland, Great Britain, Germany and Canada. The trend, however, has been a con- stant decrease in the Anglo population in the form of out -migration to other portions of the region. The Anglo population continues to be politically powerful. Due to their relatively high income char- acteristics, they possess high mobility and have within their reach a wide range of housing oppor- tunities. In general, the Anglo population is concentrated along the coast in a strip defined by the railroad and U.S. 1 on the west. The Biscayne Bay corridor is today the home of Anglos who have moved from other areas of the City and county as well as those from out-of-state, attracted by the area's pleasant environment and climate. The Black population in Miami is comprised of a mixture of Southern Americans and West Indians (Bahamians and Haitians), many of whose families have resided in Miami for generations. In terms of growth and change, the Black population has been the most stable group within the City since 1960. The greatest growth of the Black population occur- red in the five year period between 1955 and 1960 when they totalled 86,200.5 This growth was prin- cipally attributed to migration from other southern states and natural increase. Urban renewal and other governmental policies in the late 1950's spurred a migration by the most mobile Blacks to northern Dade County and rapidly decreased the previous attractiveness of the area to Blacks living outside the region. Between 1970 and 1973, the Black pop- ulation increased 3.9% to almost reach the size it had in the early 1960's. The Black population has encountered the most difficulty in achieving a higher level of economic status in Miami. There are very few places today where an average Black household can afford to live. Twenty-eight percent of all Black families were under the poverty level and the median family income was $5648 in 1970.E Major Black communities in Miami are Model Cities, Overtown, and the Black Grove. There has been 1 little movement between the areas,except in the form of involuntary relocation during the early 1970's. A lack of movement from the three areas to other parts of Miami and its environs was not a choice, but, in fact, a lack of one. Minor scale move- ment outside the three communities has been oc- curring in the Edison Park -Little River Area, Carol City and smallpockets in South Miami.7 The Latin population in Miami is cnrnpnsr.li of ti large Cuban community and concentrations of Spanish-speaking groups, especially the:: Puerto Ricans, Coilamhians, Mexican., and scatterings i.)f Spaniard, and South Arai ricaris. The Latin com- munity has rthide the City :, magnet for Inte,rnatie)nai trade n'lattons and activity with Latin countries and a focal point for titre migration of Latins from other parts of the country and the world. The Latin community, salt' eiiigli no longer a minor. ity, still is characterized by some qualities generally associated with minorities. 17`), of the. Latin farni- lies in the City were receiving} assistance or were under the pover ty level in 1970 This was heavily influenced by the; high proportion of exte.nde,d fami- lies and elderly couples with fixed incomes. The: median income ($71 16) tor Latin families within the City in 1970 was relatively lower than for Latins in other parts ot DCade.0 The Latin popaiiition IS concentrated 111 Three iareias. Little Havana, Aifapattali, and Wynwood. The ter is lkwe been for snarly lia niLet; t 1110Ve Ira sht")ri elcip-tr0q faSt11011 Ira d ‘,,tv'estV\itil direction towards the \'\rt'stct1 stur-Kendall area ill etir :n of riu ito :arid better !lousing services as soon as tiler Incomes allow. Those in Allapattah to ii-iw a similar pattern towarcis Hialeah and Miami Springs, except that proximity to jobs and lower costs for services be- conie of prime importance. The upward economic mobility of the Latins is a key factor in their high frequency 0t reSidenlial r0i0c atii)n. Age Thoullh the major portion of Miami's population ranges in age between 18 and 65, this prime work- ing age group has experienced a decline during the least ten years (lot' to au t-migration to other parts of tile} region. Miami's population is i::Ilari,icleriti,-A by, a concentrd lion ijt t'.'xtr(.'riles In tpge f)tip5, ywlIt'! 3 large portion under 18 dria over 65. Th • elderly or Miami are in- creasing at a steady rate. the average concentration of this group within Miami greatly exceeds that for the nation, and is slightly higher than that of the county. Many of these older persons are retirees, attracted to the favorable environmental conditions of South Floricia.9 National trends since the end of World War 11, such as early retirement, better pension plans and improved public health care de- livery systems, have facilitated the increased migra- tion of retirees to Florida. The likelihood is that the elderly will continue to increase at the same Constant pace for the next ten years; although are cent publication by the University of Florida Divi- sion of Population states that the elderly popula- tion in Dade County could grow to 30% of the total population, based on current economic trends. An even larger proportion of Miami's population (though less than that for the county) is under the age of 18. Fur tiler, this age group was the most rapidly growing sector of the population in the last decade. The phenomena of rapid growth in this sector of the population was primarily due to the 1950's baby boom, the hip birth rate of the Black population and the influx of young Cubans. Both the Black and Spanish speaking populations were significantly younger than the white English-speak- ing group in 1970, representing median ages of 24 and 35.4, respectively. Family Organization In 1970, ot the persons in trio City lived within lamiiy groups. Ol these, about 16% were headeu by women in tilt' Black community and ; 2% in tile Latin community). This figure tor the City was sliglltlylarger than that for the county. Average family size within the City was somewhat smaller than for the entire metropolitan area, repre- senting 3.33 persons and 3.39 persons, respectively. Among the City's major ethnic groupings, Black families constituted the largest average family size, followed by Spanish speaking families at 3.69 per- sons and other white families at 3.22 persons. Educational Attainment The population of the City of Miami in 1970 had completed considerably fewer years of schooling than that of the metropolitan area: 10.7 years and 12.1 years, respectively. Of the population 25 years old ,and over in Miami, 41 °%i% had a grade school ed ucation or less, 41% were high school graduates ill - eluding 18.1% who had completed some years of college. For the metropolitan area, 30.7% had corn- pleted eight or fewer years of school, 51.9% had completed at least high school, and 22.4% had com- pleted some years of college. Auto Availability in 1970, 71.5% of the households in Miami had access to at least one automobile. One-half of the City's households had access to one automobile, while 21.5% had Access to two or more autos. Automobiles Available10 CITY Number %... METROPOLITAN AREA Occupied Units 1 Automobile 2 Automobiles 3 or More None 120,431 60,214 21,583 4,307 37,327 100.0 50.0 17.9 3.6 28.5 428,026 100.0 198,280 46.3 120,593 28.2 25,119 5.9 84,034 19.6 Income Distribution In 1969 the median income of families in Miami was $7,300, compared with $9,237 for the metro- politan area. Although Latin family incomes ap- proached the median for all groups, Black family incomes were significantly lower. The City of Miami represents a relative concentration of low and moderate income persons in the metropol- itan area. While 14% of Inc persons in the metro- politan area are tanked below the poverty level, the poor in the City accounted for over 20% of the population. A large proportion of the low in- come City population includes the non -working retired elderly. A consideration, however, of the non -reported asset holdings of the retired popula- tion would improve the evidence of their economic well-being. During the 1960's and early 1970's, the City was not regarded as an important location for the metro- politan area's upper income groups, with the excep- tion of several exclusive bayfront communities. However, the introduction of high density luxury housing in several existing high income bayfront areas suggests a trend toward increasing proportions of upper income groups. Thus, the composite trend is for Miami's income distribution to be increasingly weighted toward the high and low income extremes, as middle income groups continue their migration to outlying suburban areas. Labor P t e In 1970, there were 156,131 Miami residents in the City's labor force. Within the City of Miami, employment for City residents declined by 13,000 jobs between 1960 and 1970. During the same period employment within the City for county residents increased by 30,000 jobs. Thus, by 1970, over half of the employed City residents commuted outside of the City to their place of employment. Conversely, Dade County residents commuted in increasing numbers into the City. Of the 219,361 johs within the City in 1970 only 34% of the work- ers resided within the City.1 The City of Miami is developing as a major concen- tration of white collar office employment. However, the bulk of the labor force which depends on this expanding job market comprises the better -educated, higher -skilled, and outwardly migrating middle in- come groups. The City of Miami labor force, on the other hand, is heavily weighted toward semi- skilled blue collar workers. The 1960-1970 trend indicates continued decline in the skirl level of Miami's labor force. The increasing mismatch of employment and labor force results in a daily move- ment pattern which includes the outward migration of City residents to suburban industrial johs, coupled with the commutation of white collar suburbanites to office johs in the City. Resulting are enormous levels of waste in travel time, energy consumption and transportation infrastructure. Factors Influencing Future Population Growth Factors affecting changes in population are births, deaths and migration. In Miami, in -migration has been the most significant factor affecting past in- creases. Due to its pleasant environmental charac- ter, South Florida has attracted and continues to attract northeasterners. National trends indicate that recreational and retirement areas throughout the country are responsible for a shift in metropoli- tan in -migration to the South and Southwest. As many of the in -migrating group in Miami are re- tirees, they are not very dependent upon city -based services and employment and can easily settle in areas of South Florida other than Miami. Further- more, the most dramatic population increase which affected the City's growth in the past, that is, the Cuban in -migration, has also dropped off and in fact, many of the City's Latins are out -migrating to 11 w the west and southwest in search of better housing and community services. Consistent with nationwide trends, Miami has also hegun to reflect a loss of middle•incorne families to Outlying areas of the county. Increases in the out -migration of middle income families combined with decreases in the rate of in -migration suggest eventual declines in the City's population. It is un- likely that natural increases and/or a slow down in the death rate will compensates for these losses. The effects of suburbanization on Miami's popula- tion in fact began in the eariy 1950's, but were soon obscured by the, massive in -migration of Cu- bans. Though (he in -migration of Cuban exiles to Miami was an tiripredictable event, Miami's history has been characterized by similar extraordinary waves of in -migration. As the Cubans have begun to upgrade their economic position, they too have begun to migrate to other parts of the region and the forces of out -migration actually set in motion in the 1950's are hegun to be felt again. The question which arises is: will there be other forces of in -migration which will offset the decline of the City's growth and how wilt the characteristics of the population change? It is likely that the migra- tion of Anglos and others from the industrial cities of the north may prefer areas which are not beset with urban problems and will continue to locate outside the City. Furthermore, it is unlikely tliat even with a change in U.S. relations with Cuba, that significant migration between the tvvo countries fill occur. \NIA° there is a Barge nornber of Cubans 1n Puerto Rico, theirgeneral situation is good and most would be unlikely to leave. Those ie.w who have moved to Miami have done so in response to a business oppor tunity or spurred by fears of political agitation, The City would probably have to compete.: with other Cuban comrttunities throughout Dade County for attracting mead€e or upper IO000111e Cubaans from the States or Europe. In conclusion, though Cuban in -migration to the City may continue to occur, its scale would be small and its oftects hmitec:. It is possible, though, that ()trier Latins may be attracted to Miami by the existing Latin commun- ity and amenities of the area. Small scale- migrations are already taking place. Again, tiowever, iwo points hold true. Depending upon their economic status, these groups may be attracted to other parts of the region. Secondly, a mass migration of a population group similar to the Cuban exile movement is highly unlikely in the future. Even if conditions Were sirni- lar (i.e., takeover of a communist governrnent), it is doubtful that the U.S. policy of acceptance would be the same today as it was in the 1950's.* Another major source of in•migration to the City could be caused by the restrictions placed or ex- pansionary growth in the; outlying areas to the west by the recently adopted Metro Dade County Plan. Miami would then receive a greater share of the county's growth and recevetoornent would follow. Tee; reversal in trends, however, would be tempered by the degree to which the Metro Pan is enforced as Weil as they number of vacant developable parcels outside the City. The increasing cost of energy nas contributed to an in -migration to the cities. Escalating costs ofgaso- line as well as the added inconvenience of travel time and congestion on arterials have contributed to a renewed desire on the part of many to he in close proximity to centers of employment and serv- ices. Though this trend may be already underway, its impact as of yet has not been significant. As the costs of energy will inevitably grow, however, its effects on population migration may be substantial. Since, the county nas established centers of employ- ment other than Miami, these would undoubtedly capture some of the in -migration, Probably the most significant changes in Miami's future population; will not be related to its size, out to its socio-economic characteristics. Miami's history is rioted for its spectacular increases in population, however extraordinary events such as these should not be counted on in the future. As the forces of migration have been taking place, the groups which have remained in Miami are the poor and the rich. Though the upper income residents have not in- cteased in size, they remain concentrated in the high amenity areas along the coast. As a consequence of a constant birth rate as well as some ira-migration, the Low income groups have in- creased in sire and are concentrated in the ,rreas ot the City generally west of the wilt Odd. 1f trends coin- tinuc, a highly polarized population profile consisting' *For ekample, the U,S. policy with regard to the Vietnamese refu- gees was that of requiring a sponsor, which in turn means a dispersal of these refugees throughout the nation. of Many low income residents and a small group of high income residents could result. State-wide trends now indicate that the rate of pop- ulation increase is leveling. the factor which may most influence Miatni's future population is the ini- tiation of policies in the Comprehensive Plan for the maintenance of astable and diverse population rather than for high growth. In order to accomplish this, policies can be developed to attract back middle income families into the City by means of incentives or opportunities. In addition, these policies should be directed to accommodate not only an economic diversity in the population, but an ethnic one as well. Population Projections FOR bAbe COUNTY MIAMI SMSA 1971 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 U.S. Department of Commerce, 1972 1,308 1,793 2,332 (In 000's) Metro Dade County Planning Dept., 1972 (In 000's) High 1,640 1,820 1,990 2,140 2,270 Mid•Range 1,610 1380 1,930 2.050 2,160 1,560 1,690 1,810 1,900 1,980 Low 1,520 1,620 1,700 1.750 1,790 MUATS (Miami Urban Area Transit Study) 1,736 (In 000's) FOR THE CITY OF MIAMI From Metro Dade County, 1972' High 419,000 Mid -Range 410,000 Low 388,000 Recommended Population Distributions by Dade County Planning 368,000 408,000 •Calculated by Miami City Ptanning Department of many low income residents and a small group of high income residents could result. State -Wide trends now indicate that the rate of pop- ulation increase is leveling. The factor which may Most influence Miami's future population is the ini- tiation of policies in the Comprehensive Plan for the maintenance of a stable and diverse population rather than for high growth. In order to accomplish this, policies can be developed to attract back middle income families into the City by means of incentives or opportunities. In addition, these policies should be directed to accommodate not only an economic diversity in the population, but an ethnic one as well. Population Projections FOR bAbt COUNTY MIAMI SMSA 19/ 1 1980 1985 1990 1995 __. 2000 U.S. Department of Commerce, 1972 1,308 1,793 2,332 (In 000's) Metro Dade County Planning Dept., 1972 (In 000's) High 1,640 1,820 1,990 2,140 2,270 Mid•Range 1,610 1,780 1,930 2,050 2,160 1,560 1,690 1,810 1,900 1,980 Low 1,520 1,620 1,700 1,750 1,790 MUATS (Miami Urban Area Transit Study) 1,736 (In 000's) FOR THE CITY OF MIAMI From Metro Dade County, 1972* High 419,000 Mid -Range 410,000 Low 388,000 Recommended Population Distributions by Dade County Planning 368,000 408,000 •Calculated by Miami City Planning Department A 1111 ti 1 w 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 111 1 1 the west and southwest in search of better housing and community services. Consistent with nationwide trends, Miami has also begun to reflect a loss of middle -income families to outlying areas of the county. Increases in the out -migration of middle income families combined with decreases in the rate of in -migration suggest eventual declines in the City's population. It is un- likely that natural increases and/or a slow down in the death rate will compensate for these losses, The effects of suburbaniration on Miami's popula- tion in fact began in the early 1950's, but were soon obscured by the massive in -migration of Cu- bans. Though the in -migration of Cuban exiles to Miami was an unpredictable event, Miami's history has been characterized by simiiar extraordinary waves of in migration. As the Cubans have; begun to upgrade their economic position, they too have begun to migrate to other pans of the region and the forces of out -migration actually set in motion in the 1950's are begun to be felt again. The question which arises is: will there be other forces of in -migration which will offset tile decline of the City's growth anr,i how will the characteristics of the population change? It is likely that the migra- tion of Anglos and others from the industrial cities of the north may prefer areas which are not beset with urban problems and will continue to locate outside the City. Furthermore, it is unlikely that e:'en with a change in U.S. relations with Cuba, that significant rnigratior, between the. two countries till occur. While there is a large number of Cubans in Puerto Rico, their general situation is good and; most would be unlikely ter lave. Those few who have moved to Miami have hone soo in response to a business oppor- tunity or spurred by fears of political agitation. The City would probably have to compete with otl-her Cuban communities throughout Davie County for attracting rnradle or upper income Cubans from the States or Europe. In conclusion, though Cuban in-mielratiun to they City may continue to occur, its scale e,fould b small and its tiffects iirniter,. It is possit)te , bough, that other Latins may be attracted to Miami by the existing Latin commun- ity and amenities of the area. Small scale migrations are already taking place. Again, however, two points hold true. Depending upon their economic status, these groups may be attracted to other parts of the region, Seconc►y, a mass migration of a population group similar to the Cuban exile movement is highly unlikely in the future. Even if conditions were simi- tar (i.e., takeover of a communist government), it is doubtful that the U.S. policy of acceptance would be the same today as it was in the 1950's.* Another r major source of in -migration to the City couiri Ira, caused by the restrictions placed or ex- pansionary ,rowth in the outlying areas to the west by the recently adopted Metro Dade County Plan. Miami would then receive a greater share of the coin ty's growth and rec:evelopment would follow. Ti as reversal in trends, i-uwever, would be tempered by the decree to •which the Metro Pan is enforced as well as the number of vacant developable parcels outside the City. The increasing cost of energy has contributed to an in -migration to the cities. Escalating costs of gaso- line as well as the ridded inconvenience of travel • time and congestion on arterials have contributed to a renewed desire on the part of many to he in close proximity to centers of employment and serv- ices. Though this Trend may be already underway, its impact as of yet has not been significant. As the costs of energy will inevitably grow, however, its effects on population migration may be substantial. Since the county has established centers of employ- ment other than Miami, these would undoubtediy capture some of Inc in -migration. Probably the most significant changes in Miami's future population will not be related to Its size, Cut to its socioeconomic characteristics. Miami's history is noted for its spectacular increases in population, however extraordinary events such as these should not be counted on in the future. As the forces of migration have been taking place, the groups which have remained in Miami are the poor and the rich. Though the upper income residents have not in- creased in size, they remain concentrated in the high amenity areas along the coast. As a consequence of a constant birth rate as well as some ir1-migration, the low income groups have in- creased in size and are concentrated in the areas of the City generally west of the railroad. It trends con- tinue, a highly polarized population profits consisting 'f ,Jr example, the U.S. policy with regard to the Vietnamese tofu. gees was that ut requiring a sponsor, which in turn means a dispersal of these refugees throughout the nation. 111 7 1 1 PEOPLE 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 50,000 POPULATtO i TR NDS MIAMI TOTAL POPULATION' 146,388i ,r 307,7m 380,499 334,86 1 /MIAMI=LA'TINS 180,761 122,837, , / 86,200x.,,/ \MIAMI=ANGLOS 87,948 80,000ti ' /1...,,,,,,,,,.•.•MIAMI-BLACKS 79,909 i•~ • I 76,000 65,300*'' �� • 60,000 1950 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 Source: U.S. Census of Population, Univ. of Florida, Bureau of Economic Research and WMRT. OPA LOCK 1aa4• • •i 1i1/1i6nnn�piiipU HIALEAH 0• its •� MIAMI PINGS Zia •. et +ens i•'*• `�,i • • • • #i: ••�•• 4 + i••• • 4 ••••• • • • ••• •••6 • 1 ••• •• • •• ••••O•• •••• • 6 ••11 •• • ir i Ark — TO WESTCHESTER ,. • •••N•ii•i•4 •••••••••••••• kl• •••M•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••}•••• R•••► • < �� y (i•. •• a 2 ••�•••�••• i s• ` • ••1. •••• •••• 11'' INNHIIIIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIItf11y• •M• r ' IIIIII•�IIIIIIIIIII • ••� llllll ll llllll ,�• ••• •••••�� •• \\��" �\0\ � nip 0 .Tii:10.11 llll I ;#4r • •••• •••• \ •• ♦ •• \ • •••0. 1/4 `110 AO • \\\\•``.. • V o• A I MITI ••• I `. ��• shy '• „tuluul► �11111111111111111INg SOUTH MIAMI i ritfli MIA ;t•- €? � • ;::1� "a.;+ FROM NORTH EAST • • I-1111IIIIIIII11I11111111111111111111111111111111111I11111 1. I l,ti; i'"y,_I llil1 -s SFr i,110i101111111 ri' r; I 's dr • • sue,, • • • •• • FROM CUBA,C.A.,S.A. POPULATION DYNAM ICS ifimu Anglo Intra-County Mobility ••• ••• Latin Intra-County Mobility • NEI Anglo City Edge OEM Latin City Edge ®,Anglo Middle and Upper Income Latin Low and Moderate Income i•■• Black Intra-County Mobility INIII Black City Edge Young and Unattached Concentrations M Black Low and Moderate income * Elderly Concentrations , ••• � •N•• KEY BISCAYNE PROM 1411N,J. 111 111 1 1 DAM COUNTY Pit'11.4t 1! 14 1.2 1.1 9og000 I MO 1996 1970 1176 199C INC •aloe• ofmikeas 110fua110U sm5ism 1TION MA TOTAL i wAAR 1,ilflbt 1,$43i4iJ /istAttiEt p11l4,29O 044555 I1A 1 102166111111/61102 mow atomme COMPONENTS OF CHANGE COMPARISONS 10706444 .MO "WikM10a•al 1A44 VW' 06•19 44/1 O441 Wan ..Iww.111 111.111 4,411 111..1f Win 01.06 a•♦ WI% Mr 01 loos MOM Hln 4.416 if .he 4.6r Sit 1 V% a♦ y�"�,•,. 111.461 NUN 14" WORM rue glow 141 1f•1 1.1.1.r- IMu.tl tlr FAMILY INCOME DISTRIBUTION 4.w0�1 1969 •t9/0'�o+trnor 1995 af•oaenor • us TWI WW1 •• .M -I ODD W WO 4/ . M .M s000.O / M 11.0 . M . a SNOW M q .r .M •MOW 4400 s. an .M MOO W MM 11 MO aM •MOW MOO •1 •M SO ROOW IM0 s0 et •M. MRR M00 /. an IS Moo W MO •0 404 /M WOW RI WW1 NO SO U. aM010 411111 . Q WW1 611 .Mao f0 Mlle 1. M NOS 4WD M• W NON MMa f 1 as nal •/1 MOO MI NOR 04 /M Q► Min 14a s.aM• •w/M aim me op WNW I MM•r••. •MAIM 401144411 •M.•M SOWN ISTRIOUTiONS � NY'hf t.1 SIASA UNOtR 5 1oO SN,14 it6 15-24 Ico 25-44 2*A 45-t144 2 s b5&OVER 1bo adt u i AL A* 0► ko u,MIo. 14.6 261 i.5 1.4 15.2 23.9 23 1 13.6 DADE COUNTY AGE DISTRIBUTION .rb .84o hW 0 j ulcerr/1fA. M fta is, so M M fa• M. at fat Ma a17 au as as 4•94 911911 M• RV wa a u• it et N as lot af.aa 41 •p q• 41-M,041111 Will 17f I1t• MO Ma Ns N1 1.. If a1 1a ♦a 1/a NI •1l M rDROtsnu a/ es as of 3s a1 fD la ii• la. • •t .• a• as w4 r tear,. I.r.r rr* rum* w re owl PROJECTED AGE DISTRIBUTION* MIAMI 1970 URGER 5 • a s • 5-14 M• 11• 15-24 Ma a• 25.44 1111 !►a 45_114 of 0 Aa 45 s 0YE11 w.a Ra 19s5 *UMW 001t41f1001111 1 2.2 POTENTIAL GROWTH PATTERNS INTRODUCTION The previous section ,it's�i-ibe,t trends t prt)lt'c bons related to population tlto4lth, tllt' factor's whicts influence it and the prospects for the future. This section discusses where and what kind of growth will occur within the City and postulates four hypothetical alternative growth patterns. The first alternative, trend growth, assumes a continua- tion of recent past development trends into the fu- ture. The second alternative, high growth, is based Uri present land use and development policies (i.e., tuning). The third growth alternative, low growth, is a -no-action- alternative. The fourth, planned growth, is recommended rend becornes the policy - making traarllf-!work for the Miami Comprehensive Plan. Each alternative considers the conditions re quired to make it happen as well as its implications. Tie t rf:;nc i growth al tet n,i t ive and the high growth alternative are possit)iu, but not likely, though they need to he considered as points of reference. The low !jrowth and planned Cjrowth alternatives repre- sent policy choices \.NtiiCh the City must make. FACTORS AFFECTING FUTURE GROWTH PATTERNS The choices for the future: growth patterns of Mi- ami are already limited by present development Patterns and the recently adopted Dade County Comprehensive Development Master Plan. Present Development Patterns Mia!Ili is alreai.iy urbanized, with only 4% of the total land area remaining vacant. This is concen- trated in a few malot sites. The pattern of residen- tial, commercial, and industrial land USCS is ctener• al;•, set, altliough there are several opportunities for redevelopment. The majority of land uses, how- ever, will not change in the next ten years. The Dade County Comprehensive Development Master Plan The Dane County Plan has already established a general framework for metropolitan development and several aspects are directly related to the future development of the City of Miami. — The intention to reduce the absorption of land for urbanization along the fringe of the County in environmentally sensitive areas redirects growth, whether infill or redevelopment, to the already urbanized areas, such as the City of Miami. — The Plan designates a future metropolitan development pattern which includes Diver- sified Activity Centers at various scales (Regional, metropolitan and sub -regional) as well as Specialized Activity Centers. Many of these are located within the City of Miami. The development of a regiorrat Mass Tran- sit System and the creation of nodes of activity at transit station areas will be a major form determinant of future develop- rnent patterns. More than half of the pro- posed stations are located within the City. COMPONENTS OP GROWTH AND CHANGE Market demand, economic feasibility, governmental policies and environmental conditions are the most important factors in determining where, what kind and when growth will occur in the City. Based on existing conditions, past trends and future potentials, three areas which respond to a similar set of factors can be identified. These areas include the Bayfront, the inland Neighborhoods anri the Core. The Bayfront In the past decade, the nigh amenity coastal areas continued to attract high income households, re- tirees and second home buyers. The predominant tor of new development was the condominium. Many higll-rise structures kv'ere built, especially in the Brickell area where large -lot estates made land assembly easy. In lower density areas, the town- house was the more common form of development, however single family homes still predominate east of the railroad tracks north and south of Downtown. The building and sale of condominiums reached its peak in 1973 and the market for there was almost equally divided between permanent residents and second home buyers. Presently the second home near ket has declined due to the economic; down- turn and overbuilding. The market, however, will 10 even trolly return in a more modest NvaV and it is felt that future development be strongly in- fluenced by buyers from wealthy Latin American countries looking for second homes or investment opportunities. Problems associated with future development are related to smaller lots and inadecrrate infrastruc- hirai capacities, particularly in the Edgewater area, making land assembly difficult and requiring higher levels of public investment. Due to the high costs of land, construction and financing, new develop- rnetn will be limited to high income households unless subsidies are provided. Inland Neighborhoods In the past decade inland areas continued to in- crease in density as older single family homes were converted to duplexes and garden apartments. The factor most responsible for this development surge was the in -migration of Cuban exiles. Continued in -migration, however, at 1960 and 1970 rates is highly unlikely as discussed in greater detail in the preceding chapter. Most of the housing stock in inland neighborhoods is in good condition and represents a major resource. Therefore, the emphasis in the next ten years will change from growth to maintenance. Maintaining the continued attractiveness of neighborhoods and preventing the downgrading of the housing stock is of primary importance to future population growth and change. Problems associated with maintaining neighborhood quality are related to greater investment in public improvements, especially in terms of parks and rec- reational opportunities, parking and roadway im- provements, schools and services as well as maintain- ing an attractive community image including the per- ception of safety. The Core The core area is located at the crossroads of historic routes of travel by rail and by boat. It is comprised of commercial, industrial, institutional and residen- tial land uses and includes two of the major employ- ment centers (Downtown and the Medical Center) in the City and Region. Downtown is the office and financial center of the Region. Neyv office development Itas located in both Downtown and the Brickeli area. There is increasingcompetition from Coral Gables and out- lying suburban centers. Although there is presently an oversupply of office space, Miarni will continue to grow as a financial center, especially as husiness and trade with Latin America increase's. Parking and transportation are the major constraints as- sociated with future office development. Retail activity irl the core area is ,livided between Dowrltowtl Flaglc?r Street and the new Omni devil: c)1)rnelnt. Present trends for than development c)1 stibutI)an shop; wig centers an(existing facilities make it ii'iilkek,' t!lat there vNin i)'' iie.'rnarlit for neV/ retail space in 111i`t care. Hc,Nevix, lanai res• idiirants and other entertainment eases can be ex peeled tit locate here, esne;ialiy as residential de- veloprne It is achieved an cultural and recreational activities are enhanced, In the past decade institutional uses have become; concentrated in the core bottl by the expansion of the Medical Center as well as by the development of the Government Center The Medical Center will continue to serve as the major center e)t taealtn services in the County, while! Government Center will continue to grow as thin center of Federal, State and local government in the next decade. In the S)dSt ten ti'i:i rs tilt' resident 1)Ot)Ui,iticn L1 the wry, (;O.'lti0Ue d tU decline as rt;e: !ioasillg ; re terlorate(i, ay ,ri)a'i rent -"rat iatl!t hAll' v'di'/ i:(JrlStrii(-let)rl yNils a') lei tdi e'n aryl caS e.t(1107)V rii)nt gr(,\nr dtl"l I)e(;a(YlC r)<.i`Er S1 fi iai!/a'C: The 1,re Ue:i?li!liirlt form of new r'eside'niial construction Vv'it!?irl this area was public !lousing; although many proper ti'is acquired for redevelopment purposes still remain vacant. In ad- dition to 1tit lack of d Eire Ltatee Ilo-isihfa programs at Fe lerai and State leve Is, emphases an avoirlinct con- centrotic)ns at publicly -assisted 1)e);Iseioicis will in- tiue)nci future residential (leveetoprnunt. They (.iesira-- bilit',' for market housing in the core area wilt in- crease. as Gatlin -lilting timet(engti ns and energy Shortages are realized. Due to the high cost of land, liffict,lt !and assembly, poor image and competition with other al( -MS, tl(.'\N' 11(UUSill(1 wid require' ptjllllc; private cooperation \V'Itli the City providing band assembly assistance,\\rite _rovdrl ail for other SUCn actions ir) ad-;, icin new reside ntid; d vetopnlent 'i,,Si air ,ei+iate;.a ti d Sis'1rl.r,('drYt amenity and nave ra irir Tie eel,) :gr i rlii.aSS to estiar.rl isi i its OV,In ii_ nrlt l ij!_ Once tl':e' core:' area has t)(.'.ell estdt)iistieu as a 1)iacei to live, ftirther resirlentidl development will be easier to achieve. There are several industrial areas in and surround- ing the core. These areas, however, increasingly must compete for new development with outlying areas where larger parcels are available, taxes are lower, land is cheaper and where closer proximity to less congested inter -state expressway routes facilitates transport by trucking. Many existing industrial properties adjacent to the railroad right - of -way and the Miarni River continue to obsolesce and remain underutii/ed, but are major opportunity areas for refiavrdopmi.'nt: The econornii; (10y0oprnent potential for the lutwo of Miarni is concentrated in the core. Redevelopment, ho\vever, is iunlike.ty unless public/private coopera- tion can be estabiistmd. ALTERNATIVE FUTURES Trend Growth The trend growth ,lltierrlatiVei assumes that the rate an :listribution of 1)op(.:idtion growth from 1960 to 1970 and its ensuing i_leve1Olamentwilt Continue in this future. in (Niter tor trend growth to be real- ized, the following conditions would have to exist: The in migration rate; from Latin America do+l the Nor thas st wo iH again reach levels of the l'360 to 1970 period. - The out migration rate to suburban loca- tions woatd slow and some of the popula- tion would be attracted back to high inten- sity baytront areas. The trend experienced nationwide for in- crease in households will be accommodated within the City, resulting in higher density neighborhoods. T1-ie realization of this alternative would mean more dense existing communities, including Little Havana, Aliapattah, and parts of Fiagami as well as South Brickell and Edgewater. The population in and around the Medical Center and Downtown would continue to (iodine as they grow mode spe Ciali/0d in function and as employment CIN110FS. Other areas would experience little change in pop ulati0rl, Since public improvements are aiready lagging be- hind in inland neighhorhoods, the realization of this alternative would aggravate the need even further. Improvements will be required in the areas of transportation, crimeprevention and infrastruc- ture in high growth areas. Also the need for and de- pendence upon social services in declining areas would increase. Other implications would show conflict with goals associated with Downtown development and balanced growth throughout the City. High Growth The high Etrowth alternatives is based on existing land use policies (i.+:., zoning) in the City of Miami. The alternative iiiustrates growth capacity without reference to whether such growth is projected, In order for the high growth alternative to be realized, the following must occur: Maintenance of present population levels and redirection of all projected growth in Dade County into the City. — Increased competitive advantage over other regions for growth and development. Implications of tins growth alternative are that the City tivili develop to its present Toned capacity with increasing need for public improvements which wo.iid be required to accompany that growth. Ex- tensive capital improvements would he required both in growth areas and adjacent n n-grov,;tlm areas. The Little Havana area, Aliipatt,ah, [)i;v ntnwr, Bayfront and portions ,ai E:lisorl Pak vv'O ic; in- crnase in population ano most of Il r, otnr r ,mru as of the City woi.,ld remain the, same in pop�rlrjtion. Low Growth The love growth alternative asSIIITIes that no public action IS taken concerning future grc,wtil in file City of Miami: Tim foilowin,l area the cor unions regoired to make this alternative oe;crir: - Increased out -migration trot the City to the suburbs of all those who can afford to move. -- Decrease in the rate of in -migration. - is public action taken to ie.ter this alter- native. Implications of the low growth alternative are in conflict with City goals for growth and develop rent. The realization of this alternative would mean that the City Would become the place of residence for the very rich and the poor With middle -income households residing in the suburbs. While selected portions of the City would experience an increase in population, many areas, particularly in and around the core, would decline in population. There would be increased dependence upon social services for lower income and other services, such as crime prevention, for upper income groups. Planned Growth Planned growth represents the basis for recommended growth in the City. In order for planned growth to be realized, the following must take place: - Present population levels in existing residen- tial neighborhoods of the City must he main- tained. New population must he attracted to redevel- opment opportunity areas in the core. Aggressive redevelopment and neighborhood maintenance policies must he adopted and carried out. The planned growth alternative is the desired future spelled out in the objectives of the Comprehensive Plan. Its implications are the redevelopment of the corer area of the City, including the Miami river - front and the maintenance of a healthy population throughout all Miami neighborhoods. The underlying principles of the Plan are to focus development near amenities, high accessibiiity points (such as the Mass Rapid Transit stations) and major employment centers; to provide an attractive place in which to live; and to create diversified activity centers in selected locations throughout the City. • PLANNED GROWTH MN Increase in Population E No Change in Population Decrease in Population 1 (1Y tNTERNATioNAt AtRPoR* LOW GROWTH MI Increase in Population No Change in Population L j Decrease in Population 0 e ti. /` t 'I it'. nudes ` TREND GROWTH MI Increase in Population No Change in Population Decrease in Population LOuipitly MN Increase in Population No Change in Population E Decrease in Population 2.3 MMARYOF �MPREHENSIVE OBJEC��VESS AND THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN GOALS Goals are c.ieneral statements of ideas toward which the community strives, They are universal unc;i lasting. Objectives are specific assignments which are directed toward achieving goals. They can be measured by a standard rule or test. Tne toisOWirxt goals represent the basics of Miami's Comprehensive Pion. The: objectives are expressed in the strategies ass)ciated with each Plan element. How well Miami achieves these objectives depends can the commitment to implementing the Plan recomrnendatiurrs, Housing and Residential Neighborhoods - Provide Decent, Safe and Sanitary Housing -- Provide a Meaningful Diversity of Choice in Housing Location Provide a Suitable Living Environment Provide Socially Viable Neighborhoods Economic Development Increase Support of Economic Base Expand Economic Opportunities Diversify Economic Base Conservation and Safety - Avod Hazards to Life and Property Improve Environmental Quai ty Conserve Natural Resources and Energy: - Enildnct.` the Aesttrelic Qualities of the f: nvironnlent Community Design - Provide. Comprehensive Design Framework for Public and Private Development Land Use — Provide the Best Possible Distribution and Mix of Land Uses Recreation and Open Space Provide Adequate Open Space and Recrea- tional Programs and Facilities Provide Aiiequate Cultural Programs and Facilities 13 • Public Services and Facilities — Provide Adequate Health Care Programs and Facilities - Provide Adequate Educational Programs and Facilities — Provide Adequate Public Services and Fa- cilities Transportation Improve Movement within and through the City Utilities — Provide Adequate Public Facilities Inter -Governmental Coordination — Improve Coordination between Agencies and Levels of Government - Increase Citizen Participation in Planning and Decision -Making — Monitor and Evaluate the Effectiveness of Policies, Plans and Programs OBJECTIVES FOR EACH PLAN ELEMENT Housing and Residential Neighborhoods Element Neighborhood Preservation Objective: - Promote viable urban communities, ade- quate public services and a suitable living environment to meet the physical, social, and economic needs of the population. Preservation is a major objective in all Miami neigh- borhoods but it is especially emphasized in the moderate income neighborhoods of Little Havana, Allapattah, Model Cities, Edison Park, Little River and Wynwood. In a city which has experienced such rapid change over the last 15 years preserva- tion of these neighborhoods represents a continu- ing in -migration to match out -migration and con- stant reinvestment in the existing housing stock. Redevelopment Objective: — Provide housing opportunities for future population growth. Those neighborhoods requiring redevelopment ac- tivities before housing construction can begin are the blighted parts of the Central City and under- utilized properties adjacent to railroad lands and along the Miami River. A primary objective associated with redevelopment is the construction of residential development in and adjacent to Downtown. This same objective applies to the areas surrounding transit stations where opportunity for redevelopment exists. Housing Low and Moderate income Families Objective: - Provide adequate housing for low and mod- erate income families, Housing low and moderate income families is a re- gional objective. The City "Fair Share" of these families should be oriented to areas of employment opportunity or special family needs. Large families should be housed in lower density facilities and large concentrations of low income citizens should be discouraged. Objective: Provide adequate horsing for low and mod- erate income elderly and handicapped. Housing for elderly and handicapped should be lo- cated in highly accessible areas with good transit access. Commercial services should be nearby all low and moderate income housing for elderly and handicapped. Access to special public services should also be considered part of this objective. Economic Development Element Redevelopment Objective: -- Increase employment opportunities for the semi -skilled labor force. This objective includes both the attraction to the City of new employment and the employment throughout the region of Miami citizens. Redevel- opment for the purpose of increasing jobs in the City is associated with the first part of this objec- tive. Since a large percentage of Miami's labor force is semiskilled there is also a related educational ob- jective rit prep,ruaii semi skilled wr)rkeis for In Ole technical crTi J Jytrienl. Another armor tan t corn ponent associated with this objective is the region- al goal of allowing workers to live near their place of employment. Industrial Development Objectives: — Improve the utilisation of existing indus- trial areas. - Promote the growth of industries which niter substantial employment and fiscal benefits. Existing rn,arultdcturinra 1t1 tiVhc)le,sale centers can be ext:)anifed and er,laaanCed with better access, r),arking or otbr;r sr,pport services. Ne. t incitastrial grr,v'rlta Implies inoclificatit)n of the taxation anti !finFd contrD ; exishnr.1 In tlif; City- Mtant)?act uring and '1 )lesa;e e)pportunity areas include the Design Plaid, Vrarrntan; Center and E.E.C. yar,;is, as .welias the cotiaor bet,'veen 20t1; land 22ncl Streets, west of I-95. Commercial Development Objectives: — Provide adequate iocai serving reidi! sciv. 6a'S. - Reintorce existin j commercial centers. These objectives apply to c:ornmerciai strips mild centers ;dent l 1i:d in the; P;earl. Other strips such as j or"tiians of ._�fJtri Street c3ni:1 Coral ‘Nay St1C_)tilii be. r sinfc)re.F:o at key points rather than throughput ; eintr}rCemt-ni icirid Spar king, safety i311'il t)'r'iys reviialatation. Local serving commerciai should be supported in elderly neighborhoods or near tran- sit stations.. Downtown Development Objec r Ivt s: Increase Downtown employment. Prr)ni0te Miami cis ea iinanciai center, Promote l)i vntovin Miami as a regir)na1 utf cr., center. The gre).dtti Fat Diawnto:',tn as p major employment center is a regional objective. In addition to oliice ert'at-►itiyraitfnt, the continuing grotivti) 01 retail busi- ness, riotei trade and residential should be encour- aged. t)nwnitwn1.)evel0pment Oh ci tives have twerr slated in detail in the "c)cAvntovvra urban Develop merit an,' Zoning Plan `or- the City e.' 1i,anii. One objective of hitch pr ority is the revision and irnple- rnentation of this plan. Trade Objective: Promote Miami as an international trade center. This objective builds on increasing Latin American trade in the region. Past activities and the establish- ment of a Free Trade Zone are linked to this objec- tive. Tourism Objective: - - Strengthen and expand recreational enter tainrnent, travei and lodgingfacilities which would bolster tourism. A new Convention Center, expansion of cruise ship business and promotion of Downtown Development are included in tnis objective. Little Havana Business Center and restaurant facilities should be included in carrying out this objective. Conservation and Safety Element Historical and Scenic Preservation Objectives: Preserve unique historical sites and struc tunes. Maintain and where necessary reestablish Miami's unique tropical environmental quality. This includes the site of Miami's Old Port, Vizcaya and the Central Business District of Coconut Grove. The scenic objectives include areas of unique vege- tation and views of Biscayne Bay and the rivers. These objectives will directly affect the environ- mental quality in the City. The Coastal Zone Objectives. Prohibit development anticipated to sig- nificantly exacerbate the pollution of the River and Bay. - Maximize public access to amenities in all future developments along the River or Bay front. 15 Preserve natural shoreline and encourage physical contact with all surface waters and coastal edges. Objectives associated with the Coastal Zone include monitoring development to minimize any pollution of the Bay and river. The other objectives are associa- ted with access to shoreline and preservation of the natural waters edge. Bulkheading along the Bayfront has eliminated large natural shoreline areas, however, many areas outside the City limits sti►I retain the natural character associated with the Coastal Zone. The regional Coastal Zone Plan now in production should be endorsed by the City as part of this Com- prehensive Plan. Energy Conservation Objective: — Conserve energy. This objective deals with the operation of the me- chanical systems in the City. Costs of air condition- ing, auto fuel and inefficient energy consumption are directly related to comprehensive planning ob- jectives dealing with transportation, utilities and community design. More careful siting of structures and use of natural air conditioning associated with the Bay and vegetation should be included in any energy conservation objective. Safety Objectives: — Protect from flooding and tropical storms. - Protect from high noise levels associated with airport or highway. The 100-year floodplain covers much of the higher density areas in the City. Development should be influenced by the Federal Flood Insurance Pro- gram guidelines which form the objectives for pro- tection in the floodplain. High winds and storm damage can be avoided only by early warning and evacuation systems. Areas most susceptible are al- ready developed to high densities. Protection from storm damage should include building code guide- lines for most of the City as well as the waterfront flood -prone areas. The objectives for noiseabatement are critical in the residential areas directly east of the airport. 16 Corral unity a ign Eternent Objectives: — Improve right-of-way conditions to pro- mote pedestrian activity on streets. — Establish landscaping programs for the re- duction of noise, air pollution, and for the manipulation of visual screening, glare and increasing visual quality. — Provide appropriate lighting for pedestrians. These objectives apply to investment in the public right-of-way as well as design controls on private property. Certain streets should be given priority for investment in tree planting. Other streets should be landscaped for pedestrian activity. Community design objectives apply also to spe- cific districts such as Little Havana, Martin Luther King Boulevard, and Coconut Grove where the spe- cial character of the area should be enhanced on private as well as public land. Lighting objectives apply to both general illumina- tion required for vehicle movement and special dis- trict accent lighting. In the special environmental conditions of Southern Florida, community design objectives are necessary to guide private development as well as public in- vestment. Land Use Element Objectives: Improve the distribution and mix of land uses, by type and density, to meet the so- cial, economic and housing needs of the present and future population. - Minimize the impacts of incompatible land uses and maximize the benefits of comple- mentary land uses. -- Promote land uses and mixtures of uses which complement cultural and natural en- vironment. Land use objectives are most critical in rapidly growing areas, natural amenity districts or special cultural centers. The specific land use changes pro- posed in the Plan include major activity centers such as Downtown or Brickell Avenue, minor activity centers such as the Little River area, or potential growth areas such as Edgewater. Specialized land A 1 1 1 A dse objectives are OrriphaSi/(d lil natural arias such as the Mierfi River front or cuItur,il districts such as the center of Little Havana and Martin Luther King Boulevard. Recreation and Open Space Element Objectives: linprove thie range of recreational and cul- hirat opportunities in existing City parks. — Improve recreational opportunities along the Bay and river. Provide a range of recreational opportuni- ties suitable to the population they are in- tended to serve. - IrrlproVP aCCCSSibility to existing recreational f,ac:ilities -- Provide innovative park design within the frarne,vork of a built-up urban area. Aithougtr the City is well sc:rved in terms of re- gional open Spi.ice and recreation, neighborhood parks and playgrounds are needed. Some neieffabor• Moods require: recreation facilities more than others. Local payq o rods should be provided in Little Havana and existing school playgrounds should he tiSed jointly tor school and recreation use. More spta(;itic recreation objfactives apply to use of large pi_ahlic parking areas around the Or ange Bowl and at Miami Stadium, in e:iditiun open space on private property i')(-' tlses1 more effectively. Public Services and Facilities Element Since must il(;ialtb, eeteacat4)n and %Veitarc'. faC:lilties and programs care: tt1u responsibility o1 Dade County, these objectives are reigponal in nature. Health Oblec tivo -- Provide neighborhood -based health services. The City has r:eiegated most health care respunsibil.. hies to Dade County. However, certain special pro- grams should be eancourtages_i ei needy neighborhoods sirCtl as Ctiirnt:r and MChie;i CltieS. Day Care Object Ive — Increase child care services in areas of great- est need. Ail.apattilt', anti \vya Nivt.t ,..i neirflibarlioods where child care is necessary for the economic growth of families. Child care services, both public and pri- vate, are necessary here as well as in parts of Coco- nut Grove, Model Cities and Culmer. Elderly Programs objective-. Provide for service needs of elderly persons. Downtown, Allapattah and parts of Little Havana should be ranked high for elderly services. Substance Abuse Objective: Provide services and treatment for alcohol and drug abuse patients. These services should not be concentrated or located in high crime areas. Education Objectives Provide facilities and services for education.' Provide joint use of recreation facilities. The County Board of Public Instruction has pro- grammed a Five Year Construction Plan. The objec- tives related to Miami include construction of a new high school and a vocational school. Capital Program Objectives: -- Program capital needs for public facilities. — Prepare priorities and a 6 year program. Dade County has prepared a 6-year capital program for all facilities under their management. Miami should add to this the capital needs of programs which they .manage. The Downtown Government Center, the improvements to fire department, and other government facilities should be included in the capital program. Transportation Element Traffic and Circulation Objectives, - Develop a system of routes for pedestrians and bicyclists to encourage the use of non - motorized modes and provide for the safety of these modes. — Assist with the development of an integrated multi -modal transportation system. — Foster the provision of adequate vehicular parking facilities throughout the City con- sistent with parking demand. — Assist with the development of adequate port and airport systems to meet the pas- senger and cargo transportation requirements. The most critical component of these objectives is associated with elimination of nearly total reliance on the automobile for travel in Miami. Pedestrian travel should be included in all large development projects. Bike paths are encouraged in high demand corridors. Boat travel should be introduced for em- ployment trips as well as for leisure. Increase in the use of other modes of transportation will diminish the need for further investment in arterial streets and expressways. Circulation of Non•Automotive Vehicular and Pedestrian Traffic Objective: — Develop a system of routes for non -motor- ized transportation to encourage the use of non -motorized modes and provide for the safety of these modes. This objective applies to special districts such as the Government Center, Civic Center and Downtown, where special pedestrian networks are proposed. In addition certain street improvements will enhance existing pedestrian areas. Off -Street Parking Objective: — Foster the provision of adequate vehicular parking facilities througl:out the City con- sistent with parking demand ►)it provided in quantities and at locations to facilitate the orderly growth of the City. This objective applies to both public parking in lots and garages as well as private parking controls. The implication of the objective includes use of public powers to control parking where it occupies too much land or where there is inadequate supply. It also implies actual public participation in parking garages or lots at high demand areas. Downtown and Little Havana are areas in great need of a clear parking program and plan. Other retail strips require both off-street and on -street parking. 18 Mats traft$it Objectives: — Provide a mass rapid transit system which serves the highest demand corridor north through the Model Cities area, south in the Dixie Highway corridor. - Provide a mass rapid transit system which links high employment centers. — Provide a rapid transit distribution system in Downtown and in other high density areas. These are local components of the regional transit plan. In addition to these objectives, the City should carefully consider the impact of transit on the community. Redevelopment potential at sta- tions and environmental impact objectives are the local response to this regional facility. Port and Aviation Objectives: - Continue the growth of Miami's Port and Airport. — Provide good access by all transportation modes to the Port and Airport. Although these areas are not the responsibilityof the City, their continuing growth is of major im- portance to the City and the region. Good trans- portation access to the port and airport should be the local objective associated with growth of these regional facilities. Utilities Element Objectives: — Provide sanitary sewer collection systems throughout the City. — Provide sanitary sewer treatment facilities to adequately treat sewage. — Provide water supply and distribution sys- tems throughout the City to meet potable and fire flow water demands. - Provide adequate storm sewers throughout the City. - Minimize pollution of the Miami River, drain- age canals and major surface water bodies, caused by storm water runoff. These objectives apply to both the environmentally sensitive riverfront and bayfront areas and the west- ern parts of the City which still have no sanitary sewers. Storm drainage is needed in higher density areas where there are large amounts of paved land. biter-G vertit lethal Ct orditialtion Objectives: — Adopt regional Flab objectives in areas of Coastal Management; Water Quality Plan rung and Transportation. — Cvraintain continuing coordination with Dade County ,agencies in implementation of this Plan. Coordinate progiallls which involve use ° City facilities and higher level government u11fint pr ti(tr <Iri . The (\li n' Comprehensive N(:!(Il1b rhon 1 Pi,ari prar<1te !(?t_pon;a obiec11 ves 'Nhere they <1!t(!f,t tt7(t 1ivemil Ia�'a;tii, xIi(it'�a a!I;i':Velfart (.)l r('si rtittt;, ,)ii'lr (:(iunty- In !_tie!q,i!e con tdi(:tint; (toots between City .Intl suburbs su t <.IS ipti-1 r)t, ill t?rt''i'tonk; be (loth! f;ot)r. iln<}iir�rt tiet4'v'ftf'n regional rluvernrnent anti the City. The Corriptehensive Han ;hould serve its ri ccintin- (iu1(;Ve iC_it!of intcrliovernrnent coon mid ti(fn The CilpitiO Pr()grim, the 1oniny or,linanc(, and tl ( Comr;iunity Oeveli)pn-rent. Program wlii require co- txdiriatiun in tnu irtitpiementation 0l Miami's Plan. 3.0 ELEMENTS OF THE PLAN 3.1 WIF?TWL! NEIGHBORHOODS ELEMENT 1 1 1 1 1 This element is ilvit;Ert ,nto two parts. The first dE.tal;: with the CitV' s , Market and Its r`E'I l live positi(lir within hIrs !oltic'•. 1 he second Is coin curite,1 with hi 1115it1i1 is pal tot the iesiitttnti,il lltlltjtl hotlm ri. hnusinl,t market .1nd neighborhood strategies ate proposed in order to provide attenuate housing and a suitable living environment for all income groups. HOUSING MARKET introduction This S('ctio`1 0:Ittlnt`S relationships between the changes anit Cilarat:r tistics of supply and demdrlil for (housing. It describes the iitneSS betiveen the existing supply and di?marit1 as well as the Capacity of the housing rn>rrket to satisfy future demand. It is from such a dia(jnosi5 of the condition of the Miami housing nlark:rts that strategies may be for- r11t ilatecl too achieve objectives and meet the needs of the City's future population. Summary The existing stock of Miami is in good condition, ‘with only 2% of the tonal in need of major repair or dilapidated with these being primarily corcen- trcitlr,t in a few isolated pockets. Given the cost of new f lousing construction, one of the City's n1ost vatual)te resou ces is its existing housing stock. Tne major problem related to housing is not condition, but cost. Tarr iiousirug costs in Miami are fourth highest in the Nation and less than 30% of the pop- ulation can afford to buy a single family home today.. The outcome of hig!1 housing costs has been an excessive overcrowding and overpayment. Accord- ing to ihe 1970 Census, 40% of the population paid more than 25% of their income for rent and 20% lived in units with more than 1.1 persons per room. While the housing market has produced an over- supply of high income condominiums, its ability to produce affordable micidie income., as we.i a& moderate to IoNv inc,irne ho.Isinrj, had cfecreaseti \'Vial irICI (Sing fintin-mg costs, conSlruction costs, anti land costs. The SO.VOIc need lot low it10001e housing in the Legion is reflected by the fact that there ate still 21,000 applicants on the waiting list for public housing. However, of the 10,329 public assisted mousing units in Dade County, 60% are located within the City and most of these are con- centrated in a few locations north of the Miami 21 River. The inability of those who work in the City to find housing here is exemplified by the fact that 66% of those who work in the City live elsewhere in the County. The 1975 population estimate for the City of Miami is 352,000. Population projec- tions to 1986 range from 368,000 to 398,000. If this growth is a continuation of the trends of the past five years, the City can expect to house fewer of the region's middle class and more of the very rich and very poor. To meet this housing crisis, the City has recently passes a $25 million housing bond program. HOUSING SUPPLY In tfais section the housing supply of the City of Miami is analyzed in a four -step process. First, gen- eral housing characteristics are discussed. Second, trends for various housing markets are reviewed. Both quantitative and locational changes are de- scribed for each housing type. Third, major hous- ing problems resulting frorn trends and specific characteristics of the housing markets are analyzed. The final step describes the quantity, quality and location of public and publicly -subsidized housing. Housing Submarkets Housing in the South Florida Area can be described from one of two points of view: investment categor- ies or housing types. There are three basic invest- ment categories. First, the primary horsing market is the most predictable and quantifiable. It responds to and houses the stable population of the region. Second, the secondary housing market or vacation homes, which responds to pressures from rout -of - state residents and less to those from the region itself. Third, the speculative housing market, which usually responds with less accuracy to either the growth of the region's population or a potential in- crease from out-of-state residents in owning a secondary home in South Florida. Consequ ntiy, it becomes extremely difficult to describe housing dynamics when much of the housing activity iri an area responds to trends in the national economy or to the desires of investors who are little concerned with the needs and changes of the resident popula- tion. The second method of describing housing in South Florida is more appropriate although much more simplistic. It merely answers the question of what is the housing like, and not why it got to be like this. It relies on techniques of observation and not 22 prediction. In this case, the housing markets are identified as belonging to one of the three general categories: single family detached, duplex, and multi -family. The housing submarket description further refines the above method. It supplements the three housing types with the following variables: — Cost Tenu rc, — Structural Classification -- Age — Condition - Location Housing subrnarkets are descriptions of the fine- tuned differences and similarities which a house- hold may find within the City of Miami's housing stock. It emphasizes the effect of geographical differences upon the cost, condition and tenure of the three housing types. Probably the most im- portant facet of the housing submarket descrip- tion is its underlying premise which addresses resi- dential choice and location decisions. It results in a consideration for a series of environmental varia- bles which transcend both investment and general housing type categories. The housing submarket description forms a fasis for understanding the rela- tionships between the "local" housing dynamics and the population it serves. Residential Values Low Moderate Medium Medium High High Rental Ranges Two Bedroom ($) 25,000 35,000 38,000 40,000 60,000 Studio Low (S)80-100 Moderate 100-120 Medium 115-135 Medium High 130-150 High 145-170 Three Bedroom ($) 28,000 39,000 41,000 50,000 75,000 1 Bedroom ($1115-130 125-150 140-160 165-250 185-350 2 Bedroom (S)125-175 150-190 190-230 220-270 240-500 Source: Miami City Planning Department update of Census. Cost The high level of demand for housing in the Miami Area, coupled with inadequate supplies of most River. The inability of those who work in the City to find housing here is exemplified by the fact that 66% of those who work in the City live elsewhere in the County. The 1975 population estimate for the City of Miami is 352,000. Population projec- tions to 1986 range from 368,000 to 398,000. If this growth is a continuation of the trends of the past five years, the City can expect to house fewer of the region's middle class and more of the very rich and very poor. To meet this housing crisis, the City has recently passes a $25 million housing bond program. HOUSING SUPPLY In this section the housing supply of the City of Miami is analyzed in a four -step process. First, gen- eral housing characteristics are discussed. Second, trends for various housing markets are reviewe,i. Both quantitative anti locational changes are de- scribed for each housing type. Third, major hous- ing problems resulting from trends and specific characteristics of the housing markets are analyzed. The final step describes the quantity, quality and location of public and publicly -subsidized housing. Housing Submarkets Housing in the South Florida Area can be described from one of two points of view: investment categor- ies or housing types. There are three basic invest- ment categories. First, the primary housing market is the most predictable and quantifiable. It responds to and houses the stable population of the region. Second, the secondary housing market or vacation homes, which responds to pressures from ou t-of- state residents and less to those from tine region itself. Third, the speculative housing market, which usually responds with less accuracy to either the growth of the region's population or a potential in- crease from out-of-state residents in owning a secondary home in South Florida. Consequently, it becomes extremely difficult to describe housing dynamics when mucrr of the housing activity in an area responds to trends in the national economy or to the desires of investors who are little concerned with the needs and changes of the resident popula- tion. Tire second method of describing housing in South Florida is more appropriate although much more simplistic. It merely answers the question of what is the housing like, and not why it got to be like. this. It relies on techniques of observation and not 22 prediction. In this case, the housing markets are identified as belonging to one of the three general categories: single family detached, duplex, and multi -family. The housing submarket description further refines the above method. It supplements the three housing types With the following variables: — Cost -- Tenure — Structural Classification _ Age — Condition — Location Housing submarkets are descriptions of the fine- tuned differences and similarities which a house- hold may find within the City of Miami's housing stock. It emphasizes the effect of geographical ferences upon the cost, condition and tenure of the three housing types. Probably the most im- portant facet of thehousingsubmarket descrip- tion is its underlying premise which addresses resi- dential choice and location decisions. It results in a consideration for a series of environmental varia- bles which transcend both investment and general housing type categories. The housing submarket description forms a fasis for understanding the rela- tionships between the "local" housing dynamics and the population it serves. Residential Values Low Moderate Medium Medium High High Rental Ranges Two Bedroom ($) 25,000 35,000 38,000 40,000 60,000 Studio Low ($)80-100 Moderate 100-120 Medium 115-135 Medium High 130-150 High 145-170 Three Bedroom ($) 28,000 39,000 41,000 50,000 75,000 1 Bedroom ($)115-130 125-150 140-160 165-250 185-350 2 Bedroom ($)125-175 150-190 190-230 220-270 240-500 Source: Miami City Planning Department update of Census. Cost The high level of demand for housing in the Miami Area, coupled with inadequate supplies of most 1 1 1 types of dwellings, has resulted in ext.r3nr.iinary 'il:)h housing costs. Metropolitan Miami had the Highest median rent of 14 major cities surveyed by the 1970 Census, surpassing the national aver- age by 35".. The rnu(lian home value for Dade County was $19,098 in 1970, 10% above the national average. Costs of housing in the City of Miami are sornewhat lower than for the region as a vwhote. in 1970, Mi- ami 1ionle values averawif $10,720, or 87 ,) of tide ref)lonrii average. Similarly, liveries( rents for the City v,rere $1 14 or 84')., of 111ii raverage. Al. the uf)f i housing costs ,are ;orn wvhat lower in Mi <ifni, iticorne fev(;lsvan lower, representing only 7c- , of 1 /0 f)i::i+: Guido,/ Median Incorni.). Thus, op!, uoymen t lot Mousing has !well mole critic.af in the City of Miami than fi)r the torjirm. Irritcations are that housing 1 cots continue to rise raster than Income. At,,eia le househol,f t'f iective buying income rose GA(',:) in [)at e County betwoen 1970 (ire1 19/4. Housing pi ici's however, increased SOrne 50`':) •iul inct the same pin sod. Tenure Foils) wine} a tren,1 Ir consllnler clemarvl away frc)m single tarnily 1l'cvelli11q; Il(1S been ,l signifiCaf1t change in the 1C'n1ir)' cf:ar"aCter ISti0S of t:ir' imusrllrj stock. While 4 i '^;; of Miami's 1lousi `it)l'.,s t)wr)t t tlwi.ilinris rl 19(0, by 1970 t lrl t)ic,j)r)r on !lad dt'crrj;)sed to for rw,tit tt4 ant, prlrlra;icl;ly'.1 1 i)t)rlllnl f ')'j.'rtt.r`alirfi teas to sr,rue extent, rf-inl,.)rt.:e i the jarrltitrrt,rp, ()f Its r✓I<lrtll,iitli()ls111 ihIS yq..t()r r,1 tti�' rrhurt:r;f if; I)r!_-'S('ilti'y' r)Lr fit''.''ciy '1,11;.)k. Type IoG<i1 ,3S 'vvtail ;is tery,o l<l, to),,Srng treri ds, Miami has expel ir;r)ceo shifts in trio sJistrif:)u- tior1 of dlveltinl; typos. In 19t50 single Ian -lily dwel- lings rt;t)rosori1.d multi -family units flail grown to 38-,. At present, single family dvvellings represent aIt)t)It)Rirldltily t11`;', of 'hie housing stock :vlli!e Diu;,f,.x i multi -torrid,/ units represent 11' arid 48`i�., rtapective.ly. Mizaflll 5 ' C)ittiill's IS C01151141Cte-'il to t'wi) basic maten afs wood frame and stucco -focal concrete block !CBS) in 1965, 28'...) of tile housing stock was wood 'r Dante, t)o,lt tor the most pert prior 1f.) 1930. Areas :vhit'f1 kV0t)tf flank? huusi lri lnciude Central �tilicirlll, Lc'nll)H City,', Ctll.:ont.)t Grove, and Silver ii'r?a<aining 72'''0',vas masonry construc- tion. Buildings made of stucco -faced structural tile are located in some areas . ev •300r o''or to 1930. However, most masonry construction since 1930 was concrete block. Age Compared with the housing stock on the South Florida Region, Miami's housing is relatively old. In 1970, 30`J� of Miami's housing was more than thirty years old. Only 15% of Dade County's hous- ing was in this category. Comprising this portion of the housing stock are those remaining wood frame dwellings particularly susceptible to deter- ioration. Among the dwellings built since1940, those knits 1)rrilf between 1950 and 1959 represent the largest proportion ill the present stock. This reflects the 1950's construction boom. Condition Mi�lrl is housing stock is in relatively sound condi- tion compared with cities of comparable sire. How- ever, a large proportion ;)f the region's rieter orates: and dilapidated dwellings are within the Clty of Miami. Miami's Community Renewal Program estimated the number of defective units as follows: 1960--14,500 units 1965--22,900 units 1967- -20,500 lllitS l ite reduction of 1iQllsinl) problems ai ter 1965 was jut: print:Ma'lly to urban t0rttlwal, expressway con situctit)n and code erhtorceltn0tht_ In 1972, [lido' County's Ct)rllrll':,nity il)1))lt)Vt'Illt.11t Pionr,lnt note'',) l t)",, deficiency in tI1 C5) l lty'S lit)IiSIII) stock. Tfhe r i )lest scone intration of housini) problems welt! found in Central Mi,lrlli (NDP 3), Downtown (R 10), and Lrl Central Model Cities. TRENDS Construction Activity Since 1960 over 34,000 dwelling units have been built in the City of Miami. During this period the Miami housing market, like that of other metro- politan areas, has experienced shifts in consumer preferences and in their abilities to absorb the ris- ing costs of housing. As a result of rapidly increas- ing land and construction costs, construction of single family homes has declined dramatically while multifamily development has expanded ill most areas of the City. The shifting orientation of 23 the mar ket for new housing is reflected in the oo lowing distribution of construction pc; sits. Percentage of All New Units 1960 1965 1970 1974 18% 7.5% 4.5" a 3.8% 17% 15.5% 14.5% 14.7% 65% 72%% 8 1 81.5% Single Family Duplex Multi -Family Demolition Activity While more than 34,000 units have been construc- ted since 1960, the demolition of nearly 13,000 units during the same period offsets the increase considerably. Thus, the net increase was 21,000 units or approximately 17% of the 1960 housing stock. Urban renewal programs and expressway con- struction were responsible for a large proportion of the demolition activity during the 1950's. However, an additional factor has been the gradual conver- sion of older residential areas to higfrer density resi- dential uses. In many areas of the City demolition of single family and duplex dwellings facilitated the expansion of multi -family developments. To a lesser extent, conversions of singie family to du- plex units has occurred in areas zoned R-2. Distribution of Demolition Activity 1960-1975 Single Family 54% Duplex 13°'0 Multi -Family 33% Considered together, demolition and construction activity accounts for the varying rates of c.' lande for the three dwelling types. Net Change in the Housing Stock 1960-1970 1970-1975 -5% -3`'c 14% 14°%; 28% 20'r, 10% 9% Single Family Duplex Multi -Family Total Stock The elements of housing change have oadsc d an ad- justment of the net distribution of housing types toward a predominance of multi -family dwellings. Thus, the Miami housing market, faced with rising costs and a diminishing supply of undeveloped land has responded by recycling certain residential areas to higher densities. This trend and others more lo- cally -oriented must be evaluated in terms of im- pacts on environmental quality, demands for open space and other services, as well as problems of 24 overcrowding, overpayment and housing quality. bistributiori of the Miami Housing Stock Single Family Duplex Multi -Family 1960 1965 51.3% 48.0% 10.5% 10.8% 38.2% 41.2% 1970 1975 44.3% 41% 11.0% 11% 44.7% 48% If present trends continue it is estimated that 56% of the housing stock in 1986 will be multi -family, while single family and duplex will represent 32% and 12W respectively. The theoretical housing capa- city of the City of Miami according to the present zoning classifications is 245,200 dwellings. This represents a potential increase of 75% over the present housing stock. 1975 Zoned Capacity Single Family 57,300 (41%) 35,601 (14.5%) Duplex 16,000 (11%) 51,069 (20.8%) Multi -Family 66,326 (48%) 158,529 (64.7%) A comparison of the present distribution and the zoned or potential distribution of dwelling types indicates that there are more than 20,000 single family units precently existing in areas zoned for higher densities. At the high 1966-67 rate of demo- lition it would take more than 20 years to recycle ail of these areas to higher densities. Duplex units and other attached dwelling types yid; h as townhouses and patio homes have the po- tential to increase more than threefold. The realiza- tion of this possibility becomes more logical as the middle income owner market is gradually excluded from the single family market due to rising costs, The volume of any given year's South Florida hous- ing market can differ substantially from any other year. This is perhaps the most complex housing mar- ket in the country with demand for residential units coming from many sources, including worker -headed households, empty nesters, retirees, young singles, seasonal residents, speculator -investors, foreigners and others. Characteristically, the Miami Area's housing market has followed a "boom or bust" pattern. This is typical for areas of very high growth (i.e. net in - migration) where the supply sector's mentality is conditioned by endless profits in good times leading to extensive overbuilding (such as is now being ex- A 1 111 per wilco, iit SCi ittl f-loriId) ft){ t)'A,•'e?(a I(y e hrC nie iiruler:Sul)f)ly (it r(?Sieietttfal slai tit't (\with wu miay yet see beg:riming in 1977 19/8). Those ara;ras of the City experiencing the rmrist did t7latir evidence of residential activity an? along the high -amenity value bayshorn, Undoubtedly, given the norrnalive supply -demand pressures associated with market equilibrium, when the market does recover, these trends will continue. Already slated for large-scale development are several projects ot note. inci..iing Plaza Venetia on the nortllside (')f the DOV\nto'\n Area and Claughton Islilrl(t, -icijacerit to the Central Business District on its southsitie. Other rC?siiientldt t:le:v;loprnt?tit 'within the City w- mains spotty, owing to generally absent tarnn- st:ale leant dvdiliit)Illt . r;()Utd occur (eiteer thrOUgll f),,blie t)r f)tlViate ansi e ) no r,fgnihc:ant fattest, Of s(ich aCtivity Piave ewe fl:n(,CiI ttn.rTlsOlVMS tO riClte. -there at'?, however, isolated e.ilirlple5 of iapat trnerll C0t(SttAct lot l at in. land loe::atrc)ns, especially in Coconut Grove and "Little HaN./a ia." Feature cat terns of residential development yi thiri the City',will undoubtedly he itifluenced by con S rdlnts on continued suburban iixparl51Un (11 Dade C)unt';'s wester 1 edges The re:c:.r;ntly; intro :iiiced (.Cj 1lty roaster pull e35tahiISiits stringent controls and, it fe)fiUwed to the letter, vviii Rlfiihli develop- nient in outlying areas over the long terrn. Ho:vever, tl)(1re is a very substantial ornoi;rit of property not atteCtuo 1)'y/ the rri 15tCli pica(( ir'':rhS several ar tt] S(dl projects ate t ii'ty i Uri ter',vay in the area or iiave received araprovais fi r constrii3. t t)rl'�ti`1 ic;ti i:atl he?gira `;rit]ttf,'. HOUSING PROBLEMS SYNTHESIS The Housing Pr m s Syr tr''sis is a gldpnl(: do- se; when of iti(ISe citea5 in the City of Mlarni vvhich tld`.11 the rnust severe housing rg orobfa'rns Those ore ,1t(;,a5 tilt I0 45 trii:lehCe if a (Iiljr_ rate of a sing!,! !) orllfh atil of, any ()i tfio fCl;i+`i';y7i(lci ( CI U V :if Dt'ter ildtit.7ri Overcrowding Tme pOp .dtl0rl of bet'r,retal 1960 and 1970 expel le] teed s'C'ji i t icunt ('f€:rric)rtr dpt 1IC ctlal igu C:iele pi mar Cohan tn-inigration and changes in the ,a1p:' (llstt ii)ratinn of tfte population. hi rc)n- host to national ,and regional trends (luting this per- ir)rf, tfl+ median household side increased from 2.64 to 2. /3 persons pis. ilousehold.f. However, during the same per ioef, the nie,lian sir( of dwellings in Miami decreased by 10'%., fioln 3.9 to 3.5 rooms per unit. These twciconflicting trends are responsible for exacerbating the problem of overcrowding. Between 1960 and 1970 the number of overcrowded units increased by 122%. \Nheroes in 1960 approxi- mately 10% of the housing stock was overcrowded, today that percentage has doubled. Overpayment Closely related to the problem ofovercrowdng is overpayment ;or housing. Criteria for overpayment is 25% of monthly income for rental housing and twice the yearly income for owned housing. While lit tie reliable data is avaiiable so as to pinpoint the extent of the proi tern, it can be assumed that in- flationary pressures combined with Miami's tradi- tionally high cost of noosing (as forced many/ resi- lerus to overextend themselves in securing hoeising. As evidence, median rents in Miami have increased faster than mediin incomt.' 4 /' aS compared to 35% between 1960 duel 1070. While the median value of owned units increased somewhat more slowly a1 27.5%, a significant inflationary period for single lamely housing occurred during the early 1970's. In Dade County, prices for single family homes in- creased almost 50% between 1970 and 1975, com- pared to a 20% rise in income. Tills widening gap has forced many middle income households out of the single family market in addition to contributing to overcrow�.finrj and overpayment At present, less than 30% of all Dade County l,eaascr,o;ds cana rrr a new single family home.4 Deterioration The last U.S. Census information on the condition of housing was in 1960. This was due not to a les- sening in the importance of such qualitative measures as condition, but in an increasing difficulty in mea- suring and, furthermore, in agreement on the criteria used for measurement: Nevertheless, condition is too critical all inchcator to bypass. Corisecluently tw(O independent windshield slitveys !have been ducted. The first was a cursory survt y d(1SigiiI t tt) [inflate and spOtc:lu?ck the Curnrnunily ln11)r(iV0111 111 Prc)gram's Blight Survey, it 1970 hoiisirnl survey lilt Dade County. "The Survey conducted by the Neighborhood Re- habilitation Branch of Little HUD, consisted of visual exterior inspection of housing units and en- vironmental qualities such as street condition, and 25 either sound, deteriorated or dilapidated. Sound housing units are free of major structural defects and require nothing more than normal mainten- ance. Deteriorating units have one defective pri- mary structural characteristic (foundation, walls, roof) or several defective secondary structural com- ponents (porches, stairs, doors, windows, chimneys, gutters and paint). More than routine maintenance is necessary to put a deteriorating structure into sound condition. A dilapidated structure has two or more defective primary characteristics or major defects in one primary component and several secondary components. "5 Similarly to the CIP survey, the two indicators of substandard housing, deteriorating and dilapidated, were combined into the category of "deteriorated housing." As a result, the severity of housing con- dition problems by tract are measured not by the degree of the problem but by the frequency by which these appear in a given area. The second windshield survey is a land use survey for the City of Miami. This survey forms both a new data base and a more refined "test" for the past surveys dealing with housing condition. With only 2% of the housing stock in deteriorated conditions, housing condition is not the main hous- ing issue in the City of Miami. PUBLIC AND PUBLICLY SUBSIDIZED HOUSING There are two forms of housing subsidies available for elderly and low -moderate income tmniiies in the City of Miami. The first type is public housing. The public housing program rents units to low in- come families and elderly individuals whoearn less than $5,700 annually. Public housing units are owned or leased by Metropolitan Dade County De- partment of Housing and Urban Development or by the Hialeah, Homestead, or Miami f3each housing authori ties. In contract, subsidized housing is privately owned. The subsidy6 usually takes one of three forms: 1. A mortgage subsidy to low -moderate income families earning less than $$8,700 enabling them to buy homes valued to $24,000. The subsidy may also take the form of a "below market interest rate" to developers who rent units at specific rent levels set by the feueral government. 26 2. A "rent supplement" to low and moderate income families earning less than $6,600 an- nually. The rent supplement will make up the difference between what the family can afford to pay (25% of their monthly income) and the rent of the unit. 3. A guaranteed occupancy level by the Federal government to an investor who either builds or makes available an existing structure to low and moderate income families. Location Most of the 10,329 public and publicly -subsidized housing units in Dade County are located within the City of Miami. Most of these are concentrated in the Model Cities, Little River, Edison Park, Alla pattah, Culmer and Rivers Edge areas. With present housing goals espousing a deconcentration of assisted families, future housing subsidies will not only need to be decentralized but, also, fairly distributed throughout the County. An objective which could be contemplated by the City of Miami could be to house a more equitable share of the region's sub- sidized housing instead of their present share of 60%. Condition Public housing projects built within the last decade are in relatively good condition. It is interesting to note that the "concrete monsters" reminiscent of late '40's and early '50's public housing, are privately owried, These buildings are almost without excep- tion deteriorated and poorly maintained. Unfor- tunately, these buildings are often associated with public housing. Generally the public housing units in Miarni, built for families are low-rise or town- house developments which provide adequate open space, security and comfort. Public housing units for the elderly surpass the condition of the latter. These are normally housed in high-rise structures adjacent to the Miami River or to large public open spaces. HOUSING DEMAND Housing demand to 1986 is estimated in a two- step process. First, total housing demand is cal- culated based on expected population growth and household characteristics. Second, the quantities and types of required new units are determined by relating the following market determinations: 1986 gross demand, present housing stock, estimated an- nual demolitions and conversions and estimated 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 market capture rate by housing type. Rot Moment of housing demand information will take place in a third step which will aulaly; e demand/supply data by cost, income, size and location as data becomes availablr. Estimates of future housing demand are inevitably based on assumptions c')ncer"ning the rate, charac- teristics and impacts of growth. In order to account for the vvide range of possible futures, it is necessary to 1itili/e aiterrtative estimates of c.utic;ell demand determinants, Resulting is reasonable range of housing demands attributed to variations among past trends, However, a "middle ramie" 1986 popu- lation estimate of 380,000 is taken as a •.liven in tf)iS preliminary demand estimate. In addition, the need for honsin(J vwill be estimatnd. Need, in (:ontr, :t to rtn irket denntid, is heavily wriyhtr;�1 by the City of tvli<ulll s ttcx)sinq gr),ils and objectives ctives 1 hr.! policies of the; City of Mi,lrni to- wards stirli Issrti s as substandard itousing, concen- tration of assiste,I families, housing choicer, etc. wilt Lillie lately influence both the definition and rnagrutirde of the nec;il for housing (see criteria for housing needs). Although "need"' in this context will reti'r" to the low and mi)elf.trii1e Incorne, it could theoretically apply to middle and tipper in- c()rr1m families in then +letinition at nee,,I it ton- ht)risinq itraals vveru also interle:i.tefl, i.e., balaircid pop tli)ri grrr;wth, economic heyeie)prnerrlt of inner r.i ty areas, etc. / POPULATION GROWTH Pa; ftre, ittl tte h4., i+,el Miami irrrt,jrl+' flir; to the sienificatit i)i in migration, pile tie;:f irar y tha::.i Cef)-1r1 exile,. The rR,r,,rtit tit 'chit" in-nitrahaftt hi F' irlr'rt','tse", 1 :+itrCtlii',' ()f e<'Stitner- tit ,'J tut tr m :.s, In ui :itit) , M`.linrni is unique duo tee the twin proportion of retired elcinr;v '.vhich trans - tales Iriti) ii.)VJC'r rest els of !Idteirai Ir)i re;,"ise f1`i we!1 as �) high;)rOportlot of one anti tw( perS ai housmi1o1dS. The assi;r)ie'il 1086 population of 380,000 repre- sen is a 13.5% Mc, ease over tire 1970 it vei of :535,000. The 1986 estinulte, t!;ero'frire, conforms reaS(ilidt.,i',' ti' it lwitli the trend toward ,teclininq growth rates. Flom the 380,000 population is suh- triacteel Mtn estiniated 5700 persons hnt.sc.d in group te'rs. T1)u remaining 374,00(1 persons are those within hnitsehc)ios. 'HOUSE H0Lb .d MOWN RATES Miami's household characterIstICS ar e ,,nique relative to the Legion due to itssiow household growth rate (12%) compared with that of population (15%). this is accounted for by the short-term overcrowded con- ditions resulting from massive Cuban in -migration. In the 1960.1970 period, the household size dropped from 3.0 to 2.9 in Dade County, reflecting regional trends. However, the rate for Miami increased from 2.64 to 2.73 diiring the same period, although evi- dence indicates that the rate actually peaked in 1965 at 2.86 at the height of the Cuban influx. Due to this relatively unpredictable influence, it is dif- ficult to estimate a rate at which household size tivil! "normalize" toward lower levels. For computa- tion purpnse;s, three alternative household size fac- tors are used to estimate the number of households in 1985. Persons in Number of Households Household Sizes Households 374,300 2.7 (present size) 138,500 2.6 (moderate decline) 144,000 2.5 (major decline) 149,720 VACANCY RATES A significant problem facing the City of Miami is the failure to satisfy increasing demand for housing caused primarily by high rates of in -migration. Dur- ing the pericxa between 1960 and 1970, Miami's poflul;)iii)n grew considerably faster than the supply c)f e 1 ' elhngs. 1 ttis demand/supply Clap is indicated .1)y treniIs in tfte occeipeancy chat actor iSties 01 the !musing stock. Vacancy Rates 1960-10.1% 1965— 6.7% 1970-- 2.5% However, during the early 1970's housing growth exceeded population growth, due in part to a rapid expansion of the condominium market. Growth Rates Population Housing 1960-1970 15% 9% 1970-1973 4.5% 6.0% The boom of the early 1970's was followed by a slump in the 1973-1974 period and continues to a 27 considerable extent to the present. As a result, low vacancy rates indicative of unmet demand for dwel- lings other than condominiums remains a central concern. In addition, a reorientation of the market seems to be occurring as a result of the spiraling costs of single family homes. Middle income buyers have failed to keep pace with inflationary pressures, thereby being forced into the rental market. While demand is high for most unit types, condominiums are presently overbuilt, forcing sales price reductions and conversions to rental units. In estimating de- mand for 1986, two vacancy rates were used: the present 2,5 rate assuming a continued tight market and 5.0, assuming a normalization trend. The fol. lowing gross housing demand estimates are produced by incorporating the alternative vacancies into the estimates of households. Gross Housing Demand High Medium Low 157,000 units 149,500 units 142,000 units Required Additional Units The number of required new units is estimated by calculating the expected impact of demolitions and conversions on the present stock and measuring the gap between the remaining stock and the 1986 estimated demand. The alternative estimates of re- quired new units are then distributed among alter- native housing types through a percentage estimate of total market capture. Net Supply Single•Family Duplex Multi•Family Total 1973 Stoc►. 57,367 41% 16,016 11 b% 66,326 47.5% 139,709 Demo• iit ions -6.000 5% -1,800 15% -4,200 35%-12,000 Conver• lions -1.000 +2,000 +1,000 +2,000 Net Supply 50,367 16,216 63,126 129,709 New Units Required High Medium Low 1986 Gross Demand 157,000 149,500 142,000 Net Supply 129.709 129109 129,709 1986 Net Demand 27,291 28 19,791 12,291 Distribution by Type P retwit ....,... Hutt.., ... _-Median La* Single Family 3% 819 594 369 Duplex 14% 3,821 2,771 1,721 Multi -Family 83% 22,651 16,426 10,201 Total 100% 27,291 19,791 12,291 1085 Estimated Stock High Mediult.. Low Smtve Family 51,186 33% Duplex 20,037 13% Mu!t,•F,imiiy 85,777 55% Total 157,000 50,961 18,987 79,552 34% 13% 53% 50,736 17,937 73,327 36% 13% 52% 149,500 142,000 Need for Low and Moderate Income Families There are 21,000 families on Dade County's Public Housing waiting list. In 1970 there were 16,000 fam- ilies in the City earning Tess than $5000 annually, In addition, approximately 41,000 families in the City of Miami are eligible for some type of public subsidy. Trle high proportion of low and moderate income families becomes a problem when analyzed in the context of the cost of housing in Miami. It is al- most impossible for low and moderate income fami- lies to compete for housing in the private market without overpaying, overcrowding or both. In the areas of Central Miami and Little Havana, where a major proportion of the low and moderate income families live, more than 50% of the households are overpaying for housing. The only that these fami- lies can close the gap between what they can afford and what the units rent for, is through some form of subsidy. However, there are only 10,329 public and publicly subsidized housing projects in the region. This amount accounts for 2% of the county's housing stock and for 4% of the City's housing stock. This not only identifies a housing shortage for the low and moderate income families but a concentration of these fami- lies in the City of Miami as well as a lack of choice in the unincorporated areas of the county. There are numerous instances in areas throughout Central Mi- ami where more than 15% of the population is housed in public housing while only 13% of the City's population can qualify. This illustrates the over concentration of public -assisted housing within 1 1 1 1 1 1 the City. However, approximately 33% of the City's households could qualify for a housing subsidy. 1n 1976, only 2,271 public and publicly -subsidized units are programmed for the City of Miami. The same amount will be allocated throughout the rest of the cotanty.8 These units will be funded under the block grants of the new Hoilsing and Cornmun• ity Development Act of 1974. The units program- med for the City r)f Miami are located it the north- west poi tit)n of the City. The only exception is an elderly t'o;islnq project rn tire Black Grove area. These aik)e.ations are well below the need of tire lo,iv;1nd moderate income families in the City of ivll,ntli. Prova en 5Lr1,0n 11 lAI' In I e,trtry 1lotr ert `.SOC,tuIn !i liAl' Neva Cr'nstrurrur C•rt^ventitrt.rl Pub c- t:rh, �u.t:ortrr. t durin.a CD yr,ar Put' c Houton rt 1<, tit; urge cunt,trur.- ',nrn durrnr; CH Year C0,4" iy r i:11(1r (j t-1,trrt' uvvnr•r•.ii,p Pn.lgrarn Location Elderly Family lirnlrlr rrturnsf :}'yii 15O N W 2nti Si. & 3r(1 Avenue Unti,tcrrnine0 45Q 500) N.W 811, St Rd. & N.W. 111h Si. 104 N V. 2nci Ave &'513tn St. S. Douglas N Avu & 10th) St, • 3r0 Ave. & 20th 5t, N.W 5th Ave_ 6tttst. \4' /tn Ave • 10ttl '.rei' 813 100 :3a 24 151 145 ai) 85 Total 500 5U 95(3 104 112 124 151 145 50 115 'heats 1,134 1,137 2,271 The City ot it.1iami, 111 Ci`)(p rzit1C l `A'it11 [)0Cie County Denarintent ::' housing 0rl0 Urban Development, search for r.i; :'v torn -is of state and iOca s;,b5,.ii':s i; the. goaiS ti); t''u's lire' rang mo fe,riite ;n- i:(,)rni. fltli t.fir)f,is are to L., reaiistic01ly oddrESS(;d. HOUSING PROGRAMS Housing Maintenance Pruaerit ;)ro'grcart)S lur maintainin,1 and improving the 4111rstin4j housing stock are lirn-idol to strveiiidnce and periodic or systematic code enforcement, be- low market rate rehabilitation loans for residents with low incomes and rehabilitation grants for hous- ing the elderly and handicapped. Other programs re- lated to housing maintenance involving both public and private resources are suggested in addition to existing 'programs. These ate primarily aimed at assist- irlg and promoting "self-help" and include such programs as, for example, maintenance counseling and education, "sweat equity" (whereby one earns equity in a home by making improvements to it), technical and volunteer assistance, building materials cooperatives and mobile tool loan programs. Below market rate home improvement loans and other techniques r ime.d at financial assistance are also use fill in (.111 . )tiragil)q housin't rnalntertoitc(:. In addition, rOrfucti(1ir of the energy e,osts in bulilirng operation can crew(( ftit)tds to be used for maintenance pur- pis(IS. IrIce1rIIV(,5 r.,1n br; (l vetoprd for adopting t;rlt;rrty irrlt)ruvwmerlts on 0 Situcture in exchange for guaranteed rcinvesttnenl in the overali improve- ment of the building or the noighhtil flood as well. Male eriergy eonsc:rvatlOrl and management are cur. fenny notrequired under Slate {c:(lisl,ltiorr, they the being considereil as well as are revisions to the Building Codes where U11(i(ie energy consurnption warrants it. Home Ownership Although usually recognized as an incentive to the maintenance of housing condition as well as stable neighborhoods, present programs to encourage home ownership are limited. In Florida, unlike most other states, a State Horne Finance Agency has not yet been rat iiie_. Similarly, Fedora; r:ome owner ship programs are virtually non-existent or uflavaii. able to those who need them most. Dade County has recently instituted an innovative second mort- gage subsidy program, however, funds are limited and, therefore), it i5 no longer operational. High Rish Home Loans Many tending instutitiorls are reluctant to give mortgage loans in existing older urban neighbor hoods, or if loans are made, it is at a higher cost. This practice, termed "red -lining-, is justified by lending institutions on the grounds that these are high risk areas. Loan preferences are in the newer suburban areas. The effects of red -lining, however, can be a catalyst in neighborhood decline. Residents can help to prevent red -lining by supporting those financial institutions which snake loans in their com- munity, by working with banks to promote lending as part of a neighborhood housing services program, by demanding a fair -share of public services and by maintaining the neighborhood in good condition. In addition, though there are presently no programs for high risk home loans, a loan fund could be es- tablished for areas considered to be high risk by lending institutions and could be administered by public or private concerns. Slum Clearance and Relocation Only a very small proportion of the housing stock in the City of Miami is dilapidated (i.e., characterized by extensive structural defects to the roof, walls, foundation or Toad -bearing elements). Dilapidated structures are classified as those which would be in- feasible to rehabilitate and coincide with the Federal urban renewal category of "structures sub -standard to a degree requiring clearance." Areas consisting of dilapidated structures are not only physically dan- gerous, but also often harbor very serious social and economic problems. Slum clearance typically in- volves the use of renewal powers including acquisi- tion, condemnation, and relocation assistance. Cur- rently, the only available funding source for slum clearance and relocation is through the Federal Community Development Program. Public•Assisted Housing Present public assisted housing programs ate pri- marily limited to "Section 8" rent subsidy programs. Low and moderate income residents of the City of Miami are fortunate in that recently a $25 million housing bond was passed. This bond will be used primarily as equity for County revenue bonds which in turn will be used to build Federally -assisted "Section 8" housing. All the housing resulting from this bond issue will be built in the City and will be owned and operated by the County. The housing goal for the first year is between 1000 and 1500 units. HOUSING MARKET STRATEGIES The solution to housing problems for the City of Miami is regional and requires national, state and local programs. The following strategies address the City-wide goal of providing adequate housing for the future residents of the City. Both new invest- 30 ment and reinvestment are required. i, Maintain the Quality of the Existing Housing Stock. This strategy requires existing programs, such as code enforcement and rehabilitation loans and grants, as well as new programs related to Neighborhood Management and Tax Abatement for home mainten- ance and improvement. 2, Provide Direct Public Assistance for Housing, This strategy requires existing financial assistance programs ("Section 8") and the City's housing bond program as well as new programs, such as mortgage subsidies which would become available through the proposed State Housing Finance Agency, and direct construction subsidies which would become available through the proposed constitutional amendments for Tax Increment Financing and Tax Abatement. 3, Avoid Concentrations of Publicly -Assisted Housing. Considerations for future public housing locations within the County should be based on an evaluation of its impact on the surrounding area as well as its proximity to future job markets. Provisions should be made to ensure the fair share distribution of low and moderate income housing throughout the County. The City should not become the receptor for low income families in the region. Criteria for Public Assisted Housing Site Evaluation A $25 million housing bond program recently passed in the City of Miami has brought forth the issue of the location of public assisted housing. In order to develop a rational system for the evaluation and ac- quisition for housing sites, as well as to include en- vironmental considerations into the site selection process, the following criteria are proposed. 1. Does the site conform to the Land Use Plan? 2. Will it over -impact the area with public assisted housing? 3. Will it be an incentive for further private devel- opment? 4. Will it be a dis-incentive for further private de- velopment? 5. Can it be adequately served by present services and facilities? 6. Is it located near existing public transit? 7. Is it located near a proposed rapid transit station? 8. Is it located near an employment center? 9. Is it in or near a high an -lenity area? 10. is It within a major airport noise zone? 11. Is it in a high crfrne area? 12. Is it vvithiri a community which Wants public assisted housing? 13. Is 1kiod insurance required? 14. Will site. acquisition create substantial reloca- tion' Criteria relate(1 to acquisition costs and operating of f icienr:y based on the size of If to si to and the nurnbcr of units wIlictl (Ail he decorm 10(Idteci also need to he Consi(lererl. A t-)io(,iiiitire for :icorilul and ranking ,ilterniltiv(: hoilslr)if sites can be tl.`ed \-VfiICtl (;1)rlsiders ;: positive score on the l',aSI;i r)f 0CI ial W('.Ighi5 iiid degree Of con Iorrnaice Ica all et !ter (ll tscan be as signed on the basis of neighborhood values. RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBORHOODS Introduction Tile neigllboritood environment has as much to do with tiu c')ntintred attractiveness and well being of an area as 1110 con(lition of the housing stock, In ad(iiti()n, what MANTIS 10 be ail i1)pr()prialesolution I() housin() ill One I (lhborhoud may be In(;ffective Or (1eir internal 111 )1i101hilr . Thoiet()re, this E'iernunt includes ,,tiateifies for neighborhood development based On phySh(:al, social ari i).(:1) r011•li(;con(11110115 an)l GOr:,t(it'I 11;(1is for cixnllit)iifiy SUIv'I xs, public irnprovt(rnwrits, t)i;h1i( it;sewirlt.ti lot re V ioprnent 111=i'mid controls as ,is fil)tlsi11l I1&.1' ket stiategies. Background to Residential Neighborhoods* Vf'.ir]iliJoh too.: Jecline is an inherentt par 1 01 tar( basic Url)iln ; ie (:iopn1ent process. It is extremery complex ao l iti,)IveS a C:0rnbinatrort of i erno!irapr)ic, social, eo inonii(: and physical ck,aracter istics which can betlescrih0.1 ih terrns of (iefillfte processes and states. Bassi on the best a(;ailable data, Miami's il(li(lfll)otfloods lave be(:rl ranked as 'eat thy, trilnsi- tfooaf Fidel problem areas. Reoeveiupment Oppor- tUrtitleS have been rr_letl1i11('+1, flo lfthy areas are cigar. octet lied by a constant lrl-Illlglation arid healthy trarnov(er 01 e(curlonlicaily sound housei)olcds and '1 , rlr.t, 1,..(1ued;r+pt+an OI 110+)lImrh,;+)(t cum:f,ti,msand needs, r•tt'r to ih,_ i„',tannins; District and Na+;lhbiirhuc,(IHeports pia• ():itP.ilf?t,i 0$ ,i ptu 1 t)1 tin? N1,anl( Comprehensive F'ian. firms as well as good quafity housing and positive community iltitudes, The westetn edge of the City, portions of Coconut Glove, Shenandoah and the Northeastern bayfront communities tall into this category. Transitional areas are those Which are characterized by the initiation of decline and changes from one type of use or occupancy 10 another. There is evidence of increases in the rate of turnover of households with lower income, increased dependence upon public services, decreased maintenance of pri- vate property and difficulty in obtaining financing. Areas in transition would include Little Havana, Allapattah, Modal City and Edison Park. Problem areas would be those which are experiencing declines in population, poor maintenance, high crime rates, lop(; I like alion social services and welfare, hirfh unemployment unit evidence of disinvestment. These would include the Central Miami area and portions of Black Grove and Model City. Redevelopment op- portunities are identified on the basis of develop- ment objectives, such as housing near jobs, market demand, and site characteristics, such as under util- ized or obsolescing land uses. 1n order to maintain healthy neighborhoods, guide transitional ones to improvement and transform problem areas as well its accommodate future population growth, tour basic strategies are recommended. NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES*'* These strategies are not mutuatiy exclusive, but ,) strategy MUG!' wouto work well in areas of ()tie stall,+ of declin; can he harmful or met fective if a1) pilot to areas in i)ri tller stage. 1. Normal Maintenance. This strategy is applicable in healthy areas. It re- quires the continuing provision of basic services including basic code enforcement. 2. Preservation and Improvement. This strategy is applicable in transitional areas. It focuses on programs related to visible improvements, such as street beautification, parks and open space and parking and technical assistance for home main- tenance and improvement as well as encouragement of community organizations. Housing strategy in • The neighborhood development strategies area general basis for setting priorities. Specific action programs have been sieve' aped for me implementation phase of this plan. 31 these areas must include inducement of private in- vestment. 3, Se v,ce lntehsivo, This strategy is appropriate in problem areas. It focuses on providing direct services to the popula- tion, including manpower, health, educational, recreational and day care programs. Its goal is to make the population self-sufficient and increase employment opportunities and housing choice. 4, Redevelopmeht, This strategy is aimed at providing flow housing opportunities as well as economic development. It is appropriate in areas which are adjacent to employment, public transit and amenities as well as where there is adequate market demand or where land is underutilized or obsolescing and where re- location would cause minimal community disrup- tion. 32 HOUSING SUBMARKETS CD Single Family Duplex Multi -Family OCIO 0 25 :5 1 115 mIn HOUsrNo SU%MARKE' w 2 w 0 6 TO1 I1 12 IS 14 $INGi FAMILY J �y y.E�c.NUPE �qI tyi8V-1 a tYPE ' N 0 0 0 n • ONStRUCTIOts }�.. 1 ....+-.. 1 � 1. _..i a a -1- • r -{ t , ........ HOUSING 2, Z i o 0 • 1 5 ., a 0 0 U • : �-:::::: ,.... ... ..._. ........ SUBMARKETS 1 TENURE 0 Tdr- TYPE , &tomcodjjjj 13 .° 3o Z!' ,, 0 03 rhOtno _ _ la l- 1 DUPLEX / SF • �, .,,. CONSTRUCTION 0 k • ... TYPE t---0- 1---- 1 m u ti ,`... V)O m p O COST p 2 _ AGE CONDITION ' j U> m>m>rcjv„ c� t7 z,=ww0g I J Z 0+,0 O 2'2 i :.1 , „imiolm d N P0�1 �i10n rn m,a�imIm SOUND__ cr 'x W ozlow Wb __-.�. .- _,_ i i : 1 1 a di _DUPLEX ...,DUPLEX / SF _ - DUPLEXiSF i_ •_ l • i � � •.: a : • � •• Y ., • .. • • 1 S Y • —• ' iY 1'9 _ . t d •__t • _` •. • . ,t • �• • 21• 24....• 28 2 ;10 3 I 4 --- -+ • ...1. • �• : i' •' •� • • •• , •' • • 1• 1_ 4 DUPLEX/ SF/MF DUPLEX/SF. DUPLEX /SF/MF DUPLEX ,, • �•� • A c • • . • •. •- •; • • • ► ~ -I, : • i .. _9 •_ -+ +_._. !_• • ._ • 1 . ' •jy , j 4 • t • } � . . . . 1 1 1.1 i i 1 1 _ • HOUSING -11r- f > Z O SUBMARKETS TENURE .T_.- eU 0 '.n O0u 5I W 0 00to01n0 Y•-• CONSTRUCTION TYPE in m 0 • •• : ♦ i • ,1 COST , iWTi-iwi lwr 1 co coIiO 'g' 4 w J wZ 0 0 0 ,0,=,,> �;> �'0 $ Oe 2000O.00 3O(N0OV O O I W WOO O01;0! N m I122222'J_,_-- 1 AGE JCONDITION in 0 01 ISOUND L 2 IDETERIORAT 2 ING- = H w0 OW W O O 0 y TYPE r�ws rWOZ,kZu 4Z30 .1., e_o 0101 32 MULTI FAMILY I 4 • , • • HSam • 33MF/SWINDLES 1 + • • 35 •. MULTI FAMILY •.- � • � .•: •«� 4• � •~t i I• 36 : • t y - • 1 '" ~ -`--•'-__ 40 r '-', ! • 1_1®_ 41 ; • • Y ___, • MF/SWINDLES ~ • i • I 43 MULTI . FAMILY Q • -» »- { •, • • l L I I , 8 1< SOURCE: 1970 UNITED STATES CENSUS , CRP HOUSING NEEDS ANALYSIS, SURVEY BY THE CITY OF MIAMI PLANNING DEPARTMENT AND WMRT a 1 lib Or mai 1456 110 DIS RI BUTION Or NEW UNITS MIAMI Nuts woo lofts • DUPLEX a SINGLE FAMILY 0 1960 1oi! moat CITY to woo ft:taw•• ow Y0 •YII 1970 1475 % CHANGE IN TYPE OF HOUSING STOCK 50%: • • •SINGIF:.MIL ' • s -- MULTI -FAMILY •••.r •• oco. • • .001 • •• DUPLEX www �www....... MI 60 62 N M 65 66 67 66 64 70 71 72 73 =um tor at Nor moms OW MO rim HYING ACIVITN': BTIVOEMO. 2500 2000 1300 1000 1500 • ..�•'� EN. se 40. • `J • • 'SINGLE FAMILY DEMOLrfON TOTAL 2500 . 1 / 1064 62 63 94 65 66 67 66 p 70 • 71 •pl•[= COI, ON IIYYI PLANS Ili •EI1 ro w•T AGE OF HOUSING STOCK YEAR BUILT 1963 - 1970 u,765 1960 - 1964 11,166 1950 - 1959 1940 - 1949 BEFORE 1939 55,•71 27,888 36,139 72 HOUSING HIGH GROWTH 1® High Rise (M.F.) 2® Low Rise (M.F.) 3011 M.F. & Duplex 4 Ma Duplex NON-RESIDENTIAL Non -Residential DYNAMICS MODERATE GROWTH 5 E:71 Low Rise (M.F.) 6 ; .] Duplex 7 ({,..,;] Single Family LOW GROWTH Duplex & S.F. STABLE DISINVESTMENT Single Family Replacement S.F (Marginal) EA Disinvestment Public Housing 1 ''I I o ^y y a 5 novas l HOUSING PROBLEMS Overcrowding (20%-100%) Deterioration (70%-100%) Overpayment (50%+) Deterioration (5O%-701,) Overpayment (40%-50%) Deterioration (309‘,•50`X ) 1 L 5 1.1E1M-IB RHOOb1 RRAtINd Mott Ptahlents Least problems Ntii;l 1 1 1 1 bRHObb ti#EA?MENt Normal Maititeiiance PreservatioPi iniprovemerit Service •ntenSive Redevelopment NEIGHBORHOOD PROBLEMS MATRIX Census PLANNING DISTRICTTracts o; '2'�i' RO t e v Z%/ / l Q/°a �6 I 1P9/) 011 District "D" Little Havana j 65 ' District "C" Coconut drove # tie ' District "C" Coconut Grove 69 ; J-. , : ' ! t ; 1 4 District "E" Flegarni i 49 i _I iL:�. 4_ 1 i i J i 1 .+ _,. .: -.- ..i ! District "E" Flegami ; 50 i ; .._i-._.. 4. 4: i . -. - t -+�+--4- 1 ! 1 .i ; 1 l j District "0" Little Havana 55.01 ! i , 1 .�.4_ t . i- ,. y i .. .1.._i._.4, District "D" Little Havana 55.02 1 i } ,ik--1• . 4 _ + ' ; �- i .._District "E" Fl,Qami 57 ' � ,� i + ' i District "E" Flegemi 58.02 4 ;•� ` , t District 'D" Little Havana 63.02, j ' --. ..-. 4.� ;.__,_-4. ' ; ; , • District '8" Brickell + 67.02' ' _ ... • .._+� 1 t :,.__i_ i 3 + District "E" Fiegami ; 58.01 4 . ; �_: 1 . •+ j 1 1 District "D" Little Havana 63.01 ; _ ' flit',; , ; i i i•, District "0" Little Havana 66' i i : I ` 1 • ' Di -Strict "C" Coconut Grove 73 , ! ' District "A" Northeast 21 r i 0 District "A" Edgewater 27.01' _p District "E' _ Flegami 56 ' District "B" Brickell ' 67.01 I • ! ' ! i 41,0i 4 I i District "A" Northeast 13 41 • '01 District "A" Edison Park 22.01 •.. ' t • • - : Al District "D" Little Havana 54.02 I •: 0 ' 111 ,•{ 01 District "C" Coconut Grove 70.01 •, ,♦ 0 • i• ' 1 y District "C" Coconut Grove 70.02 •�. • • .1•i i •I District "F" Allapattah i 51 • 001 •i• •0);District ~ "D" Little Havana 64 • i • • • - •: . '• I District "A" Edison Park 22.02 j '•; •' •, • 111 •`. '0i District "F" Allapattah 30.02 • • •,• • ` ' •' 1 District "0" Little Havana 54.01 *• • • +0 • • • • District "A" Model City 23• 4-1•0 4 E ••,•1 District "B" Wynwood 26 • __4• • • 0 • ill .0! •' .......... District "F" Allapettah 30.01• 0.01 ' •'• •�• 0" District "D" Little Havana 52 +• • �• �• • •• •; District "D" Little Havana 66` •�• • •4 • ,•4 ' •' District "A" Edison Park 20.02 t • •' •r ! • ;•!• • O �• District "F" Allapattah 25 • • ••• * • ••i I t• •�•i 1 District "F" Allapattah 29 '•� _� • • •+ + • 04 •t , i •, •t , District "A" Model City 18.01 :•.• • • •' • •` 1 • •' •. • District "A" Edison Park I 70.01 04•' •, 40 ,' • • }•,* ,_•,_ .�'• District "F" Allapattah 24 •• • •0' • i .• WO •. _• _• ' District "D" Little Havana 4 53 • • • • ; '• • • •1•' ..•,• _•1 District "A" Little River i 14 •�• • • • • •' ' r ••+• '•,• y W. District "A" Model City 15.01 -• • 0 • • • ;• : • '•�•- • ' I District "A" Model City 19.02 • • •_••4 ' I t• •�i '•4 i 4•+ .y District "B" Brickell 67.02• •.• • • • • • • • • • 1•1 District "A" Model City 1 - 18.02 • •, •e'• •!• ^' ' '• •t •'•I�•1 District D" Little Havana 1 36.02 ' ' • • if ' • • • i• O.: ttt •,•}•4• } District 'C" Coconut Grove 71 --+•: • • •' �4 ,• `• y-t• ill, �'9 1 District "A" Model City I 19.01 •: • • •,•` _L• i•. �•;•.i•t•I• District District District District District District District District „B.. 27.02 •y , • • • •'• � � Ake. •1 '• •4••{. "B" 37.01 • •'••••• • . •� '•t••1 E••••I „B.. t 26 , •' •0•••T +040: •�•t•!z :•'•••l "B" 37.02 • 7: • • •�• � 9 • • • •1•r• "C" " 72 `• • ••7-i� �• �I !'• •.•�•7••' "B" 31 y •?•}• •T��_T• • •�••�� •'� •• "B" + 34 _ 4 } 36.01 i•• I•"•...:•_• i i .' •!•I��•S•,e• • •1 'Estimate for a portion of Census Tract only. ..8.. Edgewater Downtown Wynwood Downtown Coconut Grove Culmer Culmer Culmer 1 1 1 1 1 pc 3.2 E���E�P�,NlENT This portion of the Plan includes a description of Miami's economic base and proposed strategies for strengthening it and increasing employment oppor- tunities. REGIONAL CONTEXT As with all metropolitan regions, the economic base of the Miami Area consists of those economic activ- ities for which production exceeds the requirements of local consumption. By receiving income from outside sources through basic economic activities, the Miami Region is able to purchase goods and serv- ices not produced locally. rmrism continues as a major "export" industry refnesentinj approximately 21% of the economic t)ase. The hotel industry and other supporting serv- ices centered in the beach area benefit markedly from tnisrnajor economic activity. Likewise, tour- ism represents a major source of income to Miami's two principle transportation centers, the Port of Miarni and Miami International Airport. Of increasing importance to the regional economic base is manufacturing. While the manufacturing sec- tor in the Miami Region is not as significant as in other major cities, industrial growth has been of the type which minimizes noxious impacts of the en- vironment. Dade County is a rapidly expancintg manufacturing center which remains dominated by garment manufacturing. However, precision electron ics, aluminium fabrication and plastics are increas- ingly attracted to the crutlyinij Miami Area. Another siyriilicint element of the economic base, external funds, originate outside the county but i not involve the production of goof is and services T':te Miami Area has a particularly important extr:rt al fiind sector, due primarily to the large number of retired persons whose income is derived from pen - signs, government and other external income. Although not considered a basic economic activity, the largest source of secondary income in the Miami Region is in the service sector. EMPLOYMENT PATTERNS The mix of economic activities possessed by a local economy determines the level, distribution and sta- bility of income into the area. However, the growth 33 and distribution of employment opportunities nor- mally is a dominant factor influencing the size and growth rate of, an urban area. In addition, employ- ment is the most commonly accepted measure of economic performance. The type and level of economic development which the City of Miami will experience during the next ten years is a function of regional employment growth conditions and the rate at which the City captures regional growth. Due to Miami's unique development history, signif leant differences exist between Miami's employment mix and national patterns. For the nation, manufac- turing employment leads all other categories with 26% of all jobs, followed by services and govern- ment with 18% each. Retail trade is fourth with ap- proximately 16%. In comparison, the Miami Area is dominated by the trade industry (retail as well as wholesale) representing approximately 26% of the employment base. Next in importance is the category of services and miscellaneous industries which to- gether account for over 24% of the county's johs. Trade and service -related employment combined account for half of the total employment base. The strength of these job categories underscores the im- portance of tourism to the regional economy. Of the 26% associated with trade, retail employment accounts for the majority, with 19%. Next in im- portance is manufacturing with 15% of the county's jobs. Although Dade County's manufacturing and government job categories are less important than for the nation, all other categories, conversely, are stronger. Contract construction, it) particular, has 12% of the region's employment, compared with 5% for the nation. This, of course, reflects Miami's extraordinary rate of urbanization. In addition, tourist -related employment is more significant for the Miami Region than for most other areas of the country. Employment within the hotel and lodging industry (as a category within the services heading) accounts for 4% of all jobs, compared with 1% for the nation. Although trade continues as the leading employment category, services exhibit the largest numerical growth rate, accounting for increases of 7,400 jobs annually. Retail and wholesale trade is the second largest growth industry, with 4,600 new jobs, fol- lowed by manufacturing representing 3,800 jobs annually. Growth within the category of non -dura- ble goods, particularly apparel and textiles, consti- tt.,te the strongest component of manufacturing growth. Banking, as a component of the finance, insurance and real estate industry, has experienced rapid growth in recent years. The importance of construc- tion and trade activities and the rise of manufactur- ing, by demanding local capital and credit has stim- ulated the development of a strong regional financial :.enter whose significance extends throughout Latin America. Dade County Economic Base-1970 A, External t unds 1. External I nvestrnent 2. Property Income 3. Transfer Payments 4, Other Labor Income Total External Funds Basic Economic Activities 1, Tourism 2. Manufacturing a, Aluminium b. Garment c. Printing, Publishing d. Electronics e. Plastics f. Other Total Manufacturing 3. Aircraft Maintenance 4. Wholesaling 5. Agriculture 6. Airfreight 7. Air Home Office 8. Research 9. Other Basic Activities Total Basic Activities 2 3 1 1 1 5 9% 10% 12% 3% 34% 21% Source: Research Division Metropolitan Dade County Planning De- partment, Metropolitan Miami: A Demographic Overview, 1972. City of Miami Employment Growth According to the 1970 Census, there was a total of 175,500 jobs within the City of Miami. This repre- sents approximately 35% of the county employ- ment. Regional employment remains centralized within the City, since the City accounts for only 6% of the urbanized land area and 25% of the county population. 1 The bulk of employment: growth in recent years rtas occurred outside the City of Miami. The incorpor- ated community of Hialeah and unincorporated sections of Dade County have received much of this job expansion, due to the availability of inex- pensive land, expressWay access and an expanding suburban population. Frorn 1972 Census of Busi- ness data, the City conteined over 90,000 jobs in the primary categories of retail trade, wholesale trade, manufacturing and selected services (includ• iriq finance, insurance and real estate). This.corres- ponded to 32% of the total for Dade County. The City was strongest in the category of wholesale trade with 37% of the tonal, while retail trade and manufacturing accounted for only 30>b of the county's total. While not included In the 1972 data, the City of Miami remains a center for government employ- ment, Thu County Courthouse and the Civic Center presently house the bulk of tilis employment; him - ever, the new Government Center will further strengtlen the central area as an employment center. Retail employment continues in u fairly stable posh". tinn in Downtown Miami due to the development of new regional facilities, particul,irly the Ornni de- velopment. Hovvever, outside of Downtown the widesprea,t strip commercial developments are (in dcrgoitlg decline in market support due primarily to increasing competition from outlying shopping centers. Similarly, manufacturing within the City has suffered from the competition Of coutiyirvj ;areas oftering ('expensive land and rower taxes. Retail aril m<anrddcturinq, therefore, reerescnt only mar- ginal gr:twttl potential ft)r the City. Employment gi.y,,';n for trig City to 1085 is exjiuc- ted to exceed 87,000 joss or (")Q`'r, ill tale 1970 level. However, the remiuni.ier ;.it thi° re jlon \'illf expand ernploynient oppor turn ties even more raOkriy. Tne City, hn..seder ':vill contimle as all import lilt eMT1- pioyment cuntei within the region. Miami Ilas a slot icnnt oppor tut ty to develop as a major internatlt.lnal trade center. Over one billion dollars in exports currently are handled through the Port of Cruise ship activity as well as inter- nsational tit le can be expected to expand. Dredging i.)perations planned to allow passage of larger ships In Kad(tition to potential trade reiatt(111S .'With) Cuba should cord riOnIC? t0 a further expansion of Miami's port operations. T e City of %/ha r wits also remain a regional center for WI ice and related employment, particularly for financial and other professional services. Be- tween 1962 and 1072, 54% of the county's office growth was located in the City of Miami. Of the City's total, 43% was Located in Downtown Miami. Several planned public projects will undoubtedly reinforce the Downtown office core. Downtown and adjacent areas will benefit from improved ac- cess afforded by the proposed rapid transit system. Downtown employment is expected to increase from its present level of 45,000 jobs to between 73,000 and 88,000 by 1985. LOCATIONAL COMPARISONS BETWEEN PLACE OP EMPLOYMENT AND RESIDENCE IN THE CITY OE MIAMI IN I970 219,36i t56,131 149,43O { 73,796 PERSONS EMPLOYED IN MIAMI MIAMI LABOR FORCE EMPLOYED MIAMI RESIDENTS MIAMI RESIDENTS EMPLOYED IN MIAMI so4Mct u c1k14$ V Kr Lt?,oe. Lro ern 35 Employment and Establishment by Selected Industries, City of Miami and bade County,1072 Industries. _, m__No, Establishments_ ._Noolmblovees_w.... Ne+._Establisltment>. ,..,.NoJrnplo es, Retail Trade Wholesale Trade Selected Services Manufacturing 13,724 94,790 3,571 38,519 15,039 73,922 2..890 85,900 4,659 (34%) 28,639 (30%) 1,316 (37%) 14,322 (37%) 5,421 (36%) 23,821 (32%) 977 (34%) 25.600 (30%) Total 32,224 293,140 12,393 (35%) 92,382 (32%) Source: 1972 Census of Business, Gladstone Associates Estimated Office and Non -Office Employment, bade County and City of Miami, 1985 (Estimated Employment: 1985) City. of Miami As%of Industry_. _ Dade County Dade. Co. Number Manufacturing 130,000 25% 32,500 Contract Construction 62,000 30%` 18,600 Transportation, Communication and Public Utilities 80,400 35% 28,100 Trade 200,000 30% 60,000 Finance, Insurance and Real Estate 72,800 31% 22,600 Services and Miscellaneous 205,000 30% 61,500 Government 100,000 40% 40.000 Total 850,000 31%* 263,300 'vs. approximately 35% for 1970 Source: Gladstone Associates Distribution of Non -Agricultural Employment by Industry, Dade County 1960.1975 Industrial Cateaory Manufacturing 1960 1965 1970 1975* 41,700 13.6% 54,600 15.0% 75,700 15.3% 88,500 14.7% Contract Construction 23,300 7.6% 23,300 6.4% 32,100 6.5% 39,700 6.6% Transportation, Commun- ication, Public Utilities 35,300 11.5%0 37,400 10.3% 56,500 11.2% 58,800 9.7% Trade 87,600 28.5% 99,400 27.3% 132,700 26.2% 154,900 25.7% Finance, Insurance, Real Estate 20,800 6.8% 24,700 6.8% 33,900 6.5% 44,500 7.4% Services & Miscellaneous 63,300 20,6% 77,600 21.3% 114,700 22.7% 145,700 24.1% Government 35,600 11.6% 46,600 12.8% 57,600 11.3% 71,300 11.8% Total 307,600 100.0% 363,600 100.0% 503,200 100.0% 603,400 100.0% 'January, 1975, Original Monthly Estimates Source: Labor Market Trends, Florida Department of Commerce; Gladstone Associates Labor For+r Chira Fifths Total Employed Class of Worker: Priv. Wage or Salary 280,671 81.2 416,671 77.9 101,524 80.5 125,258 83.8 Government Worker 35,229 11.9 61,253 9.8 11,801 9.4 15,178 10.2 Self-employed Worker 41,295 6.5 33,165 11.5 11,938 9.5 8,511 5.7 Unpaid Family Worker 2,902 0.4 2,075 0.8 762 0.6 493 0.3 _Dada COWRY ._ .. . _: ,,..Citv_of_Miarhi. ,.tl.4 Occupation: Professional,Technical & Kindred Managers, Officers, Proprs. Sales Workers Clerical & Kindred Craftsmen & Kindred Operatives, incl. Transp. Laborers Private Household Other Service Workers 360097 100.0 513,164 100.0 126,025 100.0 149,435 100.0 42,575 13.4 68,670 11.8 12,596 10.0 14,780 9,9 45,415 9.3 47,889 12.6 12,482 9.9 9,046 6.0 35,850 8.7 44,815 10.0 10,493 8.3 10,084 6.7 58,529 19.9 102,034 16.3 20,942 16.6 27,411 18.3 50,990 13.6 69,751 14.1 14,841 11.8 18,073 12.1 43,902 14.0 72,000 12.1 19,363 15.4 30,694 20.5 20,677 5.5 28,273 5.8 7,458 5.9 9,595 6.4 16,167 2.3 11,951 4.5 7,314 5.8 4,915 3,3 45,992 13.2 67,781 12.8 20,536 16.3 24,837 16.6 Source: 1960 and 1970 Census. Income Distribution Dade County City of Nliami 1960 % 1970 % 1960 % 1970 Distribution of Family Income: All Families Less than $3,000 $3,000-$4,999 $5,000-$6,999 $7,000-$9,999 $10,000-$15,999 $16,000-$24,999 $25,000 or more 249,092 56,756 57,418 55,107 44,954 leo 21,807 8,704 4,346 100.0 22.8 23.1 22.1 18.0 8.8 3.5 1.7 329,695 35,487 37,328 43,008 64,455 78,851 49,736 20,830 100,0 10.8 11.3 13.0 19.5 23.9 15.1 78,191 23,245 21,355 15,520 10,886 4,939 1,616 6.3 630 100.0 84,679 100.0 29.7 12,961 15.3 27.2 13,248 15.6 19.8 14,092 16.6 13.9 17 897 21.1 6.3 16,368 19.3 2.1 7,720 9.1 0.8 2,393 2.8 Median Income: Families 5,348 9,237 4,450 7,300 Unrelated individuals 1,799 2,905 1,875 2,874 Families & Unrelated In- dividuals 4,280 7,151 3,406 5,543 Source: 1960 and 1970 Census 37 SUMMAfY The regional economy of Dade County has been built upon the tourist industry. However recent trends indicate a diversification of the economic base With the attraction of new manufacturing and transportation -related industries. The City of Miami, oh the other hand, has and will continue to be the center for finance and government in the region. According to the 1970 Census, the City had a total of 175,000 employees, or 35% of the County's em- ployment, with only 6% of the total urbanized land area. Projections for 1985 show the City increasing to a total of 263,000 employees. Miami's location and its large Latin population cre- ate great opportunities as a center of Latin-American tourism and trade. The City's commercial and indus- trial areas on the other hand, have had to compete With outlying areas where land is cheaper and assem- bly of large parcels easier. In the past 10 years, most manufacturing growth in Dade County has gone out- side the City. Although Downtown Miami still main- tains several department stores and will be strentli- ened by the Omni Complex, shifts to suburban shop- ping centers have contributed to a decline in the City's commercial strips. Miami's total labor force in 1970 was 149,435 persons. In June 1975, con- sistent with national trends, the unemployment rate was 11.8%.Especially hard hit during these times in the County as a whole was the construction indus- try. Construction of public projects which encourage private development should be implemented. Miami needs to strengthen its economic base and provide greater employment opportunities if it is to meet the potential shown by the projections. STRATEGIES The first three strategies continue present City policy. 1. Provide Additional Public Improvements and Services to Maintain and Strengthen Existing Viable Commercial and Industrial Areas. This is most effective where businesses are relatively viable, such as 17th Avenue, S.W. 8th Street, the Coconut Grove Village Center, and the Little River commercial area. The approach tries to trigger pri- vate improvements and actions through limited pub- lic investment, such as street beautification and traf- fic and parking improvements. It has proved effec- tive in the Design Center and Garment Center. Where the strategy has been applied to Martin Luther King Boulevard, it has proved insufficient. Additional in- vestment in loans to private investors are required in addition to public investment for success of this pro- ject. Strengthen and Expand Miami's Economic ease by Pr,omotinq Catalyst Developments, Catalyst developments are new public projects which stimulate investment. They include amenities, such as Bicentennial Park; business attractions, such as the Convention Center; public buildings, such as the Government Center; and public improvements, such as the proposed Mass Rapid Transit System. These catalysts should be carefully integrated into the existing activities of the City. Miami has already undertaken several projects to promote and further Downtown development. Other possibilities include the development of a Trade Mart, a Fish Market on the Miami River, an open-air Latin Market and a sports complex on Virginia Key. 3. Improve the Employability and Employment of Miami's Labor Force Through Manpower Programs. This strategy deals with the labor force. It is aimed at improving the employability of the population and finding appropriate jobs for their skills. It in- cludes job -training programs, adult -education pro- grams, apprenticeship programs and job -placement programs. In addition, day-care programs provide a means of allowing single heads of households to find jobs and remain employed. This strategy is appropri- ate in areas of high unemployment and low educa- tional attainment. The areas of highest manpower needs are the Central Miami and portions of Model City, Edison Park and Allapattah. 4. Provide Direct Public Assistance to Promote Redevelopment, to Attract New Businesses and Industry, to Create Job Opportunities and to Strengthen the Tax Base of the City. This combination strategy is the broadest and most far reaching and can produce the greatest results, but it also requires the greatest public commitment. Redevelopment involves urban renewal powers of land assembly, clearance and relocation, as well as new tools, financing techniques and private incen- tives. Tax Increment Financing and Tax Abatement are soon expected to be available in the State of Florida. Other methods of direct public assistance are commercial rehabilitation loans, small business loans, utility loans, and provosion of public park- ing. r3edevelopment is appropriate in blighted, un- derutilized areas and where land assembly is diffi- cult. This strategy will create opportunities for furthering other development objectives, such as housing near employment centers, and new indus- trial parks. This strategy can be most effectively applied in many of the areas in or near Downtown, including the proposed New -Town -in -Town, the Miami Riverfront, portions of MLK Boulevard, and Grand Avenue, the underutilized E.E.C. yards near the Julia Tuttle Causeway and other selected por- tions of the City. ECONOMIC CONDITIONS & TRENDS azi Industrial and Commercial Areas M 1 Major Employment Center [+.3 , Increase in Jobs F 2i i ] No Change -21 i 1-3J Decrease in Jobs 3.3 2W»&I1EMENY 1 1 a 1 This portion of the Plan is rf iated to the conserva- tion of natural resontrces and protection from na- tural hazards These se are +fescribod in terms of en- vironmental sub-systetns, including Clirnate, Geo1- ogy, Soils. Hydrology (Rivers, Floodpiains, Bay), Soils and Plant Communities as well as History. En- vironmental regulation is carried out at many levels of u overnmert, Thodgh the City is entirely urban- ized, it still continues to serve an important role in regional ecological processes involving the cycling of water, matter and enemy. Conservation and safety strategies which are based on developing a support- ive role in the management of regional resources, are proposed. Present and future responsibilities for implementing environmental programs are sum- marized. REGIONAL CONTEXT The South Florida ecosystem originates at Lake Okeechobee and extends to Florida Bay. This area is characterized by a wet and dry season, typical ot.. a tropical climate with precipitation averaging around 60" per year. It is the too of a peninsula which re- cently, in geologic terms, emerged from the sea and its geology and hydrology testify to this fact. Under- lain by varying types of organic and inorganic lime- stone, the physiographic units of South Florida to- day reflect ancient geologic environments. The coastal ridge, upon which Miami is located, was once a shallow submerged barrier bar separating a tidal basin (Biscayne Bay) from a western bay (the Everglades). The mangrove swamp and coastal marsh was once an offshore slope of the barrier bar. Today tree coastal ridge, considered to be the most suitable of all physiographic units to development, plays a somewhat similar role as it did in the geologic past. It presently separates the long lagoon of Biscayne Bay from the inland marshes of the Everglades and Big Cypress Swamp. It is a rim which encircles the entire south Florida coastal zone and serves to iso- late the inland area, plugging water outlet except through the transverse gladdes which cut through the rim and at the southern mangrove swamp. The Everglades, flat and imperceptibly sloping to- wards Fiorida Bay and cut off from easy drainage east or west, emerged as a vast, highly productive and uniquely adapted swamp whose waters drained slowly to Florida Bay and the Gulf or fed the Bis- cayne Aquifer which lay beneath its eastern limits. 41 363 AND�VTSAEY ELEMENT This portion of the Pian i; ielatiid to the conse'tva- Lion of natural resources and protection froth na- tural hazards These are ciescribed in terrhs of en- vironmental sub -systems, including Climate, Geol- ogy, Soils, Hydrology (Rivers, Floodplains, Bay), Soils and Plant Communities as well as History. En- vironmental regulation is carried out at many levels of government. Thouuh the City is entirely urban- ized, it still c(Yitinues to serve an important role in regional ecoioKcal processes involving the cycling of water, matter and en:erey. Conservation and safety strategies whicn are lased on developing a support- ive role in the management of regional resources, are proposed. Present and future responsibilities for implementing environmental programs are sum- marized. REGIONAL CONTEXT The South Florida ecosystem originates at Lake Okeecrobee and extends to Flonda Bay. This area is characterized by a wet and dry season, typical of 3 tropical climate with precipitation averaging around 60" per year. It is the top of a peninsula which re- cently, in geologic terms, emerged from the sea and its geology and hydrology testify to this fact. Under- lain by varying types of organic and inorganic lime- stone, the physiographic units of South Florida to- day reflect ancient geologic environments. The coastal ridge, upon which Miami is located, was once a shallow submerged barrier bar separating a tidal basin (Biscayne Bay) from a western bay (the Everglades). The mangrove swamp and coastal marsh was once an offshore slope of the barrier bar. Today the coastal ridge, considered to be the most suitable of all physiographic units to development, plays a somewhat similar role as it did in the geologic past. It presently separates the long lagoon of Biscayne Bay from the iniand marshes of the Everglades and Big Cypress Swamp. it is a rim which encircles the entire south Florida coastal zone and serves to iso- late the inland area, plugging water outlet except through the transverse giaddes which cut through the rim and at the southern mangrove swamp. The Everglades, flat and imperceptibly sloping to- wards Florida Bay and cut off from easy drainage east or west, emerged as avast, highly productive and uniquely adapted swamp whose waters drained slowly to Florida Bay and the Gulf or fed the Bis- cayne Aquifer which lay beneath its eastern limits. The Biscayne Aquifer is the largest known fresh- water reservoir and supplies the coastal cities with Water. Its continuing supply of freshwater to devel- oped areas is the major environmental problem of South Florida: A btief description of the regional hydrology will serve to explain the way in which the major phys- iographic units, including the mangrove s,.vfmps and coastal marshes; the coastal ridge end epland ecosystems; the Everglades and Bic,] Cypress arc in- terrelated. Prior to the imposition of the present system of canals and other water projects on tire landscape, South Florida was efficiently adapted to the dis• tribution of its 60 annual inches of rainfall f r'iincl, for the most part, in the summer months. The Ever- glades, with its sponge -like soils are il;t]Il v iter tebie, survived these winter months by reteasiny ti ter ab- sorbed in the soil. Ail forms of life became aeiaptWU to the predicament of extremes rendered by the wet -dry cycle. The higher, dryer coastal ridge also adapted to the extreme climatic regimen., although its capacity to extend the water supply though the dry season is much less than the Everglades, (foe pri- marily to soils and geologic conditions. Water drained in an arc -like iasiiion from Like Okuu chobee to Florida Bay and the Gui re;suiting in three major drainages: Bic, Cypress, S' k River Slough and Taylor Slough. Excess ,:eater ire the east- ern part of the Glades rjereolate(i siiv.sty ru the Bis- cayne Aquifer and excess water in the e astern rock rim drained rapidly to the Bisefe,me VVater in the Biscayne Aquifer moves siov-Yh to the brackish Floridan Aq aifc r r:,r ist:,: gri to the Bay. Almost no water in the wester' ;10r lion, c.1 toe Everglades, that is, Big Cypress,e.0,,h1 be: n eitc the limestone parent material and moved so rhWano and westward to the Gulf. There are no aieguar is' in this system. The Big Cypress and rhu keel glade; and the higher rock rim are all dependent on their yearly ration of water. The water projects developed in an attempt to make South Florida habitable lave corrrpl cat O and severely threatened the healthy lure ionirig of the regional ecosystem. Water quality is of irrineui- ate concern, but water supply is the oitirnate limiting factor of environmental concern. The essential issue of South Florida concerns the capacity of true en- vironment to support a growing population. 42 CLIMATt The City of Miami is located within a subtropical climatic zone which characterizes the South Florida Region below Lake Okeechobee. The climate, while similar in most respects to that of the tropics, is termed "subtropical" as it is occasionally subject to winter freezes. Within this subtropical region, the Atlantic Coastal Ridge, upon which Miami is located, is subject to a greater abundance of average annual precipitation as well as greater circulation of air die to the Trade Winds which ventilate the coastal areas from the southeast for the most part of the year. The most notable feature of a tropical climate and which is characteristic of South Florida is the al- teration of wet -dry seasons. The rainy season coin- cides with the summer months, roughly from May to October, and the dry season extends from No- vember to April. The dry season is a time of moder- ate temperatures, clear skies and has been the pri- mary attraction of tourists and winter residents. The wet season is hotter, more humid and susceptible to hurricanes and destructive tropical storms, the effects of which comprise South Florida's most potentially hazardous natural occurrences. It was not until the development of air conditioning as well as effective means of air travel that year- round population growth began and settlement oc- curred, Still, the fluctuation of the tourist -oriented economic base throughout the year is reflective of the change in annual climatic conditions. Even without air conditioning, Miami's summer- time climate compares favorably with that of other urban regions which have been subject to problems of air pollution. Meteorological conditions in South Florida, particularly good air circulation and the lack of major topographic features, favor the dis- persal of pollutants. Additionally, Miami has not developed significant air polluting industry which has contributed to pollution in other areas. This, of course, does not mean that Miami is immune to air pollution problems. Increased dependence upon the automobile as the principal means of transpor- tation has resulted in increased local air pollution. In addition, meteorologists contend that nocturnal inversions common in the spring -time, restrict the dispersal of pollutantsand pose potential problems for exacerbating severe pollution "episodes". Most of thi', hos attributes of the Tv:r Cr special micro -climate its adjacency to E.3iscd,yhe. topography. Itas h.at dr4_,-, t, urban ,levelopr-nerit LieConit•S tor in the cir.:ve(oprn(ht ,)t The City's many structun:s r in general, reilucc: the iroe This is a serious coi-is!,l,,ratior, t-e ‘vhen the, free flkyw or air merit is princwal lact,w- In ut heal. The types of material use,,,, ;)Cent that niaturial also al f(..-:cts rftci F;,)r example, concrete striicture,.; h,eat characteristics which ar.t: ..1 source of The "heat island- mf-y7y cities. Concurrently, IlunliLity 5.o.,,1, incr.c6e in cities J0 o Hssrjjj,). s well as the evaporatioh t n %ate', Or, tile other hand, the manipuiahon 01 ',than ,',-.ev(.l,)p!Tierit can greatly enhance tri micro cnete aie: tee anilii ty of the poptilation to enjo\/ THiJSU are among thu most mar,--iy..;.; C:ty ,t5 future developnicnt 3J etteicteieihiss. TOPOGRAPHY AND SOILS Most of the City •-,t Atlantic Coastal length of Florie,3 Hornestee,: e.i S Feet-. ida, separates tee coast fiein tee Ei.e.iieeees. e ridge is coniposec: of at-i lee! iireesteee cailed oolite vvhiich •,ves eoe,n in teedCI period. Urlderlylhg :j;(2 U0lk Ob.: c; or - :Janie bryozoari EVtA glades. Together, these ,aces ;S known as the M.ami great \vater tile Fort Thompson Forrhatic)ri, Fiksieeyee The Coastal Re4le is tee princii2,u, of Miami's 1(,)i-)o,:jr.iptlic sir tfrJr1.:. ir, cross section, In rvic,lu c,,11 (iS it k:,!rie!ge;, from the Bay arid of ereeue.:y, eieva- ticin so tl-,at scnr p(lrrins C; five f(301 ab0P•if!S:ii.1 25 feet are ettained in tee Si iVtir rA,,./eraqc elevation, tilf.p..gn, in Miami 15 Marti is generally f!at, with ah near the Bay, Sc)iution holes, ci-4,.se-inv YSSUIJn Of the lirmstene rock by de-i,eie eeitie irree, cr+JOted r dinato depressioris in the ioonirdo y cif Miami, though subtle arid gradual, is a e, Ceet factor in the environmental tietiee of the piece. Differences in inches can r--,ean Wiferer t natural systems, Though 1. tl.'2 spectrum of environ- reeetei to perceive, soils ,jo.-)ci indcators of the different i:nits fund in the City. Ss, evnieiii are pr nuced as a result of the inter- n of (.,imate, tonoeraphy, geology; organisms ar:ltirhe, :ire !VA developed in South Florida. Though i•,! subtmpicaclimate contributes to year- roand vvezithering ani though the limestone rock is rather sett and easily weathered, the soils have reaHveiy short time in which to develop. As a res,ilt, niest soils are comparatively shallow and exhibit iiele erofile development. Though young soils, they exhibit widely ranging characteristics. Most of ei.e soils in Miami fall into the Rock tale soi! series eon -el -ion to tee higher elevations. This series is generally alkaline and is predominantly rni ';;Oil. I i iS very shadow in many parts of the City limestone outcropping in the most It is this series that made early pio- neers of Miami say that if you wanted to nave a garden, you had to dynamite one. Probably about 75.-.!/,!:, of the City is covered by this rocky upland SOil series. Other soi! tyees, in addition to that classified as man-madc borders the bay, are found on the \vestern boundary of the City. In the more eievated areas, saney soils, such es the Arzetl, Dade, and Davie soil series,are found. As they are found on higher ground, drainage is good to rapid. They rep- resent a peysiographic unit often called Sandy Pine - lands or Sandy Prairies, depending on whether the dominant vegetation is pine or grasses. The lowland soils, which mark the beginnings of the Everglades, are very limited in Miami. These are mans and peats and include the Everglades peat, the Perrine marl, and the Hialeah mucky mad soil serie.s. In contrast to the upland soils, these are c!,aracterized by very poor drainage, high percentages of incorporated organic matter and primarily support grasses and sedges. They are dark, deep soils whici, finger through the western portions of 43 the City. The peat marshes cievelopetf in the deep- est parts of sloughs and the marl glades at somewhat higher elevations. In general, the rocky mineral soils are folind in ttUe moss elevated parts of Miami, followed in order of elevation by the sandy sails, the marls anii ti diiy the pears, These particular soil seri,is,, ii extent an i area covered, denote the physiotfiannic ;,nits, trig rocky pinelands, the sandy piny l;]rit_isr)r,rirl��s, the marl glades and the peat rnarsher,, vvilicit conr- prise'the natural communities of Miarni. RIVERS AND WATERWAYS Prior to the 20th Century, ;fivers Miami River and the Little R!i.'tr1 • `v�c't'.r `>.nlrl, Srltii- low anci, in sum, reflected the Clt'tl'i}i; 111(t <3i rlt'tr of the surrounding terrain. Tney },vert c, 5t ri strr arns which were extensions of ttit Bi`,dei•y'lnie Aquitt r. ihFey drained the Atlantic coastal ridrle and tarnotiLt,t into Biscayne Bay and were a system apart trora tt„s great "river of grass" to the west. With the, growth of tine South Florida Recjion, l rain age projects were conceive, as prlunar v of settling the Everglades. C n„is v.r,t linked to existing coastal streams `.vtii t, and deepened. Tile effects of tt,est s l li` C alit changes on the eritirt' y,`ti :';t t,, sri, piex and irreversit.rie. As i,tr t waterways of Miarni cot it leo. Lit; r; Biscayne Bay. WIiere,_,nce ttfill r.,,,, area, they now drain a large area flow through a completely till ,t,s,t Siltation and turbidity of Disc, , i,• „s the rivers increased ifue ti) kit C:!i �tri According to the Dade County r1,'ot= agement Plan (1972),'the Little Hive; polluted throuyhurlt aI if tiit'ti11 7ni; River is itnist,ly polluted and a potential Loath, threat r;, River vvater quality Iras not meet state .,1 iC itrrai standards established for Class III 'vdi ;tS ( ROci t �i tion, Propagation and Management ()i Fish and Vyiiic- life). Water pollution is primarily din it)s,1vj to effluent from sewage treatment piailtS ari,l septic tanks which fIo vs into) the rivt rs, bilt i.l;ac nt trial (i.e. the Miarni Inter natir)r., l poi!t, ,r t Jar j cultural land uses upstream it ct ii;s., i;:rrr i also responsible, In aoultrun, if:'t'r•ir;,'t;, ;,i tilt! rn,ic;r- lying vvater supply has res.,ltcs,.i sri st •i ,t r l" 'kriaion. 44 Sea water has intruded to the Airport Expressway in the Miarni River and beyond Biscayne Boulevard in the case of the Little River. While the construc- tion of salinity dams has essentially stopped the movement of salt water, it has also restricted the navigability of these waters. Tl iere are serious problems related to the rivers of Mimi. Of foremost concern is the relationship be- twee:, the Biscayne Aquifer water quality which re:pr-esints the major source of water to the "Cold Coast" and the surface water conditions. THE FLOODPLAINS A tloo iplain is generally defined as that flat area •if rand bordering a body of water which is likely to be inundated within a given period of time. Under natural conditions, the floodplain serves as an im- portant storage function, but in urbanized areas sucll as Miami, these areas may pose hazards to life and property in the event of inundation. Since Miami is located almost entirely on the coastal ridge, flood - in:; is attributed to tropical storms and hurricanes -,vhicii have localized impacts confined to the flood plains :rf the Miami River, the Little River and along ti le coastal plain adjacent to Biscayne Bay. Tropical st.)rrns and hurricanes can form quickly in the summer- time ,warmth of Atlantic waters and of all areas in Florida, the "Gold Coast" is most vulnerable to hur- rica=;es. In Miami a "severe" hurricane is expected least once every 14 years and lesser storms are ex- pected more frequently. For these reasons hurricanes ar e l egar led the most hazardous natural events which may occur in South Florida. A hurt icane as a very complex phenomenon, cannot be predicted, however aspects of it, such as wind t tot -ides and flooding, can be. Levels of flooding cite correlated with their probable recurrence inter- vals in order to facilitate prediction and safety de- sign and planning. The flood often used as a stan xllarci for these purposes is the 100 year flood, or the rrragnitude of flooding expected to occur once every 100 years. This is a major flood, but not the worst which can be imagined. The 100 year flood is the base reference flood used by the Federal Flood Insurance Program in order to determine hazard zones. In addition, these zones indicate a synthesis of information related to the tide frequency data and are identified by reach. 1 Zone A refers to an ,irea of special hatciro as (refined by the 100 year flood Linea Zones V refers to an ex- posed area of Zone A that is s.ib;;rct to the impact of waves and water with velocity. f3otn s. t iese zones are found within the city limits of Mid;rni_ Zone A-14, for example, which is found a clue.) the ib'." r coastal plain would indicate all area of speei:a; hazard with probable flooding depths up to 14 feet emce every 100 years. Insurance rates s and lesesin giiii et nes are based on this information. Gtu . eiines wset'.in haz- ardous zones primarily relate to the elevation of first floor levels above the 100 year flood :eve:. Mu- nicipalities and local governments are encouraged to conform to these guidelines if they intend to receive federal funding. BISCAYNE BAY The landforms of South Fior;dia are recent ,feooeiic developments. The Atlantic co Mai t Lige and the basin of Biscayne Bay were frnmell only around 100,000 years ago. It t-vas not, however, anti; arse proximately 6000 years arto, toe r-;eltinq o the glaciers and subsequent rising of tr,e seas, that the bay itself began to evolve. Lime an i rnrici were then swept in with the tides, b anketrlq tots deeper areas of the limestone rock and were stabit fe;;a lry sea grasses. Over a brief period of y, Biscayne Bay .,,vas transformed from a i,er;tly slop- ing limestone valley With (mangrove and freshwater swamps Into an estuarine e'.rly. nnelc,rt coastal rivers of the Atlantic Coo to Ri.i je to Tree ocean, Estuaries are tagiily 'lcoz,s_i rl-s it the),=. natural condition. They rei'a.ct ':'''u 15 r;:nO,,,in as the ''edge effect" whereby tilt: nairetimr ;roue of two separate systems is ricl;t:r dnd r to e' „I t;rse than any separate systems (in tills case, land, freshwater and ocean environments). Estuares are of sgniticant value for their "nursery" f.;nc ion in serving as spawning grounds for fish as we.i as the habitat for the early stages of fish )Ile cycles. Tile nc`._inoance of commercial species of shrimp, Fiorr,ia ioi}ste! and many small fish has been correlated to estuarine productivity. Mangroves and: t. rt!e grasses are con- sidered to be primarily responsitle for tiie produc- tivity of ;the nay waters. Dee to the effects of bulk heading, increased turbidity, pollution and the gen- eral disruption of these comrn°iAnities in Inc .;ptar reaches of the Bay, mangroves and turtle grasses are generally ceanf ined to the soutn basin, where natural productivity i5 consequently much higher. Sparse.v vegetated communities of shoal grasses and turtie grasses are found in the portion of the Bay be- !ow the Rickenbacker Causeway and adjacent to Dinner Key. TI-ese grasses support a variety of small forms of biota, algae, protozoans and Many other invertebrates as well as larger fishes, though usually short-term residents. At least 512 fish spe- cies are recorded to live in a variety of Bay habitats. Tropical fish species predominate in the summer and are partially replaced by temperate species in the winter. Mud and silt are ubiquitous in the upper por- tions of the Bay and are associated with high tur- bidity and runoff. In the more shallow reaches of the Bay, these mud and silt communities are known to support large numbers of benthic diatoms, brit- tie stars, worms, echintoids, and a large number of molluscs. In contract, sandy bay bottom which is `,jape) around Dodge Island and Dinner Key is bio- !ogicaify barren. There is, additionally, a surprising spectrum of bird species which utilize the Bay's productivity. These include species which forage from the open water of the Bay (cormorants, coots, pelicans, terns and ';hills); those which -forage on the shallow perimeters of the Bay and its Isli3nds (e.g. herons, spoonbills, biscs, oystercatchers); those which utilize the shores and exposed tidal flats (e.g. plovers, sand t it.: ers, vu:tures, grackles); those which forage in tre 't-,rest floor beneath the mangroves (rails, night- nr ;;ns; those which forage in the mangroves (e.g. ovocapeckers, vireos, Sapsuckers, cuckoos); and others. Adjacent land which is unurbanized cr in density and uses additionally serves as a i,abitat for small mammals. Circulation is essential to the Bay's health and its continued productivity. Due to the physical char- acter of Biscayne Bay, particularly its shallowness (averaging around six feet in depth), localized ex- change at tidal inlets and slow movement with tidal currents averaging less than one knot, circula- tion is naturally limited and residence times are long. Water movement, however, has been further inhibited by the construction of causeways across the bay and circulation in some portions of the north bay is almost non-existent. A serious problem associated with the bay and con- siderably limiting its multiple use potential, is pol- lution. The poor circulation of the waters through- out the bay and with the ocean exacerbates the 45 pollution caused by runof f. The hay, v„rhicii is corn- rnonly divided into three distinct basins, is most severely polluted in its most northern portion and the primary reason for this is attributed to con- stricted circulation, In general, water duality in creases (and urbanization decreases) as oho proceeds souht. Pollution sources are considered too be silt and sediment caused by dredging and till activities, human wastes seeping into the bay, and ,liselterge of urban and agricultural pollutants Into the bay. t is expected that, with the in1pe;lien tenon of mare water quality management plan and more stringent controls on alterating its pfiysic,,,; dimen- sions, water quality in the northern briSIM `y'_,IIt im- prove. It is critically important that ac,tivities which further impair circulation and Iidat fit, .hirct he avoided. In surn, Biscayne Bay Is a re dional reseerce of sig- nificant value. Its environme )tai valet! his been riis- cussed, but its opportunities for recr cation:AI end other uses are also important and are r ela:ted to its physical well-being. As a shallow', subtropical la- goon with warm water temperatures throughout most of the year, Biscayne Bay offers a variety of recreational experiences `.,vhich canure he enjoyed in many other areas of the COIntry. Thoi_igh de- graded water quality restricts water coreact sports and shell fishing in the north [3av, these can still be enjoyed in the southern reaches. Fur' etreo e, re• storation of environmental deal threeg!ioiit the entire Bay can be accommodated d try Siete „ne ir> cal actions and guidelines- Miami wee its 20r;;;<; long shoreline, don]e)atc-s the lone err:id iC('r�t to the Bay and therefore ser_x;h: take :ea.; r in the conservation of the Bey dile n -s er;, ren- mental restoration. PLANT COMMUNITIES Sincemost of Miami is located oii tee "le1` i�.i At lantic coastal plain, it is primarily ctia►eete ,e:ei by upland arborescent vegetation, Pri r iu ee .Sf ttl' anent, Miami lay within three plain ul)i nd vegeta- tive •regions: the hardwood hammock association, the pine -palmetto association arid the seedy tarsirie association. These were generally confined to ,itE IS determined by topography and sous. -Ike e highest, well -drained areas were covered by liar :emu, is, the pinewoods covered the lower area adjacei i i to fete hardwoods and tf is prair it's occupied e,e 0 .tie.'St area on the coastal ridge in areas of poorly rironeki 46 Mangrove communities with cocoplum, seagrape, and buttonwood vegetated the edges of the bay and rivers. In addition, Miami's western boundaries take in portions of what were once marl glades and, in slightly lower areas, peat marshes. The hardwood hammock association was found under almost identical environmental conditions as the pinelands with a notable exception; it is found in the highest elevations of the rock rim in areas less susceptible to the destructive effects of repeated fires which occurred in the dry Winter months. In Miami the hammock association was totuld in the most elevated portions of the coastal Idge adjacent to its eastern shore. The most con- tinuous stretch was the Brickell hammock, which extended from the south bank of the Miami River to Coconut Grove. As development proceeded ini- tially in this area, little is left of the original hammock, though a remnant is protected at Simpson Park. The urt.t "hammock" is taken from the Indian word meaning tree island and in the Everglades occur as hardwood islands amidst a sea of saw grass. The hammock association is an interesting and unique blend of subtropical and northern trees whch, in contrast to the pinelands, compete in dense stands for light and moisture. There are not ,iorninant trees in this association although the rela- tive concentrations of different species may vary widely from hammock to hammock. Representa- tive trees include the pigeon plum, mahogany, gumbo -limbo, tamarind, short leaf fig, and, most or nportantly, the live oak. Bromeliads, lianas and vines are found in the upper layers of the canopy and rend a jungle -like effect which fascinated early Settlers. i e hardwood hammock association is considered to be the climatic "climax" upland ecosystem. The diversity and stability of this system is high, giving it a good ability torapidly recover in the event of destructive natural occurrences, such as !lt,rricanes and tropical storms as well as fires. Miami's hardwood hammock community served as the habitat for an abundance of wildlife. Mammals, soch as the deer, jaguar, raccoon and wildcat, were common. In addition, many seasonal and resident species of birds nested in the trees of the hammock, Man early realized the advantages of the dryer, c:ooter,more habitable hammocks and, in the Ever- glades, the Indians located their villages on these 1 1 1 1 1 it 1 tree -islands. The pine -palmetto association covered an area just inland of the eastern shore from they Dade County line southwest to Coral Gables in a banJapproxi- mately 2 miles wide. Unlike the hardwood hammock association, pine -palmetto stands are cl,nte common throughout the dryer and more elevated areas of Central and Southern Florida. They, are, however, found only in Central and Southern Honda and the Bahamas. In Miami, the pinelands wore found at elevations of around 15 feet on sandy, woe. drained (Rockdale) soils. Remaining stands of this plant community can be found in vacant lots or undeveloped property. The principal components of this plant community are slash pine (Dade County pine) and saw palmet- to forming an open, dry habitat for many species of small mammals and birds. Both trie hammock lands and pinelands were taken advantage of by various animals seeking a respite from the wetter lowlands. An interestingplant found in the edges of pinelands is the coontie, a cycad whose tuberous roots formed a staple in the diet of early pioneers and Seminoles. The pine -palmetto association is considered to be the fire "sub -climax" ecosystem in South Florida. If it were not for the repested fires wrricr swept through South Florida in the Cary months, the pine - palmetto association would soon be invaded by hardwoods. These trees, eao'.ve v r r :_ae not germinate in the mineral sods which are cleared of or,.a; is matter by inc fires. The sanely prairies v'eru` noun ; ',`vest of the pinelands sn areas of sildntle lovier e ,rwdtion and once covered an area about 2 to 6 miles 4'di e While the hammocks and pine-pia4n010 stands were found in similar environmental conditions, the prairies were, in addition to being somewhat louver, also found on poorly i.irained sods with low organic matter contents. Although drainage operations early on altered the native vegetation of the prairies, they were thought to incluJe various grassers and sedges, including sawgrass, the characteristic plant of tl:e Everglades. The sandy prairies, however, are not considered a physiograohic urnt of the true Everglades for rea- sons of dissimilar soils, topography, geology and other environmental attributes. The Miami prairies are, however, a part of the larger natural drainage of the Everglades. Very little of the native vegetation and plant cony- munities of Miami remains today. the Mangroves are completely gone due to bulkheading, and due to ;settlement and altered drainage, only pockets of other communities are intact. "Urban" vegetation and landscaping predominate throughout the City. The character of the past plant communities, how- ever, is still reflected somewhat in the vegetative character which exists today. Tne lushness of the southern coastal areas recalls the hammocks which once occupied those areas. The inland areas have sparse tree cover for the same environmental ree- sons as in the past when trees did not grow in these areas. HISTORY In many respects Miami is a young place. This is true not only in regard to its history as a city, but also to its natural history as well. Geologically, the limestone rock formation which underlies the At- lantic Rock Rim is only 100,000 years old, among the youngest in the country. The South Florida peninsula emerged from the sea within the very re- cent geologic past, during the Wisconsin Ice Age. Plants and animals arrived as immigrants from the north and the West Indies and created unique mix- tures and adaptive communities. Many of the life forms, such as the plant family known as the cy- cads, represent evolutionary history much older than the land itself. At least 2000 years ago the Tequesta Indians were known to have lived in Miami. The Tequesta formed one of the three principal tribes of the Calusas of South Florida and were people who spoke one of the languages of the greater speech group called "Muskogean." Their largest village was located at the mouth of the Miami River. This site and its im- mediate surrounding area represents the central historic core of Miami. Evidence of the Tequesta culture is scattered throughout Dade County in in- conspicuous "middens" or refuse heaps and cere- monial mounds. The greatest of these ceremonial mounds was adjacent to the old Tequesta village, now the site of the Dupont Plaza Hotel. Most of the mound was carted away to facilitate the devel- opment in the 1890's of the Royal Palm Hotei, but was described as appearing like a small mountain 47 when viewed looking west from trio bay The last great cultural period of c re;atk ity of the Tequestas as reflected in their pottery, utensils and ornaments, is considered to be al OUtid thf.; 1200's. By the middle 1700's the Tequesta culture I ia:l cfiir appeared. Though the. reasons tire i:nc'+�.Ir, it appears that many left for Cuba ;with the Srrat ran is _firer those that remained assinriiatce' into trt0 5tr-nIr group which occupied the Ever cila ies re the 1800`s. The hostility of the Tee{UestaSwas ,afactor t'li+:r discouraged the settlement of a perIrt;eient Spariisn community in Miami, tiloUUh a .)(Stilt V'vas briefly established there; in 1567. Though the Tequest2i cr,ilure tap;1,)ti3tit��, f;tijF:,. down, Indian -white confhr.ts in and eventually exploded into tbn- While the Hitchiti speaking .0 rceos:ik rrl Alabama and Georgia tied In tile 1800' ii� tt .? I1;itS1 mocks of the Everglades for refuge In in', , ,i 1iri;t„S, they are not known tc) have. live ,l earl t car ear t:n r etge of Miami. The Coastal ridge in fact .`serf 'Cl .Arnei scan territory for waging war against the St riin:;ns. A military post called Fort Dallas `:wras located u'i the north bank of the Miami River and is t=t:.:i ty the oldest existing structure iu P,ll�tnli. The American purctbase cif f--lor,-i;i try r,: 1818 did not, at least at first, directly +',.ctMiami s growth. Key West, Blue to its Str,,ie;_jlt: easy access by means of ship, .•,'hS fill :act the reTt'ral center of Souttl Fiuriuu Ott trig Zink to therest of The wor Li, „r- and families of varied i;, "Conchs" of the Keys ar , Georgia, inhtabitera tile E3ise_ayire :r;tr,, ire fitting from the sale of coorltie and goods washed ashore from Toward the end of ttlt:: 19 Cerit ri , ti .reds +: the bay country began to ntTle' le .3s ( titers tit jrifAith. One was Lemon City in the nut t.ir CAI fr�l.atlli which was inhabited by. Key Ae seer , aed steaders from Indian Vaiiey. By the Tate 1800's, Lemon City had all the signs of pet mal,eiic.y: church, a school, a saw nlill, a;post oft , severw boardinghouses and road to Fatal Be,,i.r,. is r nut Grove, in the southern part +if ff i fi °:,is another area of early settlement. Atlit 10; families to five in Coral tit Grove ,Nett.' PR- rt: Ci:iCkS VVhO Opened is hotel ill a ren ntu pit (f.e):v' P aCaiCk Park) and entertained diverse se: guests, '; i ri?:rS?l 48 returned yearly for the climate or to restore their failing health. As it grew, Coconut Grove developed a Black Bahamian community which still retains muctri of the character of the Bahamas and is cen- tered around Charles Street. The third, and most important area of settlement, was focused around the mouth of the Miami River, and has developed into the present Downtown. Two fxrri ies, considered to be the founding families of Miami, occupied either side of the river; Julia Tuttle's hnmesite was on the north and the Brickell home- stead and trading post was on the south. While the .1c0v1tie5 of both families were instrumental in further settlement of Miami, it was due to Julia *T ;ttle's persuasive abilities that Henry Flagler de- <;irted to extend his railroad to Miami. The opening of the Flagler Railroad and the subsequent devel- opment of the Flagler hotel, the Royal Palm, at the rrieit;ttt of the Miami River set into motion a period of rapid growth for the emerging town. Soon after the railroad was built, Miami became incorporated. The original area covered by the City included what is presently known as the Downtown. Large streets were laid out in grid fashion and, due to a clerical error, land at the bayfront was publicly set aside as park land. From 1896 to the middle 1920's Miami grew rapidly and experienced a "boom" era. A Georgia news- paper described Miami in these days as a "frontier town harboring criminals and rascals." Northerners flocked into Miami via the Dixie Highway in a new means of transport called the automobile. Miami jrtiv,, so rapidly that services such as schools, sewers, star ks, etc. were not adequately provided. Real estate; promotion and tourism were primary indus- tr ies taut were also highly seasonal. Many attracted to Miami in the 1920's were unattached individuals whose shared commitment to the place lay in specu- la tive ventures. New development proceeded in the least expected areas outside of Miami. Miami Beach grew from a mangrove shoal and Coral Gables had its beginnings in the inland area away from the coastal amenities vhicti sold real estate in Miami. To compensate, both ;areas instituted strong controls on development and community life. The developer of Coral Gables,' Geacrrcle Merrick, created amenities and organized the ievelopment around golf courses and set it apart by means of grandiose gateways. Themes were carried out in the development of surrounding towns from the Spanish style architecture of Coral Gables to the moorish mosques and dornes of Opa Locka. Among the controls which were instituted in Coral Gables and Miami Beach were those which prohibited Blacks in the City limits after nightfall and Black ghettoes spread throughout Miami to serve these areas during the day. Municipalities in Dade County expanded their boundaries. Miami Beach attempted to incorporate much of the northern coastal bayfront but was stopped by Miami Shores. Miami extended its City limits to include Coconut Grove, an act which was highly resented by this independent community. The last large transaction of the boom involved the creation of Biscayne Boulevard. In 1926 the boom ended with the "Big Blow." The destruction wreaked by the hurricane which hit in September 1926, was said to be primarily due to the fact that residents who has come from the north had never experienced anything like it before and were not appropriately warned. The losses were great not only in lives and property, but in the dent it put in Miami's attractiveness. The hur- ricane led Miarni into the national depression before the rest of the country, thus ending the long period of "Boom, Blow and Bust." World War I I gave Miami a chance to rescolip on its decline by the diversification of industry and the establishment of a strong aviation base, it addition, experimentation with trnpic_l ioocis in F!c)ry a, se- cured a hold on the region's ec- nomy. Resiuentia! growth spread viest'A'aro from 1h.te coastal ririqe and infilling of urban development between older centers of the coastal ridge took p!act'. Miami was, in the 1940's and 1950's, faced with the reality of urban problems, many of ,:''girl had resulted from its period of whirlwind growth. Services were needed and Black slums '✓er< spread tfir0i,hh0t,t the City. In order to pay for these a strong economic base was needed and the Cstv „man to realiic: tt,e competitive edge of areas such as Miarni Beach with regard to tourism and Hialeah with regard to industry. In the 1950's, the population of Miami had begun to stabilize and the economic base had begun to diversify. The ph-,%sical t;irnensicr,s i f r'"idrni Were established, in the early 1960's, however, Miami experienced its most recent flush Of growth with the influx of Ciiban refugee. Since then, redevel- opment of urbanize.a lands and chati inq popula- tion characteristics have emerged as significant con- tributions to the City's history. CLIMATE ANb ENERGY The climate of Miami is subtropical and is charac- terized by an annual cycle of wet and dry seasons. As a result, it is unique in the Uni':,d States and is, therefore, a resource of consideraole value. The attractiveness of Miami's climate is well evidenced by the role which it has played in the region's recent growth and economic development. In design con- siderations, however, those attributes of the climate which relate to human comfort and safety are para- mount. The design of buildings and urban environ- ments in energy conservation and the way in which climatic and micro -climatic conditions can be ma- nipulated to reduce energy consumption is also an important concern. There are many opportunities for enhancing the urban environment as well as devleoping energy efficient structures. A careful analysis of individual climatic elements illustrates problems and opportunities that should be addressed. In terms of safety, the periodic effects of flooding and severe wind damage associated with hurricanes and tropical storms are critical design considerations. A response to the effects of flooding at the scale of individual structures has been encouraged by Federal Flood Insurance which requires that the first floor elevation of buildings be above the 100 year flood elevation. In order to quality for Federal monies, all new construction within hazardous zones must conform to these regulations. With regard to high winds associated with tropical storms, the Building Code of South Florida requires that all buildings are capable of withstanding hurricane force winds. There are, however, many additional means of re- ducing risks and ensuring safety through urban and building design. These can include considerations regarding the strength and amount of surface area covered by glazing; the pitch and design of roofs and foundations as well as the placing and security of street elements. Humidity and temperature are the major determi- nants of environmental comfort and, therefore, the utilization of wind and shade are of greatest importance in the design of comfortable living environments. The Biociimatic Comfort Chart il- lustrates that for most of the year combined, high humidity and temperature in Miami produce condi- 49 tions that have resulted in the liberal use of air con- ditioning indoors. Outdoors, heat and humidity are tempered by the almost continuous sea breezes coming off the Bay. Averaging velocities between seven and ten miles per hour throughout the year, Wind is one of Miami's greatest climatic resources which can mitigate the uncomfortable effects of heat and humidity. The major problem of outdoor comfort, though, is the fact that most development in hii nni inhibits or obstructs the free flow of the wind. Low density residential development, in which tracts of similar building types create stable air flows over the en• tire mass, reduce micro -scale breezes to individual units. Another type of problem is created by dense areas of high rise development. These clusters cre- ate wind shadows which can effectively buck breezes to downwind development. A prime e;xurn- ple of this effect occurs in the area immediately northwest of the Downtown where a lower density residential development lies in the wind shadow of high-rise office buildings. It should be noted here that the form of urbari development also creates sun shadows which can be detrimental to many uses, particularly those which are recreational or leisure oriented in nature. As pe:rceptibie features of environmental quality, these effects ciernand new urban responses. A systematic organization of building heights, orientat.iosr and confifluration can assure a distribution of development drat will enhance rather than detract from tiie qualities 01 sunlightandwind flows. Air circulation can be increased d Lez lotoiting str'ac- tures slightly offset from prevailing wind direction and allowing the flow of east -wrest win(is. Breezes for cooling can be manipulated by the utilization of fans with strategically located windows. Ele- ments such as screening, louvres, jalousies and grills are useful to adroit air flow. In addition, the eleva- tion of structures on stilts or blocks can provide better ventilation as well as sheltered area below. The free flow of wind is as important a principle with regard to the design of comfortable individual structures as it is in creating a pleasant urbanenvi- ronment. Viith the advent of air conditioning, many structures have been designed without consideration to the desirable effeels of natural ventilation and free flow of air circulation. In many cases, build- ings are uninhabitable without air conditioning, and in Eight of the energy "crisis", building fiexi- 50 hility and adaptability to natural conditions, re- gardless of technologic innovations may be ap- propriate objective in design. Insulation characteristics have implications for city- wide environmental quality as well as individual building economies. Unlike many northern cities that can be blanketed with clouds for days, Miami experiences very few days of total cloud cover. On any given day the sun will be obscured by clouds only 20-30% of the total daylight time. This rela- tively low degree of cloud cover combined With high vertical angles of the sun above the horizon nroduces severe heat gain problems. The most severe heat gain problem occurs during tine summer months of June through August when the sun heats the north sides of buildings and streets in both the mornings and afternoons. Occurring during months of high ambient air temperature, this peak insolation pattern can make outdoor ped- estrian areas quite uncomfortable and can signifi- cantly add to the cooling costs of improperly designed and shaded buildings. The remainder of the year, September through May, presents the most continu- ous heat gain problems. During these months, the western walls and, to a lesser extent, the eastern walls and streets suffer the greatest insolation. If the costs of shading an entire building are unfeas- ible, a strategic choice between providing shading on those sides of the building which are subject to the longest period of continuous heat gain or pro- viding shading on those sides which are subject to a short period of severe heat gain, would need to he made. Rainfall in Miami is characteristic of subtropical climate and totals approximately 56 inches per year. During the wet season of August through October there is a 50-50 chance that on any given day some rain will fall. During the rest of the year the likelihood of daily rainfall is much less, some rain being likely to fall only one or two days of the week. Most of the rainfall experienced in Miami is caused by local showers or thunderstorm activity which form quickly on warm afternoons. This likelihood of sudden showers illustrates a need for a direct response at the scale of urban pe- destrian activity. In fact, both of the above -men- tioned conditions characteristic of Miami,that is, heavy rainfall and notable lack of significant cloud cover, demand careful consideration in the design of any exterior pedestrian environment. In Miami, Many physical responses to the need for pedestrian shelter are possible and each can be designed to fit the activity patterns of specific location. In areas of heavy pedestrian activity, protective shelter as Well as minimum walking distances should be en- couraged. Individual buildings must be responsive to certain climatic conditions if they are to achieve energy conservation and savings in operating expenses. While Florida Power and Light Company is not an- ticipating any shortage of electrical energy for the Miami Area, the costs of energy are beginning to reach the point where conservation techniques are not only desirable, but are also becoming a neces- sity. In Miami, the critical factor in the design of an energy conserving building is heat gain through the building "envelope." Heat loss is no problem as it is in warm -dry climates because the tempera- ture differential in Miami is very small between day and night extremes. The heat gain of a building is primarily dependent upon three basic factors: building orientation, build- ing surface area and the amount, size and orientation of surface glazing or windows. Orientation is critical in all climates, but is particularly important in Miami because the air temperatures remain high for long periods of time. If buildings are of a rectangular floor configuration, the best orientation is to place the long axis on an east -west line. his places the short sides of the building where the greatest con- tinual heat gains occur. The western side of the building is the more critical of the two because it is exposed to direct Insolation when afternoon am- bient air temperatures are highest. The particular configuration of a building may add to energy savings. A building with a square floor plan has less surface area than a building of the same square footage which has a rectangular floor plan. Since heat gain is directly proportional to surface area exposed, it is advantageous to design buildings for minimal "skin" exposure. Glazing or windows are perhaps the most critical part of the external "skin" of a building in that they allow almost direct heat gain. On the other hand, while there is a correlation between amount of glazing and amount of heat gain, it is also true that operable windows and openings can mitigate the effects of heat gain by providing a source of ventilation. Further, insulation contributed to by glazing can be significantly reduced by means of shading or technical innovations such as double pane glass, heat absorbing glass, and reflective Metal- lic coatings on double or triple pane glass. Heat gain in urban areas can be reduced by rhinimi2- ing black -top paving. Many new paving surfaces re- duce heat absorption in the urban environment by encouraging grass to grow in the concrete and by using Tight, reflective colors. An important strategy for mitigating the effects of heat gain is to capitalize on the off -shore breezes in the design of structures as well as urban environ- ments. Pre-1940 housing in Miami is instructive in illustrating the use of these breezes, for example, in the proliferation of such elements as porches, breeze- ways, patios, cross -ventilation windows and so forth. Combined with the use of fans, many structures can be comfortable on hot and humid days. Another design strategy used in older Miami homes to en- hance cooling is the use of a ventilated double roof which is water -tight, insulated and reflects solar rays. In addition, the National Bureau of Standards has determined that in mild winter climates, such as Miami, an added six inches of insulation on the roof will pay for itself in one year and produce a dividend in reduced fuel consumption thereafter. A wide overhang is necessary for rain protection and reduction of sky glare (the rain comes at a 45 degree angle). Roof heat gain can additionally be minimized with water retention pools and re- flective surfaces. Additionally, other roof forms fea- ture cisterns and other elements which incorporate water conservation measures. Many old homes ex- emplify a more open appearance to much of the recent development which is designed in response to cost constraints associated with air conditioning operation as well as that of construction. Another facet of energy utilization is the profile of energy consumption over time. Large energy users, because of their tremendous consumption, can create an unbalanced energy consumption pro- file. Residential energy consumption, though rela- tively small for the individual dwelling unit, is the second largest total consumer of energy in the City of Miami, and can also add to the unbalanced profile. Because of the inconsistent use of generating facilities created by this type of peak consumption, energy costs can be significantly increased. As the Florida Power and Light chart indicates, the goal is to smoothen out the energy consumption profile 51 and thereby reduce energy costs. Techniques to modify energy consumption may include staggered work hours for large consumers. Re -arranging work hours would effectively diversify work time and life styles and thereby eliminate peaks and valleys of energy consumption and produce a better dis- tribution of energy demand. Unfortunately, not all builders are eager to imple- ment the mentioned design features. As many buildings are built for speculative purposes, the builder is not concerned with the operating or life cycle cost of the building. As an investor, he is con- cerned primarily with the first costs of construction and consequently, if certain design features cost more initially, the builder may be reluctant to em- ploy them. Administrative vehicles currently exist in the form of building codes, zoning regulations and zoning incentives to implement any or all such techniques in the forrn of design standards. In addi- tion, the State is currently developing an energy conservation plan under Federal mandate which may result in changes to the Building Code, Local or Federal monies may also be used to subsidize ener- gy conservation techniques, particularly in the new and rehabilitated residential dwelling units. ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS AND RESOURCES The City of Miami is characterized by an abundance of natural resources as well as natural hazards. Those environmental hazards described below are localized and, therefore, amenable to mapped description. In the same manner, natural resources have been iden- tified for the City of tv"iarni. Hazards Flooding Due to its tropical climate, Miami is subject to hur- ricanes and tropical storms during ttni rainy season. The effects of these storms, particularly high winds and flooding associated with surges and runoff, may be very hazardous to life and property. Much of the development in the City is in conformance with the South Florida Building Code of 1957 which en- sured that structures could withstand wind loads of a moderate hurricane (125 mph). Since Miami is mainly located on the elevated coastal ridge, flood- ing associated with tropical storrns is localized to lowland areas; along the coast and adjacent to the 52 Miami River and the Little Rivet. A program for encouraging the development of safe structures within these areas has recently been initiated by the Federal Government under the Federal Insur- ance Administration, HUD and NOAA requiring that local governments adopt and enforce land -use and control measures based on technical informa tion to guide development in flood -prone areas. The flood hazard zones identified by the Federal Flood Insurance Program are represented on the environmental hazards map and is based on the standard 100 year flood. Noise While research into the health effects of noise is still in its early stages, it is generally concluded that: day to day exposure to noise of more than 85 deci- bels can lead to hearing loss; and any sound or noise can alter physiological states. On the basis of these concerns, and in recognition of the fact that overall noise levels are increasing with time,* many governmental agencies have begun to consider noise impacts and measures for controlling these impacts. Duration, frequency and loudness are the three as- pects of noise important in determining its perceived impact. Though noise is often measured in terms of its IuudnFss (decibel levels), the way in which loud- ness interacts with frequency greatly affects one's perception of it. As a result, sound is commonly measured in terms of dB(A), which indicates decibel level as affected by frequency. In Miami the most serious impacts of noise are caused by aircraft taking off and landing at the nearby In- ternational Airport. Naturally, those residential areas which are closest to the runways are impacted most by airport noise; however, much of the City is affected to some degree by air traffic. In addition, traffic ad- jacent to or through residential areas may he prob- lematic. Other sources of noise include construction activity, industrial activity, refuse collection, air conditioning, ventilating, alarm systems of emergency vehicles, normal social activities, and so forth. l t is possible to mitigate the impacts of noise by manipulating the source, the path of noise trans- mission or the noise receiver. Which ever approach is appropriate is continJent on the special circum The overall loudness of the environment is increasing about 10 decibels every decade. Studies have shown that though Americans attribute a loss of hearing to aging, this is not characteristic of el- derly persons in non -urban countries. stances of the problem as well as the most effective or feasible solution. On the other hand, combining all three approaches to the problem may be the best way in which to reduce environmental noise. For example, in the case of aircraft, it is possible to control noise levels at the source (soundproofing equipment, improvement of airplanes), controlling the path of noise transmission (changing the route of travel in order to minimize impacts in noise sensitive neighborhoods or areas) and controlling the receiver of noise (by improving insulation of buildings, environmental buffering, etc.). In tine above example, the City would probably he able to control impacts on the receiver; however, means of control are aependent on the situation. Cities have extensive power to control land use, traffic, the operation of equipment and building code pro- visions in noise mitigation efforts. There are other tools in which the City courd ensure noise reduc- tions as well such as performance standards for land uses and environmental impact and other ordi- nances. Federal criteria have been established for the evaluation of noise impacts (e.g., HUD housing criteria) and these may serve as a basis for city evaluations. Noise can be envisioned as a residue, a by-product of human activity. This is especially true in a technological age where the use of machinery is commonplace. However, as a result of this, it is highly likely that the implementation of programs for noise mitigation will come into conflict with many general values for urban activity. It should he expected that the complexity of issues involved in noise mitigation will require that serious trade- offs are made. Water Quality The degradation of water quality is widely con- sidered to be the most ser ious environmental prob- lem and potential public hazard within the region. The degradation of water quality not only repre- sents a potential threat to public health, but also is a major constraint to various water contact rec- reational activities. The major source of water pollution iseffluent from sewage treatment plants and septic tanks. Most of the surface waters of Miami, as indicated on the Environmental Hazards Map, exceed the State standards fur coliform bacteria, which is considered to be a measure of pollution from hu- man sources. The Miami River and portions of northern Biscayne Bay are severely polluted and, in general, Biscayne Bay is over enriched with phos- phorus. Another major source of water pollution is attributed to runoff of polluted storm waters in- to the Bay and rivers. Due to the highly porous soil and underlying bedrock, water is rapidly ab- sorbed into the groundwater supply with little fil- tering thus threatening the continued quality of the Biscayne Aquifer. Water pollution is a regional problem. The rivers and underground water supplies cannot be substantially improved in quality without control of all parts, especially upstream, of the watershed. Thus, Federal, State and County supervision in improving water quality is appropriate. This does not mean to imply though that the City cannot actively participate and create its own pollution abatement programs. Due to general clean-up efforts, as well as major im- provements in the sewer system in the last ten years, water quality has substantially improved, though it is still generally polluted. Further improve- ments in water quality, though, is considered to be difficult and the primary reason for this is at- tributed to the fact that pollution caused by storm water runoff is difficult to control. One way in which storm water runoff can be controlled is by means of grassy swales which would lengther: the infiltration of water and would to a degree filter it. Storm water runoff treatment plants are also pos- sible, though much more sophisticated a solution. A county study, sponsored by the Environmental Protection Agency, is currently underway. It is im- portant to point out that the cities may take the initiative in implementing abatement programs with regard to pollution caused by runoff. Fire The City of Miami Fire Department is, according to the Insurance Service Organization, one of the most outstanding in the Country. The only other cities of similar size which are of equal merit are Oakland, California, and Memphis, Tennessee. The Fire Department of Miami has had a Class I insur- ance rating since 1963, and this rating was rein- dorsed this year. Insurance ratings for various city services range from Class I, being the highest (lowest premiums) to Class X, being the worst with the highest premiums to pay. The criteria used to deter- mine the various ratings for the Fire Department include such things as manpower, water flows and equipment, training, performance, fire code and con• 53 thunication and records systems. Though fire is a common occurrence in the nearby natural areas, particularly during the dry season, the City is not significantly affected by such envi- ronmental conditions. Rather, being an urban area, the problem of fire in high rise buildings, in indus- trial (especially manufacturing) areas, in ghettos and in areas with many old buildings are more im- portant sources for concern. Recently, Metropolitan Dade County issued a Master Plan for Fire and Rescue Services which was prepared with the cooperation of all fire depart- ments throughout the County. As it was prepared more for suburban areas than for urban, Miami's Fire Department finds its concerns not entirely the same as its own. Furthermore, many of the standards set forth in the plan have already been achieved by the Miami Fire Department (e.g., re- sponse time). As a result, the City's Fire Department has embarked on its own Master Plan, scheduled for completion in September of this year. Resources Miami's local environmental resources are a com- posite of unique elements which contribute to its diversity and "sense of place." In many cases, these resources are remnants of systems which were once extensive. The Environmental Resources Maplays a foundation for the evaluation of actions related to the City's natural resources by identifying their location and extent. Vegetation Miami was once covered for the most part in up- land vegetation characteristic of the Atlantic coastal ridge. Some tracts, on vacant lots and at Simpson Park remain as examples of what the City was like prior to urbanization. Open spaces covered by native vegetation have historic value as well as environmental value for aquifer recharge or as habitat for small mammals, birds and other forms of wildlife. Biscayne Bay Biscayne Bay is another major environmental re- source, unqiue not only within South Florida, but to all of the Country. The Bay is a shallow, long sub -tropical lagoon which was once encircled by mangroves and coastal marshes and was a highly productive ecosystem. Today, while polluted in many areas, the Bay is still biologically productive 54 and represents a major recreational and natural re- source. Those remaining areas of natural shoreline, as indicated on the map, provide access for recrea- tion and represent What much of the shoreline was once like. History For a relatively young City, Miami has a wealth of structures and sites which recall its early develop- ment and history. These have educational and, in many cases, scenic value which adds to the per- ceived quality of the City. Recreation The recreational facilities which have been identified on the Environmental Resources Map (i.e., marinas, bikeways and beaches) represent opportunities for special activities, especially with regard to the use of the Bay and water bodies. These are public as well as private facilities which allow such activities to take place. SUMMARY The sub -tropical climate, unique environment of the Miami Region and its recent development have cre- ated many issues related to its future well being. Most significant of these are high energy costs for mechanical cooling; salt water intrusion into the Biscayne Aquifer,well fields and continued supply of fresh water for population growth and aquatic habitats; protection from flooding and tropical storms; protection of the Bay and coastline and preservation of the historical heritage and scenic resources. Strategies have been and are being prepared for the Bay, Coastal Zone, and water quality management as well as energy conservation by the State, South Florida Regional Planning Council and Dade County. In support of and in addition to these strategies, the following are proposed. STRATEGIES 1. Adopt Development Guidelines Based on Water Conservation Principles. Public and private development should include con- siderations for reducing building coverage, site grading and design to avoid flooding and directing runoff to catchment basins, to vegetation to retard the ratty of runoff and allow for groundwater and aquifer recharge over porous materiel, roof design to avoid rapid runoff and cisterns to collect water for reuse, as well as low water consumptive vegeta- tion. 2 Adopt Development Guidelines lased Oh Energy Conservation Principles. Public and private development should include con- siderations for building orientation relative to sun and wind, landscaping for shading and cooling, plazas and open spaces to promote convection cur- rents and to avoid heat plumes, form and volume of buildings to minimize insolation, roof design for water retention to promote cooling, shading de- vices including arcades and canopies. S. Adopt Guidelines for Development within the Coastal Zone. Public and private development should protect natural vegetation and shoreline, encourage the use and restoration of natural shoreline where appropri- ate, maintain views and public access in selected lo- cations, encourage lively public uses and marine or- iented recreation, including marinas and docking facilities. 4. Adopt Development Guidelines for Protection from Flooding and Tropical Storms. The Federal Flood Insurance Program has already developed guidelines for elevated structures within the 100 year floodplain. These guidelines should be applied in these as well as other areas susceptible to inundation. Use appropriate landscaping and pro- tective devices, such as shutters, to minimize wind damage. 5. Adopt Guidelines for Noise Abatement and Control. Noise should be a consideration in determining the location, type and performance standards for devel- opment projects as well as in determining roadway and other transportation improvements, restrictions on truck routes and requirements for noise reduc- tion methods, such as barriers, landscaping and the Building Code. 6. Adopt Historic Preservation Ordinance. The City has already adopted an Environmental Pre- servation Ordinance, which includes the designation of scenic corridors. A Historic Preservation Ordinance has been prepared and should be adopted to pre- serve Miami's unique cultural heritage. 55 ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS 100 Year Flood A-14/EL !MSL IIIII V -14/EL *MSL '10 • ElevatioQn above Mean sea Level ZONE A: defineod special year flood. ZONE V: Exposed area of Zone A that is subtect to the impact of waves and water with velocity. Extent of area depends on characteristics of waves and terrain at the shore and would attect structures at a higher elevation than the 100• year flood. REACH: An identification number which raters to the 100-year flood elevation level as a flood hazard factor and is used for establishing insurance rates. Water Pollution Noise ge% Severe Pollution Fq 50 N.E.F.1 40 N.E.F.2 1. Unacceptable for any H.U.D. programa which provide financial support for housing. 2.Discretionary zone for H.U.D. support. i • i.. r �l�l1J ENVIRONMENTAL RE Natural Features BAY BOTTOM COMMUNITY RELATIVE TREE COVE Grass Bay Bottom Greatest Cover Depths Over 6 Feet (•;•;•) Moderate Cover 114 Boat Channels • • J Low Cover !; Natural Shoreline j J Least Cover Cultural & Recreational CULTURAL & HISTORICAL RECREATIONAL di Concentration Of Cultural Facilities Concentration of Historical Sites Marina Facilities Commercial Marina Facilities Private * Marina Facilities Public 1161110 Bikeways ••••..»• Beaches Y CLOUD COVER tEMPERA'FU tE ff ii iff NUSIBER OATS WITH NUNOERSTORMSS OCCURRING A.X. S1' xt MM CDC AVERAGE RAINFALL 10 NORMAL NEARLY TOTAL 15 S64 INCHES 5 0 YN CO .u•. Av1 MA, Jurt nn• WO SCa' OCr NOV DEC torn• :.1. 1041 W.••• n4 •••.•LL. :401.• WATER BUDGET 1 •1•43411/44444•11. • •AM.0 4- Y• C04S ien, I.44 ,v, r./NI w. 114 tkA•1•07 YiIA•I.1 Lam. �r~OT'W p�i'uJ• '41041'•C& PI,.•14'M n..114461 .4••.g. •4.414, caw 0•4 swot .•.t PATTERN OF SALT -WATER INTRUSION IN THE BISCAYNE AOUIFER Ott 4�*aima41.16, MOWN Mali* asas griauiE dttl, i if as+��s*��5E�5 as�r iaM� �'� as avtttAGt bAILV MIMIii1V f 5'` 11448*X4►4- *4 4$14 AD 115 ,YAP AA.I W, rlRE Yelkt •ttii Oki i..••6 h.A roi eta al.*, ruts kW Xr•t Oct ROA CRC Ate, SLP a• r:A Olt WIND VELOCITY AND DIRECTION rr• ESE Sl ESE ESE SE SC SE tR EME /1 M Y,r.:l .. w.•M..r•14 •Sk 4•14440*h 4.41• BIOCLIMATIC COMFORT CHART • • miaow A/ID smonappyi . •., • RED Tit NEATINOJjANC getuNQ(NNEO ff AE i'1.. 1 .•. 4 % ti *• •' •. /r •. ••.4,..1 ....Mt.0 /, bIt 314 ie J4TV DESIGN A This portion of the Plan includes a description of Miami's community design characteristics and proposes strategies aimed at improving the puality of life and visual appearance Of the City. SUMMARY Miami is distinguished by its exposure to the Bis- cayne Bay and Miami River waterfronts, its sub- tropical climate and vegetation, its special resider- tie! and commercial districts and its diverse popula- tion. On the other hand, Miami is a young city which, in the rush of its development, reflects qualities of many other cities which underwent similar rapid growth within this century. it is characterized by a low density, dispersed pattern of development, linear commercial strips and an undifferentiated grid street system. The City lacks a positive rela- tionship to the Bay and Miami River, and the ex- pressways and railroads are barriers. Much of the development itself is comprised of isolated "objects in space" rather than buildings which are an inte- grated part of a continuum of activities. The Com- munity Design Element proposes to create an en= I vironment which gives structure and orientation to the urban experience, responds to the unique quali- ties of the Miami Region, increases the personal safety, pride and opportunity of its residents and enhances the cultural heritage and natural resources of the area. BACKGROUND I The early settlement of Miami was influenced by the physical character of its surroundings. The I I rivers and Biscayne Bay provided a context to the relatively undifferentiated landscape. The edge Ieffect created by the bayshore was reinforced in certain areas by the sharply sloping appearance of the coastal ridge and the lush vegetation found there. Early growth of Miami was centered around the area of greatest natural differentiation which was the mouth of the Miami River. Other original settle- ments, Lemon City and Coconut Grove, were also located on the eastern shore adjacent to the Bay. Development proceeded in an outward fan from the coast to less diversified areas. Overlaid upon the natural landscape are man-made p p systems which have also influenced the patterns of growth. In Miami, as in other towns, communication 57 links were foremost in establishing a structured environment. The north -south line of the F.E.C. Railroad corresponded with the linear nature of settlement patterns. Dixie Highway, constructed in the early 1000's, followed the general path of the railroad along the coast, The opening of the Dixie Highway signalled the rapid growth of Miami, a city of the automobile age. The routes carved out for the automobile are probably the most significant form determinant of the City. As with many other new cities in the country, Miami never developed a strong center and settlement for the most part occurred in a low' density dispersed fashion throughout the region. The advent of the automobile was followed by other innovations, especially air conditioning, which shaped the form and quality of the City. These advanced influenced a built environment which was not responsive to the subtropical con- straints and opportunities of South Florida. The resulting environment emphasizes private spaces and isolated individual structures in contrast to the more open and public environment which would also be more fitting to Miami, The road system which was laid out in a traditional grid pattern, is in stark contrast to the natural contours of Bis- cayne Bay and the rivers. The one-half mile square grid lacks a sense of organizational structure or hierarchal order. The same type of artery serves in- tense commercial areas, industrial sectors and single family residential areas. In such an automo- tive -oriented city, this results in a lack of orien- tation and perception of place to the person moving through the City. Those areas of the City which have unconventional street layouts, such as Coconut Grove, Roads and Baypoint, retain special identities apart from the majority of residential neighborhoods. The most recent additions to the road network are the freeways constructed in the 1950's and 1960's which have created strong north -south and east -west edges. The physical and visual edges created by these routes have divided the City into identifiable parts, including Allapattah, Wynwood, Northeast and Southeast, while reinforcing the boundaries of already existing areas such as the Downtown and south coastal areas. Though the coastal areas have had an identifiable character throughout Miami's history, the western portions of the City have not. Low, flat and sparsely vegetated, the western portions are physically un- differentiated. The build environment is often uni- form; neighborhoods are of similar density, scale and type and commercial strips are unpunctuated. The need, therefore, for diversification of the in- land portions of the City is great. The Latin comrnun- ity has already begun to add a special quality to certain areas. This is especially true of the exterior environmental quality that is achieved in Little Havana. While differences in life styles are greatly responsible for this, several recently constructed buildings along S.W. 8th Street have begun to util- ize exterior design techniques which enhance pedes- trian activity. In the northwest Martin Luther Kind Boulevard is an example of an attempt to create a more distinguishable environment. The use of land- scaping, the development of landmarks, changes in scale, density and grade are all useful in creating this environmental diversity. COMMUNITY DESIGN PRINCIPLES 1. The urban development of Miami should be responsive to the unique qualities of the Mi= ami region and its people. There is no place in America quite like Miami. Its climate, vegetation and general environmental at- tributes, as well as its residents, are unique. The natural environment is subtropical and supports spe- cial plant communities. This subtropical environ- ment affects urban design by making an open, out- of-doors style of living more feasible and attractive. The development of outdoor cafes and structures which include indoor and outdoor spaces are not feasible in other parts of the country because of extremes in temperature. Other climatic and envi- ronmental adaptations which development in the sub -tropics can foster can encourage a more respon- sive and special kind of City. Not only is the natural environment unique, but so are the people in the sense of cultural diversity and mix. Here in Miami are people who come from a wide range of cultural backgrounds. Lifestyles can be expressed in the physical form and structure of the community. The expression of these cultural characteristics of the community makes for a much richer and exciting place. 2. The form of the City should provide structure and orientation to the urban experience. 46. 1 The topography of the Miami Region is flat and, as a result, features of the 'landscape which provide Orientation and context to everday activity are poorly perceived. Elevated roads and high buildings do give some orientation, but these are in special areas of the City. For most of the City, it is diffi- cult to readily perceive easy orientation, There are many ways in which Miami can provide structure and orientation tor a rich urban cxperi• ence. Major improvements to the public rights -of• way can functionally and visibly organize the ex- perience of the City. This is an especially important strategy in Miami where landscape itself does not provide orientation and ‘.'here the road system is poorly differentiated in terms of functional char- acter. Functional differences can be enhanced by means of layout, lighting, landscaping, graphics ancf street furniture. Major arterials which are highly auto -oriented can be identified by means of tall trees and high intensity lighting fixtures. Residential streets can be improved by planting shade trees and providing smaller scale, more intimate lighting. The consistent use of one type of tree is appropriate for major through streets, and informal diverse plant- ings can act as an appropriate indication of local streets. Landscaped pathways can visually and func- tionally link open spaces and major activity areas. Landmarks such as tall or distinctive structures. the Bay and rivers can serve an orienting function. Views to such landmarks should be protected and enhanced. 3. The neighborhood environment should be im. proved to increase personal safety, pride and opportunity. A major concern voiced by residents in Miami and tnroughout the country is related to tree perceived decline in the quality of their immediate residential environments. Increased incidences of crime, pollu- tion, noise, excessive parking and tr'aff is on residen- tial streets and the general lack of neighborhood identity are among the important problems of the community. in Miami these problems are pronounced because it is a young City. Though crime rates appear to be slowing crown, Miami still ranks among the highest crime rate cities in the nation. Individual character can be given to Miami's neigh- borhoods. Many sociologists and planners have docu- mented the role which neighborhood identity has in enhancing the quality of residential environments. Encouraging territorial forms of behavior makes resi- dents more actively involved in the maintenance and protection of their immediate surroundings. There is a tendency for crime rates to be high in areas where residents feel they cannot change or have an in fluence on their surroundings, or where anonymity is common. Therefore, the urban development of the City should emphasize responsiveness to the special qualities of its residents and should try to encourage neighborhood participation in design decisions. Since Miami is an automobile -oriented City, hazards related to its auto use are inevitable. However, many residents are concerned with the increased traffic and parking in residential areas which leads to dan- gerous conflicts of children and cars, and promotes a more inward orientation of residents. Many right- of-way improvements which can physically reduce through movement can be made in residential streets where through -traffic is high to protect its residents, The zoning ordinance can be modified to encourage adequate and properly located on -site parking as well as sufficient open space for residents. 4. The cultural heritage and unique natural re: sources of the Miami Region should be pre• served and enhanced. Though Miami is a young place, it has a special cul- tural heritage and environmental features which should be preserved in order to maintain a sense of historical continuity and variety. Since Miarni is almost totally urbanized, there are few areas which retain the original natural environments. Some parks have preserved remnants of the original hammock of the coastal ridge and there are tracts of remnant vegetation throughout the City which should be pro- tected. The original natural qualities of Miami can be reconstructed in areas which have not undergone massive environmental change. Biscayne Bay and the Miami River are two major environmental features which are still highly unique and should be protected, Protection does not only imply the maintenance of physical standards for the use of the Bay and rivers, but also the protection and enhancement of views to these features, The Environmental Preservation District Ordinance adopted by the City is a major tool aimed at their protection. It applies special use restrictions in areas which still maintain their unique qualities. There are several structures in Miami which have his- torical significance and have been identified by local, State and National organizations as such. The pro- tection of these can reinforce a sense of continuity with the past and can provide physical examples of adaptations to the local environment which We can learn from in our future development of the City. NEWS ANC RESOURCES Streets The street system in Miami is remarkably uniform. As a grid system applied over a natural landscape with few remaining natural features, the orienting and identifying properties of streets which normal- ly give shape to urban areas, is lacking here, It is difficult for travelers and residents alike to readily perceive differences among streets and their rela- tive importance in terms of the total City pattern. While the grid system cannot be changed, except in cases of large scale redevelopment, there are still many ways in which the public right-of-way can be treated to give it special qualities and character. In fact, the urban design treatment of streets is per- haps the most important way in which the public can contribute to the improvement of the identity, and attractiveness of the City. An appropriate way in which to give definition to Miami's streets is according to the purpose which they serve and their relative importance. Basically, there are four kinds of streets which make up the system: (1) major arterials; (2) minor arterials; (3) collectors; and (4) local streets. Major arterials are designed to carry through traffic. They usually have little pedestrian activity but major vehicular traffic. Priority should be given to identification of these arterials by motorists and the facilitation of movement along them. Minor arterials, although not too different from major arterials in terms of traffic volume, are generally characterized by heavier pedestrian activity. Collectors are smaller streets and are designed to feed traffic into arterials. Local streets are usually residential streets which are not designed to carry through -traffic and often serve important functions as part of the residential environment. Urban design guidelines should be formulated which address all elements of the public right-of-way in- cluding landscaping, lighting, street furniture, street and sidewalk improvements, signage, parkiig and any other considerations within the publ'c doMain. The differentiation of the rights -of -way in the City can be accomplished entirely by public programs. 1. 'treatment of Major Arterials Urban design programs should be geared to enhanc- ing visual clarity for orientation and to aid and en- hance traffic movement. Tall trees planted at widely spaced intervals along the right-of-way would be appropriate along major arterials for the purpose of street identification. They would not need to be useful for shade in many areas where pedestrian activity is minimal. Large scale planting on major roadways can define its importance as a thorough- fare as well as for visual orientation. Similarly, lighting structures should be tall, evenly spaced and should give bright light. There would be little need for pedestrian amenities such as street furniture and sidewalk widening. Some coordination of signage (brightness, flashing and size) may be desirable to control their distractions to the motorist. 2: Treatment of Minor Arterials These streets are usually smaller in scale and carry a lesser amount of through -traffic than major arter- ials, although in terms of total traffic volumes, there is no difference at all. The arterial system will nor- mally traverse various land uses, though predomi- nantly commercial. All urban design guidelines for minor arterials should consider an intermediate scale in landscaping and lighting fixtures. Since traf- fic movement along these streets is likely to be slower than along major arterials, guidelines geared at enhancing this kind of perception should be devel- oped. For example, widely spaced elements evenly distanced from one another are perceived in rapid succession in rapidly moving traffic, while in slower traffic they are monotonous. The enjoyment of the travel experience is more important to slowly moving traffic. For this reason, the reduction of glare and the coordination and interest of adjacent areas is important. In strip commercial areas the visual amenities from the road are even more desirable. Minor arterials which pass through areas with high amounts of pedestrian activity should be designed to accommodate these functions as well. Shade trees which reduce glare and aid in cooling public areas should be encouraged. Benches and other street furniture are also desirable to pedestrians. Sidewalks can be widened to encourage foot traffic in commercial areas. i 3, Treatment of Collet r Streets Collector streets are smaller in scale than arterials and are designed to carry less through -traffic. They are important to the identity and image of the City. Landscaping programs along collectors should em- phasize continuity of a street district. Planting could accomplish this by utilizing one identifiable kind of tree or Landscaping design throughout the area. The coordination of all other public improve- ments could also achieve this same purpose. In addition to the utilization of consistent designs, special urban design guidelines could apply to evoke the cohesiveness of the City's different parts. In some areas special paving materials and graphics could be used to unify or give a pronounced char- acter. Views to elements which help identify a district could also be emphasized through means of landscaping and graphics. 4. Treatment of Local Residential Streets Priority should be given to enhancing residential character. In these areas vehicular movement should be less important and pedestrian movement would be intermittent and subordinate to the normal ac- tivities of residential areas. Urban design guidelines for residential streets should reflect a personalized, private character as well as accommodate the ac- tivities of its residents. In some cases, large scale landscaping programs should be recommended which enclose a neighborhood or area of consistent char- acter. Vegetation should be planted throughout these areas to maximize shade and increase attrac- tiveness. An informal, highly personalized style of landscaping design would be appropriate. Land- scaping as well as lighting fixtures should be of low height to emphasize intimacy and promote out-of-door activity. Tree planting programs, which use consistent forms of landscaping, are desirable to unify and set apart residential neighborhoods. Tree planting is one of the simplest, fastest and cheapest methods of creating an identifiable area. Though pedestrian activity is ordinarily not high in residential areas, out -of -door activity at all times of the day is desirable. Special Impact Areas The noise, pollution and visual impacts of a major thoroughfare or expressway can be detrimental to adjacent residential areas. Landscaping programs can be instrumental in alleviating negative impacts. Low plantings along either side of the right-of-way would help to buffer neagtive iripacts. Plant Materi- als can be selected which are well suited to buffet- ing and visual screening. Special guidelines should he developed for enhanc- ing pedestrian movement along those streets which already have, or are likely to generate, heavy foot traffic. Streets which already plan an important role in visual definition or that serve as gateways should be identified and enhanced to better serve this purpose. Thus the special identity of the com- munity can be reflected and magnified in its street system. Though the guidelines, developed for the differentia- tion of streets according to their purpose and im- portance will help to also relieve visual monotony, additional considerations warrant separate attention. Miami's streets probably suffer most from the overall impression of monotony that is in part caused by, the grid pattern, lack of natural features and wide streets lined with low buildings and dispersed uses. There are two ways in which the visual monotony of streets can be alleviated. The first is by encouraging a sense of closure and immediacy which can be achieved by landscaping programs. The second is to direct urban design treatment to the adjacent areas. Placing utilities underground is one way in which to improve the street environment. Guidelines for encouraging interesting and attractive uses along these streets can also reduce monotony. Residential Neighborhoods There are several unique neighborhoods within the City of Miami. The preservation of these areas is an important way for residents to ensure their continued attractiveness and identity. Many of the neighborhoods in the City have a lack of identity and character. In many areas lot size, housing age and type and lack of street character and amenities contribute to a general monotony. Neighborhoods with identity and character develop out of complex forces which reflect the individual and collective expression of its residents. When one takes apart the varied elements which give an area imageability and character, it is clear that there are many actions which can be taken by the public as well as private residents to make communities more identifiable. Vegetation, street pattern, density of development, unique social characteristics and archi- 61 • ■ ■ ■ tectural style can aid in the development of an area's identity. Major atterials, rivers, COmrT erCial nodes and other significant features of the City-scape can serve to identify the edges of neighborhoods. Streng- thening their visual prominence by means of large scale landscaping along arterials and decisions in- volving important features, can help to increase an awareness of districts. Such actions should visually define neighborhoods of similar functional charac- ter, The reinforcement of major features should set a framework for the differentiation of the City- scape but should not represent barriers to movement. Connections between districts should be, in fact, improved along these edges. In the case of the Miami River, waterborne transit has been proposed. Link- ages which promote an alternative to the street sys- tem, such as bicycle and pedestrian paths, should be promoted. The improvement of the imageability of neighborhoods should not result in their isola- tion from other areas, but should enhance their relationship. Within the natural boundaries and edges already identified are communities which can he further differentiated by the population densities which they support. These areas can be used as workable units for the development of programs aimed at in- creasing their visual unity. Landscaping programs are an important means of unifying already devel- oped areas. Areas of similar density, set apart by visually prominent features, can be integrated by means of landscaping the rights -of -way with one species of street tree. All landscaping efforts should build on the already existing vegetation of an area. Public improvements can achieve a sense of visual unity in already developed areas. Lighting fixtures can be installed which are in scale with the residen- tial density and character of the neighborhood. In areas where new development is anticipated or desired, guidelines should be established to enhance the overall coherence of the area. Guidelines which consider transitions between new and older build- ings and the avoidance of extreme contrasts in shape, scale relationships, color and other charac- teristics should be formulated. Private Investment in Residential Neighborhoods The effects which public programs may have in a community are primarily confined to the public right-of-way and guidelines for new development. 62 There are many additional actions which can be taken by the private property owner or resident to enhance his community and sense of identity within it. Public programs can be initiated to en- courage voluntary participation by residents to im- prove their communities. Such programs would be especially important in single family, low density areas where activity is concentrated in yard areas rather than in the public right -of -Way. As an area becomes more dense, the street space and public areas become more important for urban design treatment. Public sponsorship of voluntary pro- grams would take the form of preparing recom- mended urban design pamphlets for the various residential areas and offering professional advice for landscaping, rehabilitation and property mainten- ance. Most private spaces within the residential environ- ment bear the imprint of a particular lifestyle. Architects design buildings which are responsive to the activities of its residents. When the home environment is not responsive to these activities, residents often will shape it to meet their needs. As a result private residential environments reflect a richness of individual expression. Urban design focuses on the "fit" between the needs of a community and its public spaces or the "spaces between buildings." An appropriate urban design goal, therefore, is to make the public environment more responsive to the lifestyles of its residents. A more responsive environment, such as the interior spaces of homes, is one which is more expressive of the community and is therefore more identifiable. The lifestyles of a community are defined by its use of space. Some groups prefer to use public spaces intensively and in large groups, whereas others prefer not to use public spaces at all, or in smaller groups. Some communities concentrate their activities in their back yards, whereas others tend to concentrate in the street right-of-way. Though a group may not demonstrate extensive use of public areas, it may be that the group is constrained by the lack of appropriate areas. In order to make the environment more responsive to the community's lifestyle, studies should be undertaken and public improve- ments developed on the basis of findings. In some cases, design studies may discover that public im- provements along the street may be required, where- as in other areas recommendations for the more re- sponsive use of private properties may be needed, One critical area associated with higher density areas is the increase of automobile traffic on local streets. There are many urban design strategies which can be taken which will serve to reduce traffic or buffer its impacts. The total effect of these urban design changes in residential streets should be to give the dominant position to residential qualities and ped- estrians rather than to vehicles. Among the actions available are: — To make residential streets discontinuous to divert traffic from an uninterrupted path; - To create an appearance of narrowness through landscaping and other improvements along streets, particularly at intersections; - To prohibit access from arterial streets by signs and barriers (with the exception of emergy vehicles); — To prohibit business or industry which gen- erate heavy traffic (e.g. gas stations) from locating in residential areas; — To implement special speed zones near el- derly centers and areas likely to have child- ren in the streets (e.g. day care centers, around schools, etc.); — To install delayed traffic signals in residen- tial areas with high pedestrian activity; — To install pedestrian crosswalks at mid - blocks in high density residential areas ad- jacent to high volume arterials; - In areas where heavy traffic cannot be avoided, to provide buffering between the street and sidewalks by means of heavy landscaping, setbacks, walls, changes in elevation from street to yard and so forth. Elements of the urban environment which streng- then the sense of neighborhood identity and reduce opportunities for crime can be identified by a task force of professional planners, architects, residents, and police. Their input can serve as a basis for the development of guidelines for crime prevention. Special Activity Areas Commercial areas usually require or desire more at- tractive external environment. Many areas in the City are unattractive places in which to shop. Im provement of these areas will require public, pri- vate and joint public -private efforts. Public improvements in special commercial activity areas are primarily related to the sidewalk environ- ment. In commercial areas where pedestrian activity is desirable, widening of the sid walk, adding street trees and furniture and appropriate ;iyl;ting could substantially improve the overall character. The con= trol of signage and parking can improve the visual appearance of a commercial area. Private property owners can do a great deal to im- prove the attractiveness of commercial areas. Design guidelines should be formulated Which describe and illustrate means by which commercial properties can be improved. They should consider store facades, graphic coordination and signage, private landscaping and parking solutions which would help commercial businesses improve their appearance. These guide- lines should be applied to individual commercial zones so that the special problems of each area are considered. In areas where there is great private com- mitment to the improvement of commercial areas, there are possibilities for the publicly -assisted loans and grants: The urban design guidelines set forth for commercial and commercial -residential areas should enhance the existing ethnic character already evidenced in many parts of the City. The openness and pedestrian ac- tivity in ethnic areas gives a distinctiveness and at- traction which should be brought out even further in the improvement of commercial areas. The Waterfront The waterfront deserves special mention because it is a part of a regional system that offers a rich vari- ety of uses and amenities. The waterfront areas of the City can provide a unifying element throughout all areas of Miami. The urban design guidelines along the waterfront stress the concept of preservation of views and view corridors as well as public access where feasible. The premise underlying these guidelines is that the waterfront should be made as visible as possible to all members of the community. In existing develop- ment, much of which blocks views and access to the water, little can be improved. There are many ways in which views and access, though, can be en- hanced in new development and redevelopment areas. A major breakthrough, with regard to the preserva- tion of views along the waterfront, was the passage of the Federal flood insurance legislation. This leg- islation was aimed at increasing safety within flood - plains by requiring all new development within this area to be elevated above the level of the 100 year flood. The indirect effect of elevated structures, es- pecially in a flat area, is that views to the water are not inipaired. Many of the older structures in South Florida were also elevated on stilts in order not only to ensure safety from tidal flooding, but also to capture the off -shore breezes for a cooling effect. In order to effectively preserve views to the water, however, new development must not only be ele- vated, but must prohibit parking under the build- ings. Elevated structures can accommodate less ob- structing functions on the ground floor levels, other than parking, for the full visual effects of the Fed- eral policies to be realized. The height, bulk and physical layout of new devel- opment also greatly affects views to the water. Build- ings which occupy the entire lot in a horizontal fash- ion, may impair views more than those which are laid out perpendicular to the water. In areas where large parcel redevelopment is anticipated, a con- tinuous pedestrian way should be encouraged to al- low access to the waterfront. In areas where small parcel redevelopment is anticipated, pedestrian ac- cess to the water should be developed at separate points. Elevated look -outs for viewing of the water should also be encouraged. The quality of the scene viewed is also very impor- tant. Many areas along the Miami River are highly polluted and littered with discarded objects which substantially degrade visual quality. Though private efforts to clean up the Miami River have been made, it is a project which requires the full support which the public can give. Views to scenes of interest should be maximized. For example, views which relate to the working life of the river help to strengthen the relationship of the viewer to the river and his understanding of it. Expansive views such as of long reaches of the Miami River and Biscayne Bay and views to the skyline ad- jacent to the bay and river should also be enhanced and preserved. Waterborne transit along the Miami River and through- out Biscayne Bay is proposed as an important means of transportation which would be desirable for func- tional purposes as well as for pleasure. It is a pro- posal which would enhance the appreciation of the waterfront substantially. Presently, residents of the City find the Miami River and all waterbodies a barrier to Movernent. While the rivers and bay are very important arter- ies of transport of goods and travelers throughout the world, rnahy residents have never traveled down the river and it is presently very difficult to do so if one does not own a boat. In a limited way a waterborne transit system could alleviate congestion along surface streets, bridges and causeways interconnecting the bay area. This system could additionally enhance the recreational opportunities throughout the region by, linking recreational areas along the river to those through- out the bay such as Watson Island, Virginia Key, and Key Biscayne. It could further link the new residential developments along the river and the proposed new in -town community near Downtown with major employment centers. Finally, water- borne transit could be a means of sightseeing to tourists to the City. To the extent that urban design is concerned with the relationships among the separate elements of a City, a proposal for waterborne transit is approp- riate. This system could be a decisive means of strengthening the river and bay's relationship to the City as a "seam" and it could ensure that the riverfront become a focal point of activity for all residents of the region. (This proposal is discussed in greater detail in the Recreation Element.) STRATEGIES Community Design objectives can be implemented through public investment and regulation of pri- vate development. Both are considered in the fol- lowing strategies: 1. Establish a Tree Planting Program. Since most of the City is already developed, im- provement programs have to be directed to the spaces between buildings. In conjunction with a program for tree banking and voluntary private property improvements, landscaping can most ef- fectively improve developed areas. Trees can be used to give identity to residential areas, to differ- entiate the street system, to accentuate gateways, to provide shade and to buffer impacts from ex- pressways and transit routes. Consideration should be given to the use of native plant material and should be selected appropriately for street function 1 1 and character. 2. Provide Pedestrian Imbrovettients and Public Amenities in High Activity Ares. A combination of public and private investment is required to create amenities appropriate to the life- styles and climate of Miami. These include pedes- trian walkways (pedways), arcades, and shelters, landscaping for shade and the reduction of glare, plazas, and urban parks, street furniture and graphics, and continuity of activities. Pedestrian linkages to transit station areas should be part of transit de- sign and improvements. 3, Adopt Guidelines for Public Projects Based on Community Design Principles. The location and design of public buildings, parks, and parking facilities should enhance surrounding areas, emphasize relationships to existing activities and natural amenities and should encourage the likely use of street spaces. Areas under and adja- cent to elevated expressways and transit should be utilized for parks, bikeways and parking facili- ties. 4. Adopt Guidelines for Redevelopment Based on Community Design Principles. General City-wide as well as special district revi- sions should be made to the zoning ordinance. The revisions should include more flexible site design, the provision of public amenities, location of park- ing, relationship to social and environmental condi- tions, and creation of specialized and diversified activity centers. General areas requiring a revision to existing zoning in order to meet land use and community design guidelines are shown and de- scribed with the Future Land Use Plan Element. The following maps illustrate the community de- sign objectives and locate the recommended actions. On the pages following, guidelines for street im- provements are presented with specific recommen- dations for landscaping, lighting and furnishing. 65 Single Family Streets Provide informal, theme planting along swafes and in front yards (average site 15'/average spacing 50). Provide low-nediurri intensity warm light along sidewalks at 13' height and alternate 100' spacing. Maintain swafes for packing or use porous pave- ment if over -impacted. Duplex Streets Provide street trees in at -grade planters (average 15' height/average 50' spacing). Buffer private parking with hedges or walls. Provide medium intensity light- ing along sidewalks at 13' height and alternate 100' spacing. Provide parking on porous paved area 9' wide between planters. Multi -Family Streets Provide street trees at 50' spacing along a landscaped strip. Buffer parking with walls or hedges and en- courage use of distinctive vegetation to define semi- private spaces. Provide white, color -corrected light- ing at 20' height and alternate 100' spacing with pedestrian lighting at 10' height. Pedestrian -Oriented Commercial Arterials Provide medium-sized shade trees along street, heav- ily landscape parking islands and plant slender- trunked, tall -canopied trees at intersections. install 20' high street lights at 150' spacing with 10' high pedestrian lights at 150' spacing on multi -purpose poles. Provide street furniture, graphics and encour- age continuous canopies over sidewalks. Boulevard Arterials Plant shade trees along median at 75' and along side- walk at 50' spacing. Provide tall, slender trees in planters at pedestrian nodes. Provide street lighting at 20' height and alternate 150' spacing and pedes- trian lighting on multi -purpose poles at 10' height and 50' spacing. Encourage continuous overhead protection. Eltriresswa+ys Provide buffer landscaping with informal arrange- ment of dense, succulent foliage and large trees along shoulder as well as walls to Mitigate impacts on adjacent residential communities. Plant small trees and shrubs along median. Provide high inten- sity, blue -white lighting at 30' height and 150' spacing. Downtown Arterials Provide shade trees every 35' along streets; siender- trunked, tall -canopied trees at intersections and in parking islands: Establish graphicand signage sys- tem. Provide street furniture and other innovative design improvements. Require arcades. Build Per- sonal Rapid Transit System and pedways. Provide high intensity lights at 30' height and 150' spacing with 10' high pedestrian lights at 50' spacing. Auto -Oriented Major Arterials Provide 40-75' high trees at 150' spacing and 20-30' high trees at 50' spacing. Buffer impacts of on -corning traffic by heavily landscaped center median. Provide high intensity, blue -white light at 30' height and 150' spacing. Scenic Routes Preserve outstanding vegetation and views. Prohibit billboards and enforce strict sign ordinance and other land use regulations. Local Streets with Median Plant shade trees at 50' spacing in planters along street. Plant double row of shade trees and protec- tive shrubbery in median. Provide street lighting at 13' height and 100' spacing at sidewalks and pedes- trian lights at 10' height and 50' spacing as well as seating areas in median. Local Commercial/Residential Arterials Provide street planters at the middle and ends of blocks with medium size shade trees. Landscape med- ian with shrubbery. Provide high intensity, blue- white light in median at 20' height and 150' spacing. 67 P t?MAN LIGHTING b ltri�' i � v rye tt Street 'I nitrflvemflehtt A l • } • 4 z + 1, • ♦.♦n a.• aar a* 4* 4, • .o- • r • • • 1 1 1 1 ir i111 t 1i ()I \1I1\1I. 11O1:11)\ H.P .V RELIGHTING PROGRAM AS OF. JUNE 1976 BPH.• PMJ[C4 AREAS 7.. S.ison' District 11. noon* Blot. 21. Bougie,' C P B 11. *endorsor 2E. Ee2.un. 1. C.B C 14. Santa CI*** ..-. What Nagler 1.. Score Borth 1E. Co..tete 2i. Bt.c.h1 N. modal Cities north 10. :iota Cantor Boat 25. Borth S.r.nor. F. $/ ap.tton 7B. South Perk Sr. SMnodosr. 0. Edison 14. Citrus Shoo. 11. South MP.ner. . nod.: Cities South 20. Mr feint 17. !.trims. e. 21. Porte Ahem 11. TuiW 1t. coat,. Mrer- 22. 3rep.1IM 30. South Oros .�. Cute Center it Ct. grow.. Point 17. Plrer.lg.•grlcA.il 21. Boowi0.n *a• PPSB lighting installs { f BPSB lighting 00012,0 - uHtt0g inetellaten Bsi.ting •.coop, roper 1tgMtng MS.ttng hoot tog ertos I.L_ T �•� PEDESTRIAN IMPROVEMENTS .. _ .. - may. xirf-'-*4P 4 i ' rY, 4.w t 0. 0 W ,.',, cr df Q h4:f.? ENVIRONMENTAL tn cc • • UNIQUE AREAS El W7 .� ,r- Su i m.s �.cI.a,. Pae'' VISUAL. ran VISUAL ELEMENTS R,; 4+! `.{ w .'.a7 FEATURES • • iTrrrrtret �€ yy w 1" -+-q..w�_ lYwY4s.y ,, Hoil- 41 , FL 0 t• { � t t �}✓f ty k 0' rp E WI Q SOURCE '•. J' & CULTURAL FEATURES HISTORICAL 4*11 Z W ..r Z 9 W 0 CCa street comer us • 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 s5 LAND USE ELEMENT The Land Use Element addrLe,sie, five basic ques- tions concerning the City's tc:k in establishing sen- sitive land use policies and regulations over the next ten years: 1. What are the existing land use patterns and how have they evolved? 2. What are the present trends in land use distri- butions and geographical patterns? 3. If present trends continue, What future market demand can be expected for the various land uses? 4. What can the City do in terms of land use policies to guide future development, enhance economic development and improve the quali- ty of life in Miami? 5. What are the major opportunity areas for re- development and changes in land use? LAND USE DISTRIBUTIONS AND PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT Existing Land Use The distribution of land uses in the City of Miami reflects several historical development factors, some of which are unique to the South Florida Region. Since the environmental quality afforded by South Florida has been the prime catalyst for Miami's growth, residential uses remain the largest single category of land use. Approximately 47% of the total land area in the City, 34 square miles, is de- voted to residential uses. Most cities in the United States with populations over 100,000 have less than 1/3 of their total area devoted to residential uses. Miami's development pattern has historically been dispersed and relatively uniform low density hous- ing. However, following National trends toward higher housing costs, many residential areas are increasing in density. High value bayfront commun- ities are undergoing dramatic change with the de- velopment of high rise condominiums. In areas ex- periencing high demand for middle and moderate income housing, two patterns are occurring: a rap- id shift from single family and duplex to multi- family densities in Little Havana, and a shift from single family to duplex densities in areas of Shen- andoah and Allapattah. Nevertheless, nearly two- 69 thirds of the City's residential land remains tow density, single family. Following a pattern common to many autcrmohile- dependent cities, streets, highways and parking areas consume a significant proportion of Miami's kirid area. Presently, nearly 31`l4) of that City's band rs de- voted to the broad category of transpclrtalion, com- munications and public entities The pattern of commercial land Sue tt ridws that of other urban areas, consisting of d 'atCur-' central cum' serving regional office and retail markets as well •is extended commercial strip development along n arly every major arterial. The viability of Central Miami as a regional office tocati0n has affected tfle in ten• sity of development within adjacent dreas In recent years development along Br ickelh,ven e h.is oct ur red at CBD densities and represents an r ioe,q +_n of the Downtown office eore. Similarly, commer- cial development north of Downtown in the area of "Omni" represents a nor thward expansion of r tail uses. Outside of thy' central area, commercial de- velopment is likely to i.md rgo significant charrl.lc due to increasing competition from o;tlying com- mercial centers, declining market support and de- teriorating environmental char aai terisrrr_S. The City's comrnercr,ai laa;ni !.asr>5 lclta,I 1 ,7t)r_) acres, 791 acres are in rr=tail ese and acres are i-'vrlted to office developnrerits r; tered throughout the City ;aIcanc3 'r ia! streets. Only 1/8 of the City's retail fn,,or ,n .a �s Downtown. Office uses are concentrated in the Downtown-Brickeli area, iiwnere 1,13 cit tee Cie, office floor area is located. Industrial land uses have developed as c;urr i.iors along major rail lines north of Downtown as ',vett as along the tvliarni River and near the Internitionat Airport. However, industrial uses have remained a relatively small proportion of the City's land lase compared with cities of comparable sin . Follow- ing a shift in emphasis from rail access to tugtaway access, as well as factors such as parcel arrangement and taxation policy, industrial activity in the City of Miami is gradually obsolescing. A limited poten- tial for industrial expansion does exist aloria several major arterials which are presently per len, ail; commercial decline, and in the undeveloped F.E.C. property south of N.W. 37th Street. Industrial and warehorasing uses ac:connt tr r 6/3 7U acres of the City's total in 1975. The majority of this manufacturing land area is south of 36th Street and north of the Miami River, including the Port of Miarni. Other important land uses are parks and open spaces scattered throughout the City, totalling 026 acres. The lost significant land use is vacant urban; these undeveloped properties are scattered throughout the City totalling 1,418 acres. Most of these vacant properties are small, fragmented holdings unsuitable for large scale developments. Trends in Land Use 1960-1975 Singie family land uses showed the greatest absolute ellenge during the period 1960-1975. In 1960, Mi- ami had 7,850 acres in single family use. This de- clined to 6,621 acres by 1975. A large portion of this decline was the result of large increases in du- plex and multi -family residential land uses. Duplex land use increased from 892 acres in 1960 to 1,772 acres in 1975, Multi -family uses more than doubled; from 821 acres to 1,924 acres. Ttu:se land use changes have been far from uniform City-wide, Single family usage has shown the great- est declines in the area south of 36th Street, north of Coral Way and east of 27th Avenue. This same area teas shown the greatest increase in multi -fam- ily acreages since 1960. r)-iplex land use has increased significantly on the periphery of Little Havana and in the southern por- tion of the Model Cities Area. Another significant land use trend has been the de- cline, by clearly 50%, of vacant land in the City. in 1960, 2,744 acres were classified as vacant, de- creasing to only 1,418 acres in 1975. Many of the vacant areas were actually added since 1970 due to urban renewal activities west of Downtown Miami. The transportation and utilities land use category eras also increased substantially in the last 15 years because of continued expressway construction. Over 500 acres of other land uses became part of the expressway network by the early 1970's. Otner small land use changes are seen in the following ci is rt. Lanti Use Changes; 1960,1916, City of Miami (Percentages shown are tor net area only, excluding local and arterial streets) Latiti_USLCatedON_-___ Single Family Duplex Multi -Family Mixed Residential Total Commercial Hotel -Motel Manufacturing Education -Religious -Cultural Hospitals -Public Administration Parks -Open Space Transportation -Utilities Vacant Urban Inland Water 45.27 37.32 5.15 9.98 4.74 10.84 1.80 0.47 8.60 9.63 0.78 0.59 3.04 3.79 3.33 3.91 2.13 1.90 3.55 5.22 7.00 8 362 15.83 7.99 1.783 0 100.00 100.00 1 Represents 17,748 acres of net land use, excluding local arid arterial streets. 21ncludes expressways buIt since 1960. 31nland water acreage bayf Hied 1960-1975. MARKET DEMAND The Market Demand section focuses on expected fu- ture need for additional residential, office, retail, and industrial space within the City of Miami. Problems presently confronting each of these market types and alternative courses ot action available to the City are discussed. Housing Demand Housing demand illustrates the projected need for housing, by unit type, until 1985. The high, medium and low figures refer to three population growth es- timates contingent upon vat ying rates of in -migration, household formation, etc. A detailed analysis of the City's demand for market and below -market hous- ing is provided in the Housing and Residential Neigh- borhoods Element (Housing Market Section). NEW UNITS REQUIRED 1985 Gross Demand 1975 Net Supply Additional Units High Medium Low 157,000 149,500 142,000 129,709 129,709 129.709 27,291 19,791 12,291 • 151§tRIOUtION tili 'POE Pewit High MeePurr. Lefr Single Family 3":-.. 819 594 30 Dutolex 14% 3,821 2,771 1,721 Multi -Family 83% 22,651 16,426 10,201, Total 100% 27,291 19,791 12,291 'teat tttlfiiiAttb STOCK High MediuM Lbw Single Eamily 51,186 (33%) 50,961 (34%) 50,736 (36%) Duplex 20,037 (13%) 18,987 (13%) 17,937 (13%) Mu it i•Family 85,777 (55%) .79,552 (53%) 73,327 (52%) Total 157,000 149,500 142,000 Office Demand A 1975 office space survey, including Miami, Fort Lauderdale and Paim Beach, indicates that occu- pancy levels have continued declining since 1974 with the exception of Miami where increased occu- pancy in the outlying areas have offset the declining statistics for Downtown Miami, 1974 1978 Change Miami 79.4% 80.0% +0.6% Ft. Lauderdale 83.5% 77.9% -5.6% Palm Beach 82.7/Q 80.1% -2.6% 80.3% 79.6% -0.7% Out of a total of 13,670,819 square feet of space surveyed, 2,777,851 square feet is vacant, broken down as follows: Miami 2,103,004 square feet Ft. Lauderdale 481,885 Palm Beach 192 962 2,777,851 square feet The Downtown areas show some interesting com- prisons which require some explanation: Miami Ft. Lauderdale Palm Beach Downtown Space Total 3,044,692 sf 434,095 340,250 3,819,037 sf % Oc- Change cupancy 1974-75 78.0% -1.4% 97.6% +0.3% 76.6% -2.2% Downtown is still the largest single office space category with 28% of the total but in Miami and Palm Beach it continues to drag. Ft. Lauderdale's high occupancy level results from the simple fact that there is a shortage of space in relation to de- mand. Two new buildings on the drawing boards 71 last year have not yet materialized. One other building has joined the drawing board group and one, at least, should reach development stage to satisfy the demand. As shown below, there are some interested occu- pancy changes in the various sub -areas of Greater Miami. Those that are showing an increase from 1974 to 1975 are as follows: Coral Gables Coral Way S.W. 1st Street N. Miami Beach & N. Miami Dadeland & N. Kendall Area Palmetto Area 1974 1975 78.3%3 81.4% 69 7H 93.9(''6 69.7% 7b 8',vr) 80 7%, 84.2'r 78.3% 84.3" _, 67.7`:{, 8(3.9`6 Those areas with declines are as follows. Miami Downtown Biscayne Boulevard Brickell Avenue Miami Beach S. Miami Miscellaneous 1974 1975 9 7.4`ib 7 3.0% 87 : 72. 89 1_'X, 86 7 92.0'.X0 89.6`3, 77.0% 76.6r%: It appears that the leasing strength is in the out- lying areas at the expense of the DoWiiown areas. That is a trend that has been un;ior:iny `nr tom,, time and is underlined in particuiar it r Palmetto area in which the amount of leased Of r ._, sO;,c.e in one year has increased from 638,000 square feet to 747,000 square feet. That is a 17'- , ,in. Loe,,e rents, greater accessibility and aggressive ieisirj policies are basically the reasons for tile dramatic increase. Included in the Greater Miami Area is 721,585 addi- tional square feet in 1975 than in 1974 which in- cludes the new office buildings completed rn the past year plus the addition of a few older str:.tctures. There are a number of buildings that are not eum- pleted on which construction has been stopped. The location of these buildings and the area involved are as follows: Downtown Palmetto Coral Way 72 170,000 square feet 207,000 square feet 36 525 square feet 413,525 square feet One of the reasons for additional vacant space in many areas is the movement by Florida Power and Light of many of their offices and employees into their new Flagler Street facility. From all appearances, there is little change in rent& rates from 1974 to 1975 except in the smaller buildings of under 40,000 square feet where rates are quoted as much as $.50 to $1.00 less than the previous year rates. In addition, there is room for negotiation on the listed rates and concessions have been given in the area of extra parking spaces, ten- ant improvement costs and escalation charges. In order to prove that "hope springs eternal," there are 235,000 square feet of space currently under construction in the Greater Miami Area which, if added to the buildings on which construction has been suspended, total 648,525 square feet. Even though this represents a staggering figure it is still much below the 1,154,115 square feet of rent- able area which was under construction a year ago. No dramatic predictions are made for the immediate future. The climb to better occupancy will be achieved but it will take time, and much financial suffering is occurring when buildings fail to achieve economic feasibility. Mortgages have taken over in many cases while others are on a "no amortization and reduced interest rate" basis. An improved na- tie nal business picture will certainly help but it is sobering to realize that there are approximately 30,000,000 square feet of vacant space in New York Cray alone. Overbuilding and agony in the office space market s almost nationwide. Nevertheless, it should not be ov-errooked that office space occupancy in Miami climbed from 75.7% in 1965 to 96.3% in five years. Public improvements in terms of rapid transit, park - cultural and recreational facilities as well as other amenities will improve the attractiveness and potential for future office development in Downtown which will, in turn, be critical in the development of residential and support commercial in the CBD. Demand for Retail Since the: end of World War II there has been a revolution going on in the world of retailing. The predominant position of Downtown, with its con- centration of department and specialty stores, has way to the neighborhood and regional '11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 shopping centers which are l(Catee -e,e, to the new residential subdivisions and r.,rovide ft imrk, Mg With a imnimum of conc,,estion. Because Miami is a yodng City, L';;., only approxi. thately 70 years oid, it lid not have as heavy d con- centration of retail stores withir, Doe,,,ntown Core that had to he ' saved.- ;yleirra's D,eyve t Leen is small in relation to the large area that -,,prea..is out from it to the soinh, st n.eorth And sO many (a,en menthes c,t Downtown Area is not tee eereee the City. Becdus vr:ie.! not nay( aepr..!ill as it (ioes sonli, iet kiejte 0, east(,tn Lir \AiiV1,n v thi dominant oi,-)sitlen tt eeentels ere,,e„; Strc!Et in Mani Tr.1 st: ari,,15 clutieJ 17th t\Voll'o#': drt Li"t1,. tered droJn N Th6.lotiutt ot th‘_; .1" of the Vt?n,..".tia;-i Ca,:sti,,,,ity ,,; Sttrirs Roebuck Store, is being constr,:ett;d, o. . act ioe, [)t;A,;„•:).„0.%;; ,,irti,,,r l3s,t Shot)pillg Cteree Ct:f • the City LiriLts \Alith the ceest' 163tCt Strt:!! •\!r• ,;7 L COUrlt iar trcifri a;.".; end Ltttt Rivt.Jrs, This teti..io i)\,e tI f fin: S !kJ thitiq in tfit:r yvhit:li is of dr,i;',.,Pri,tele, %lee- , eat king (..:c)sts (dt,,repe-Its,- c't 7,..1 ITiort! giarnt)roLis ItiS 1{,1! .)ft !)in k)ttict-; ; mnt Lit I ,t, %VII; t)('' r. ternationai, which will conta,e, considerable irno,.int of retail space, will serve ti-e.; .ore and fur- tno limit the potentials for other large retail devel- opments in the Downtown. However, retail ..-,eace vviii be constructed on ground teveis ot new ot fice buildings and will be designed to serve the Downtown work force. For every neW 1,:iicting constructed, it is likely that some of the gr(nd floor space will be retail. Given an average anneal increase al 300,000 square feet of office space in the Downtown Core, 5,000-10,000 square of retail space could be anticipated on an an - basis. This figure, however will be larger if high- s' lexury apartments are developed as well. The yowth of Miami as a tourist attraction, espe- eiatly for Latin American visitors, will most likely generate a need for quality hotel -facilities, retail commt:rclui and services in and around the Down- town. In a fl tion. the Convention Center, the renovation et Fiagler and the novelty of a P.R.T. or Riverwa!kvvay with a Fisherman's Market will oreoeolv iecrease the economic potential in the CBD enough to sustain a second major depart- ment store such as Saks 5th Avenue or Lord and layior. The scnend largest pattern of commercial uses out- sIee of tln Downtown is strip commercial. This rrn o evelopment which follows the main traf- arteriais is ;Iearly a product of the advent of tee aetornob;le throughout the United States, es- visilde in younger cities like Miami. As the 0,,tc,montio supplanted other means of transport& these arteries continued to be prominent and evac backed UP by heavily populated areas that depi2rded on their retail facilities for the supplying of their everyday needs. In order to control the development of the arterial streets zoning restrictions were created so that in- oern-ionious uses would not result. Unfortunately, an unhappy American custom which is prevalent in Ole majority of our cities of zoning an overabun- dance of commercial properties became the order tlie day and Miami is no exception to this practice. Most of Miami's strip commercial is in a period of (;conornic and physical decline. Notable exceptions uu Cora Way, S.W. 8th Street and parts of Flagler Street. Major economic development strategies in the form of parking and circulation improvements, 73 street beautification and commercial rehabilitation will be necessary for many of these strips to re- capture part of their lost market from the suburban shopping centers. There are no foreseeable) economic improvements along these strips with the exception of the Little Havana Area, where an increase in tourism could have a pronounced Effect in the eco nomic vitality of businesses located there. Demand for Industry The industrial areas within the City of Miami ti located principally adjacent to the rights -of way of the Florida East Coast and the Seaboard Railroads. The three principal areas are: - Just nor th of the is ntcir of C)o ,,n n F ),t — Near the intersection of N.E. 'lii! Avenue and 71st Street — Paralleling N.V\r. 20tti Street v,:r,St i.)f Bill Avenue Unfortunately areas contain only : ,nail oar, eels of vacant land 3ri't non-t.oiitorrreng res' ieriticai uses make land assemblagc difiii_;;Ii Another area of consii.kir<at")ie si,e that made available for inlust! l ai ;)lints xs rI 5 lead Vista yards of thr: iFior i3i,i East C, Fiaii oad, located at N.E.:36tn Street ari.i Miami Aver;i,e, already 7onei1 12. This s l rgeiy iinirriprovea ex cent for the rails i)tait trackage w\111,5;,i t,s: con- fined to a small,=r These major areas, as `:c:i a5 tie tilt... ones dotted thrc)ugr)rt borti; 5 t'n Cit have not been tieveia14_2,d as fir; . istr;Lar barks I' which the developer in?ooses cot fair' restr relating to land coverage, selbiak, parkiriti ratios, and the like. These arias viithi t toe City are subject only to the Cit•y's znr,,sl strictions, with ,tit- result that ,trip t_over,i!it.'Icec been heavy; setback and Si, u, yiirti rc'St1 cations t MOST nonexistent ariJ r:.] irri for L,tiar ' t;i;iliriSHin difficult to achieve, This is the in;S.istrj[ai tutern that has prevaile+t in so many of our I ,rciLr Eastern Seaboard cities dating back many years. Currently, there is Curtsiderabiv,ii-:aricy et In)iirs trial space and tiltre aro nit)re t,ant industries leaving the City thdn appear to be moving in. Taxa- iiorl and zoniricg ark- the tir irici;)ial r east rs fOr tree lack of popular itn,' Mi irni Lis t ,.Ater. This contrasts with the nearby City of Fii;. lean and 74 the newer industrialparks, such as the Sunshine State Industrial Park located on the palmetto By- pass on the edge of the Golden Glades Interchange. The inventory lax, in particular, is cited as the rea- son for industries' moving from the City. It is stated that the tax on industries doing business with- in hie City is tied in with a valuation of between 60'!6 and 8O`;-�?, while in Coral Gables the percentage tang.,,; from 20 to 25 and in Hialeah there is no in i-ntory t<ix. This is as of the year 1965. The ad valorem tax also was cited as inequitable compared with nearby cities, with Miami at approxi- rri itoly 70% of full value while Hialeah sets its assess rr;t;nts pis (0' V as 33Ya of the full value. It is thus obvious that Miami loses by comparison, especially with Hialeah which is well oriented to the word nt industry and provided the ail -important City water and City police. :natter of zoning comes in for considerable siitlt isrn on the part of industrialists and the in- 1t..,stri�il rc)altors. It is their feeling that the present City zoning ordinance works a hardship on many prut)t'rties that torrnerly had more liberal zoning. Miami's industrial plight is a serious and continuing ,;r,,bi ,rn. The City is faced from a budgetary stand- point ;'with th,e need for dollars and, therefore, the `sictner taxes are deemed necessary in order to make en...ls meet, Bit when companies move from the City, tr.) Li new location in the County on the Palmetto E:a-,pass, it is obvious that the City is killing the ti.0s that lays the golden egg. New sources of rAv, i.;t (ire not sitting around waiting to be dis- covered, but it the City wishes t0 achieve greater ialiance in its economic base, some substitutions must he focind or the higher inventory and ad valorem taxes that are placing Miami in a most diiiie,ult competitive situation. The City will have to aggressively seek new indus- tries; employ its zoning and taxing powers as in- G ritiveS instead of constraints; take advantage of increased opportunities for Latin American trade as well as the location of a duty free zone within the City Limits and realizing the concept of an Inter -American Trade Center in Miami. In addition morn for industrial expansion will need to be ad- irtessi:d through urban renewal assistance or lease of public properties. fl 1 1 1 GUIDING EUtUI E REDEVELO.'MENT Over the next 10 years one of the rnrie) isstws con- fronting the City of Miami will;tie grown.), not in the form of develen i-:nt bet Of redevelopment Undoubtedly, emphasis on the ciiiaiity o1growttI will nreckjminati;,ls the City ir(tsas an iirlaetti environment antci that ionit 1111iY)r- tanCe of Ct'_lia}il'y" CiC'.4'etoprrent tit( snort` range atttractit+'Ili-.": 14iS1, + cir,vf ti�iA%%r.,Olrr11(;I'i. T1iE.'r(? fi\t I);1.`yft n"S,i`i of eel tr•._:r", .t , It the City cee iv" a1 1 rf?t: ! l.i! IC t? O I r .do elop- item tft it ai 1 I Zoning Tile City of Miami Zon,n i t; in June 1961, hes Peen tee t { ;� 1'�ici. rti ttji ,i 1ifit. land us+' C:)rttr(ii, Its r ; t st .�', inruiiitid,j Citn i r3liCCdtE'' Si..,:,i,)i,r,dt ir: i „�}t �. t(iiili lt:i intensity of use; one inc;.,,itcir,ttt` mint st )n _i,ar s It ektt-.s;sete,, , rt t�, kit e atlas, distributing 22 ty, i s iteeinii., eistrecei lrt: a Zoning rc+'3.,t.t which si.t+r ies r4>(ji,iatiofs associated v t (tech district. While inf:. Citys !an , abt'2 t'l(1r it �4;Zi;F� t: t r !lance, lee Ci put k � : r.i{ �,�,•�il�_1tr.1 ..ii- r t+'�' s ,'iltrt inti`y oni y rn areas ittent;Of, 1 i C;, in the t nsi+ it rlener,il , tt")weoo by ioninct yri ia, ;:l.i:',i't''; 1)1 ill.: Se rvlii:' tO tiri,,t+'+.! l" ri .;aic7y life. aff(lrr',ed to 1fi,in r r i(ti tti ; In Litit' t i, + stir ,Y t :nsst ;T t)' Havana, ,' car tc:>;,) Y;,ie tl residential it i '' sr rt t, i�lti_ t iablr.' mutti•fdnllly` 't [lilt (7. r i�)4 that tilt..., /(initl(} <3i ten'; C1t fit , " ti it r(?,ise; in the Lcapat.ity t)f inir1'st'- C.t and social sc,rvic��s. fmt the ,inb,,in-nt ay'�tC'n'ib Tito City (71 Miami Zonis t Or lr.:, 1;rost.ntl; t„ heint, r(vie:.r+,:411,. It :ail : r: C orrii)ietr+_?ti f.}' ir1�' C�)!l ). t i:yll�i.; Pi. r�. Th+. follow- Iris 11r:r1 it1 nS s'et)ice 11, .1 :r-t'r :i to itereig rt.VISiIJn, a�lltllt1:f?b'V /t)nr,n11 orJilli-trik.:0. — Zoning, as an independently ntly used tool for tr, land use regulation, is not Cective in a de 1'lrC'Ss?d economy where there is little de- mand for the land use being regulated. Innov. tive zoning tools as bonuses and in- centives am most effective only where the nres�elt zoning is restrictive and there is a high market demand for a given use(s). Ct r thin amenities should be required instead of being conditional upon certain incentives ; f t hNy jre estimated to be in the best public interest and highly appropriate within a par- ticular district(s). A ahift in tmpnasis from "prescription" zoning to performance" zoning including land i. se intensity (L.I.U.) standards, special districts, planned developments, transfer of develonmt nt rights, etc., is encouraged. The underlying premise in this principle is that quality environments are not generated frum "quantitative requirements" but from a sensitive understanding and agreement be- tween all parties involved. It replaces the traditional setback, height, bulk and other iev_,lopment constraints with a flexible system when! Toth the developer and r);,thoriti;s participate in reaching a desired solution. — In h.ilt-t), areas, redevelopment projects and/or public improvements which beautify and link the different areas of a given dis- trict will be more appropriate in generating a multiplier effect on adjacent properties than the use of zoning tools. Infrastructure Capacity The capacity of an area's infrastructure, i.e., sewers, water, streets, public transit, parking facilities, etc., can be both a constraining prerequisite for develop- ment as well as its incentive. In the fringe areas of the County where growth takes the form of new development, the main issues are water, the availa- bility of sewers and accessibility to the expressway system. In the Downtown, it's street capacity, park- ing and public transit. The proposed Mass Rapid Transit and the Personal Rapid Transit will allevi- ate traffic congestion and improve circulation within and through Downtown. Nevertheless, a re- 75 orientation of Downtown parking facilities from on -site to off -site and remote parking facilities Will also be required jointly with the traffic im- provements. A similar type of strategy will he needed throughout other parts of the City, e.g., the Medical Center, Coconut Grove Village Center, Little Havana, MLK, etc. Public/Private Joint bevelopment In essence, most redevelopment and rehabilitation projects will necessitate some form of joint venture between the public and private sector. So far, the State of Florida has lagged behind most other states in providing the necessary legal assistance and finan- cial resources for such purposes except when the intended use was "public in nature" i e , govern mental facilities, public housing, etc. Awaiting voter approach through the referendum process is the proposed legislation on Fax Incre- ment Financing and Tax Abatement. These are two essential techniques whielr v ail offer incentives and financial assistance to the private sectoi in un- dertaking redevelopment projects which are con- comitant with public objectives. Tax Increment Financing_ uses the sale of Tax In- crement Notes which are repaid by the increase in local taxes caused by- the new de:velopmer:l. existing taxing jurisdictions continue to re'ceiive the same local taxes levie:.i print to redevelopment ei�rr - ing the lite of the pioje'ct Ttlis nothr: provides the local government with the necessary fiends to 1. Acquire anal prepare Ian, i tUr resale ested developers 1 flJ iUifl land eAWrfte-00wn when appropriate and necessary). 2. Prepare land for housing, (obstruct the h sus ing and then sell they housing, based on the ability to pay, as identified by public policy and the.' redevelopment velopment plan. 3 Assemble lanai through eminent J mian pow- ers to accomplish the public plan (tlurposc) objective. Under this method land developers always pay fall taxes and the public agency obtains funds for its financial obligations from the increase in local taxes, created by the ne:w development Tax Abatement is an incentive for private• investors to carry out specified public deve.lopmetit objeC tives. This ifCenteVe can he granted to existing 76 buildings, new construction, a particular age group (over 65) or other criteria established by law, This method provides the incentive directly to the owner or developer, by abating the taxes oh new construction or renovations, provided that the improvement is in accordance With a public plan approved by the local government. This method pro- vich s for abatement of all taxes on the increased valuation (new construction or renovations; ex- cluding land value or original building) for a period of 15 years; from year 15 to year 25 the owner pays taxes on 50% of land and the increased value of improvements; of ter the 25th year, the owner pays full taxes on the total development. This method can and should accommodate Tax Abatement to encourage major renovations, restorations, preser- vation of historical sites, and any other projects authorised by the Constitution and legislation. In each of those cases, all existing taxing jurisdictions continue, to receive taxes on all land values (and the original buildings in the case of renovation) (luring the period of Tax Abatement. The City has presently available a number of alter- native methods through which it can directly or indirectly influence and spur private development. Public: projects such as Bicentennial Park, the River Walkway, the Convention Center and the Govern- ment Center will be catalytic improvements in the Downtown, Specific site improvements in the form of utility provisions were instrumental in attrac- ting "Omni International" to the City of Miami. Other e:!xarnples of the public benefits generated lion) such public and private cooperative efforts =ro beginning to flourish along Fiagler Street in the Downtown and along S.W. 8th Street in Little' Havana. Land Assembly The high cost of land is one of the major constraints to redevelopment in Miami, Time costs in develop- ment become prohibitive in a speculative market with highly fragmented ownership patterns. Municipalities have been reluctant to use their newer of eminent domain in the assembly and clearance of land for non-public purposes. The up- coming legislation and concurrent need for consti- tutional amendment of present urban renewal laws will provide municipatities with the necessary legal powers for such endeavors. 1 Nevertheless, the City of Miami has at . disposal public property in strategic locations where air rights can be leased for joint public/privatedeavel- opment, e.g., Dinner Key, Watson Island, m!_IniL ipal parking lots in the Downtown, arorind the Orange Bowl, etc. The possibility of such leases should be erxOlorecf. Property Ad Valorem Tax System Taxes on land and improvements, ,:Is mentioned above within the proposed Tax Abate:mmntil- lation, can ht; emtfloved by a murlicrl:iality dS an incentive tool for redevelopment, rehabilitation or renovation. Tlie crux of this inno'ativf;'tax proposal, referred to ::is the "Missoari Pian,'' is that it rec:ognizes that ender present tax laws there are no incentives given to the private sector to continuously muintein and imt;ro'. ' their property. On the contrary, �:le preciatlon tax laws provide a!1 inee!itIJr tOr just the ir7- cite most privatee investors to resale attar approxi- mately 10 'years of owner Pie: i:ilr ; r;cr:n tives through the tax system :or continued pri- vateii maintenance is critical not t',l in commercial areas like Dov ntov n, MLK B�.rir.verri or Little Havana but tltrollc;ho'at the residential neighbor- hoods as well PROPOSED LAND USE CHANGES The following chid tiai the prof ost:t: 'tart 7 iiti' F F <; r 198i.>. Miami CBD Provid a wii.ir,_ opporiuni?u s tJit tin at, center offering recreational irtC iNti1:s, 1.� �; � :ji � pit,<.� ;, pedes- trian (73rir'r'itatie,n, diet is sef siti'e:. I'.spo Ise to the earl -late and ee;t.iri-. et _essee:rnjrir ;Slf tir,;i;!itlJl Ili1(; urban urnrrl�;r� i�ti i aiturial. New Town -In -Town Residential Community Strategicail, located ''vest of un, B!craderinial Park yvv'ith excellent accessibility 10 1-395 on the north ,and 1 95 on tiiic :1���t, the •r ',posed site is a torn iijc3lali'. tract of Hertel utrlizf:d lan.i riighly appropriate tor r" seal+' i ri.lt'v( l<)r,inent . As a r ixe'Cl incorl'e c.othrnonity inmates i:v+1,ay tron-i Either Dr)wniciiv.fl nr Chn!li, it �;: ,iii lei Glide' ti1G quality tivinl cnvironreetitts n(.i essery to attract those who must commute everyday .;a work in the CBD. Approximately 7000 persons could live in this high density commuh ;y, organized around a major Water- oriented park system. Unobstructed passage to the bayfront for both pedestrians and small boats, pedestrian accessibility to M.R.T. and P.Q.T. sta- tions and the opportunity to enjoy a wide variety of cultural and recreational events would certainly increase the residential attractiveness of Downtown Miami to the regional population. A second phase would entail an expansion to the north of 1-395 and west of Omni. Remote parking facilities for hotil phases Atonic: be located immediately adjacent to the 1-395 Expressway. Watson Island Develop through private enterprise a unique rec- reation and emuscment complex appealing to di- verse age aryl interest groups of local as well as Na- tional and International origin, with emphasis on waterfront orientations, and tropical landscape set- tings to feature the South Florida environment. Government Center The Government Center is to become a convenient anti etficlent complex of City, County, School District, State and Federal buildings. Located on a 1 acre site in Downtown Miami, it will undoubt- ' _ity enhance ano strengthen the CBD's economy. CJ, Taira y tjr=ing one of the recommendations in the 1961 Magic Center City Plan, the Government Center has gradually evolved into an urban park concept where the various administrative and court functions enclose a major Downtown park. A raised people -mover system will interconnect the different governmental facilities with one another, the proposed transit station and the peri- pheral parking garages. To further accentuate the pedestrian environment, all east -west streets between N.W. 1st Street and 5th Street will be closed to traf- fic, in addition the Center will include a cultural complex comprised of a museum and library along its southernmost border adjacent to Flagler Street. Right-of-way and other public improvements should emphasize linkages and integration with Downtown and surrounding areas. 77 i Brick&l' Waterfront The Brickell waterfront is predominantly vacant and highly underutilized with little active_ use, struc- ture, orientation or site amenities relating to the water's edge. Existing development trends empha- size Little More than bay views and the prestige of a bayfront address (corporate office headquarters) While leaving the potential for active use untapped. Waterfront properties from Miami Avenue Bridge to S.E. 14th Street should be developed as high density residential/hotel uses that integrates water's edge promenades, marinas, dining, entertainment and waterborne transportation modes on a day/ night basis Office uses as principal activities should be prohibitoel. Retail and specialty corn rnercial uses should be encouraged as support ac- tivities but limited in size so as not to create major retail centers in direct competition with Downtown. All parking should he in structures. Development incentives should be linked to larger parcel devel- opment to maintain greatest continuity of bay - front activities. Brickell Office Core Attracting some of the highest quality, well -de- signed of fice development in the region, the Brick - ell Area is still plagued with discontinuous, iso- lated activity that complicated pe;ciestrian connec- tions, internalizes and denies the, potential for ground level activity. The oversupply of potential office zoned land threatens to continue ttl' d s- pet seri pattern of development for several iecarles. The limited growth potential for effacer use should be focused on Brickell Avenue to fo rce an intilling, concentration of major office: ilevelopment. This would stimulate the possibility of retail service uses on ground floors. Greater care should be taken in the future to integrate expansive plazas and ground level open spaces, toprovie -re greater flex- ibility of pedestrian movement bet.ween and among adjoining office strictures, Parking garages should be mandatory to cdeeck the spread of surface lots and maintain usable operi space. S.W. 8th Street One of the healthiest commercial strips in the City, this street forms t►le batckbont' of the -Little:' Havana Community It possesses a vibrant street pageantry which results from Its color ful street corrie'r activities, cafes, restaurants and night life. Emphasis is given 78 to the continuation of the dynamic social ambience found along -la Calle Ocho", while upgrading its environmental quality. A continuation of joint ef- forts between community organizations and the public sector will he essential in the propagation of the pedestrian and public right -of -Way improve- ments which have been the result of this coopera- tion over the past two years. In addition local ownership, rehabilitation loans, off-street parking and sensitive iirhan design guidelines are proposed to reinforce and enhance S.W. 8th Street. Little Havana Commercial Center Located at the center of Little Havana's high den- sity, residential neighborhood, an eight block area surrounding the intersection ofFlagier Street and 12th Avenue is recommended to be redeveloped as a iinique Latin urban center. Enjoying enormous accessibility to employment centers and uncon- strained by the geometric limitations of a typical commercial strip, the proposed site could support a wide variety of mixed use activities representative of the Latin culture. The objective is to create a place where, within walking distance, one cay en- joy outdoor urban amenities, shop, dine, go to a theatre and not have to drive back to the office or home. Tax incentives, zoning changes, public right- of-way improvements and public -private participa- tion will be necessary in this redevelopment proposal. Riverfront Redevelopment District One of Miami's most hidden publicly under- _eiize=ra arnenitiees is the rvlliami River. The river is a working river and should be preserved according- ly. However, over the past decade, escalating land values, taxes and anincreasing demand for river - front residential developments have exerted tre- mendous economic pressures causing the reloca- tion of many marine uses along the river, With very few remaining ''noxious marine industries", the proposed redevelopment district would allow and encourage marine -commercial -residential projects reinforcing its marine character. The compatible development of marinas, small boat repair, boat storage, restaurants, residential and other uses, as well as the enhancement of controlled public ac- cess to the riverfront will be dependent on tax in- aIntives, zoning changes, sensitive development guidelines and coastal restoration. Coral Way Cblmercial Boulevard Coral Way has the lowest vacancy rate and is the healthiest cornMercial strip in the City. Its mag- nificent vegetated median gives it shade. hurnan scale and a potent pedestrian irnage. The objec- tives are to continue pedestrian improvements along the boulevard and reorganize its zoning dis- tricts so as to foster a development pattern which is conducive to an active pedestrian environment rather than an automobile one. Encouraged is the concentration of specialty retail, services, and other uses in intense commercial nodes around major intersee.tioils while restricting the mid -block portions to residential and low -scale office devel- opment Coconut Grove Village Center Although the Village Center possesses some of tide highest commercial lane? Vattues OutSiae of Down town, building conditions and the quality of f:icrblic facilities have been declining steadily for several years. Major public improvements to upgrade pub- lic rights-oi-way are needed to spur privateirnprove- ments. Public parking garages are essential if the compact, continuous scale relationships of develop- ment are not to be broken with surface parking lots. Intensities of development slloirid be increased to the allowable limits but will only occur if cr-nval- tzed parking facilities are proviued, Exper imeetu tion with remote site parking unri tram service to Dimmer Key should be inste ted as a f,r ototy0e service: with possible applications to other areas of Miami Dinner Key The relocation of government oftit;��s, Gonsolida- tion of marine industrial activities, redAction in paved sue face area, expansion of retail anCi f'•rr vately operated entertainment activities and ex- tnesive expansion of marina lac:tiities an recom- mended tor the future ueveloprni.mt of the park. Mercy Hospital Future C'xpanSi0tl and development should be con- finedto Use medical -relate,..? activities with possible opportunities for elderly rousing. Height controls on all developrnerrt to avoid impacting tree nearby Vizcaya Historical Museem Horne and Gardens is important. Public access and use of waterfront lands is to be preferred to the present parking lots abutting the water's edge. Medical Center Promote high density residential development in conjunction with some medical offices and other related uses around this major employment center. Create a system of pedestrian linkages intercon- necting the various medical and educational facili- ties, rapid transit stations, shuttle bus stops With surrounding residential development and the Miami River. Provide street improvements, beautification and signage to encourage pedestrian activities and facilitate orientation. E.E.C. Yard A large, undeveloped site with opportunities to creetF a unique; environment through a planned :.lovetopment. it has good accessibility to the ex- pressway system, proximity to Biscayne Bay and employment centers. Encourage linkages with the Design Center and surrounding neighborhoods. Edgewater Promote the redevelopment of high density resi- dential, coordinated with street and circulation improvements along Biscayne Boulevard and ad- joining streets. Preserve indigenous vegetation, maximize waterfront views and encourage pedes- trian linkages alone the Bayfront. Garment Center Encourage industrial expansion between 5th Ave- nue and 10th Avenue and eliminate incompatible uses, Parking cooperatives, truck traffic improve- ments, ancillary facilities and street beautification are recommended. Blue Lagoon Continue moderate to high density residential development while providing water -oriented amen- ities and public access to the shoreline. Preserve unique vegetation, consolidate retail around major intersections and improve the public rights -of -way for pedestrians. 79 Grand Avenue Presently a through -traffic arterial, Grand Avenue is, in fact, much more than an automobile route. It is a social axis for the historic Black Grove com- munity, a functional link between the Douglas Road and Main Highway commercial areas, a ma- hor resource of housing, local services and Black business for the neighborhood. With major efforts to improve pedestrian facilities, beautify and re- habilitate the street and private properties along it, Grand Avenue could become an abbreviated ver- sion of the north sections of MLK Boulevard. Black business offices and shops need a quality area within their comm+inity to establish them- selves and the Grand Avenue corridor can and should provide this opportunity. Dr. Martin Luther King Boulevard Abundant vacant land, excessive commercial va- cancies and marginal housing characterize N.W. 62nd Street (MLK) and the Edison Center busi- ness district. Through a public program of park development and roadway redevelopment of ped- estrian oriented amenity -laden boulevard is emer- ging. Regulatory controls to both direct and stimu- late new construction have been adopted but an aggressive economic development program must be instituted in order to establish a community• oriented viable commercial district. Shell City Redevelopment of the publicly owned Shell City site and the bacant and marginal retail uses located along 7th Avenue for multi -family housing and limited commercial development will require far- reaching public involvement. Such actions include additional land acquisition and an economic de- velopment program. Biscayne Boulevard Unattractive strip commercial development and marginal motel operations characterize the north- ern segment of the Biscayne Boulevard corridor. Reorientation of development for moderate density residential and mixed residential -commercial uses will entail public actions in the form ofroadway and pedestrian improvements, beautification pro- grams and more innovative regulatory controls. 80 Design Plata The Design Plaza has evolved over the last twenty years into one of the largest concentrations of in- terior design -related businesses within the natioh. Rapid growth has depleted much of the available space resulting in the need for additional area for expansion. Improved accessibility, additional off- street parking, continuation of area -wide beautifica- tion and adoption of district -wide urban design guidelines are all essential elements needed to en- sure continued expansion of this important em- ployment center. Little River -Biscayne Plata The establishment of a consolidated Little River- Biscayne Plaza commercial district will create an economically more viable, regionally more signifi- cant commercial concentration. To foster the con- tinuation of office expansion in Little River and to stimulate new retail activity in the Biscayne Shop- ping Plaza area, public actions aimed at the improve- ment of pedestrian and vehicular internal circula- tion, street beautification, expanded open space and recreational opportunities and modifications of exist- ing regulatory controls must be undertaken. Douglas Road Transit Station Area This district has been in transition for several years with larger industrial uses moving to peripheral areas of the county. The present trend is for widely varying activities to make use of the large flexible structures and large lot spaces. Restaurants, art galleries, advertising studios and furniture manufac- turers are typical of uses looking for central access, adaptable space and moderate rents available in this area. Every effort should be made to maintain as wide a range of light industrial, entertainment, retail and service commercial uses as possible. Con- trols on performance standards to protect against environmental impact of noise, fumes and odors should be enforced to maintain use compatibility. Greater intensities of development should be en- couraged to reduce coverage of storage yards, and other open sprawling uses. 27th Avenue Transit Station Area Present uses are of low intensity, marginal quality and diverse nature ranging from used appliances, auto repair, pool halls, and manufacturing to med- ical offices and antiques. Restrictions on further expansion of industrial activities and liberal corm- rnercial should guide interlin grovvth until transit facilities are operational. Increased lot depths on 27th Avenue will allow for the full development of commercial properties. Strict controls on vehicular access and egress within the neighborhood surround- ing Silver Bluff are essential. Ground level retail uses combined with moderate to high density upper level residential should be the dominant use for the 27th Avenue corridor both north and south of Dixie Highway. "Five -Points" Transit Station Area Relocation of the proposed 17th Avenue and 25th Road transit stations to 32nd Road would provide impetus to the redevelopment of the "Five -Points" area. A slowly emerging collection of specialized office and cultural -institutional uses could be in- tensified substantially into a mixed residential - commercial -office complex served by the transit line. 32nd Road would serve as a retail activity center between office development along Coral Way and the transit station with moderate to high density residential flanking the retail services. Spe- cial provisions should be made to preserve and avoid disruption of adjacent residential neighbor- hoods by access traffic and intensified land uses. Brickell Transit Station Area Primarily old, low density residential development, this area will be subject to major redevelopment pressures to intensify and diversify the uses. Its greatest potential is for high density, moderate in- come housing for Brickell and Downtown office employees. Parcel assemblage assistance and large lot bonuses to achieve maximum development densities and economies of space use are essential. Mandatory retail at ground level along 10th Street and Miami Avenue is necessary to reinforce devel- opment of major pedestrian streets. Public parking garages with leased air -rights for private develop- ment will be important to relieve private costs for vehicular storage and allow flexibility in funding structured parking. Culmer Park Transit Station Area Promote preservation and selective redevelopment in conjunction with proposed rapid transit station. Encourage moderate to high density residential and local -serving commercial uses surrounding the transit station. Promote Water -oriented activities along the east side of the Seybold Canal as Well as programs for restoration of water quality and shoreline. Create pedestrian linkages betWeen the Miarni River, transit station, Medical Center and the surrounding residential neighborhoods. 28th and Stith Street Transit Station Areas Promote mixed use development with ground level local -serving retail uses and moderate to high den- sity residential development around the proposed rapid transit stations. Provide pedestrian improve- ments and landscape buffering to surrounding resi- dential areas. Manor Park Transit Station Area Promote preservation of surrounding residential areas while encouraging local -serving retail uses directly adjacent to the proposed rapid transit station along 17th Avenue. Provide landscaping and other buffering to mitigate noise and visual impacts. LAND USE STRATEGIES The following strategies are recommended as the most appropriate principles for the location and intensity of future developments within the City of Miami until 1985. 1. Build upon existing strengths. Future growth should be concentrated around op- portunity areas. The diverse water -oriented oppor- tunities presented by such amenities as Biscayne Bay, the Miami River and navigable canals should be taken advantage of for future residential and/or commercial development. Regional parks along the mainland like Bayfront Park, Dinner Key, etc. are highly underutilized and not accessible to most of the population. However, these parks would be more effectively utilized and produce an economic multiplier effect on nearby properties if marine - commercial -recreational uses were allowed to locate within them. Residential development, offering a wide range of housing choices, should be located in close proxim- ity to major employment centers, i.e., Downtown, the Medical Center, "Omni," and Brickell. Although these areas will continue to grow as financial, institu- 81 tional and centers for corporate headquarters em- ploying thousands of Dade County residents, tfni lack of nearby residential opportunities results in an unnecessary daily commutation pattern which requires a high consumption of highway miles and parking spaces. The proposed Mass Rapid Transit stations will nn, in marry instances, catalysts fcrr 114l density devel- opment in their immediate surroundings. The use and intensity will depend upon station location and the general characteristics of the transit im- pact area. One of the unique characteristics of Miami is its diverse cultural composition;. The Latin influence in Miami will not only be an asset in the promotion of tourism and related service industries but, also, in the way that the buitt environment reflects its users and their behavioral characteristic::;. 2. Encourage mixed use developments. Mixed use developments are the most effective Iatid use patterns in optimising the conservation of energy and providing a setting f ,r 24;nd; r d,_:tivity environments_ The latter isesp' i ,.1 ;'.,, .n,',de d ir1 Downtown in order to it enias' its attractiveness to consumers, employer's xi h i-:i`e ;fotf' irl�f after dark, seven clays a wret:. Mi,Nee .,s,• cti'velop- ments not only alleviate the I< i1;;ttly vveark trips but, also, allow for the snariea t�,r;iiit�es such as parking, mt'chanic.al sysi' nt;,, ;i1 space, etc. 3. Balance land -use intensity and infrastructure capacity. The intensity and location of ciev,`loprlii:rli sdoul,1 be in direct proportion to the eapa,ity of tile givEen site; i.e., accessibility, street capacity,', sewers aalio parking. In strictly residential dUeilS, the impact of new developments should carefcllly assess the capa- city of the recreational and educational systems to absorb their growth. This becomes of paramount importance where a high percentage of the resider r- tial units are marketed for large households. 4. Allow development response to market demand. Often a land use regulation aimed at trrcventirut in- compatible uses can become counterproi luctive when there is a declining market for die envisioned primary land uses and while those usi s ,tiniclt could replace them are prohibited by law. Merry of Me ami's commercial strips are in a similar pieciicarnent. 82 64% of the commercially zoned land in the City does not allow residential or other less intense uses. These areas are typically limited to uses Which have been continually declining sihce the early 1960's due to changes ih nationwide consumer pre- ferences, competing suburban shopping centers and a loss of a nearby market support. Residential and other uses should be allowed in these areasWhere even the most liberal commercial has proven to be uneconomic. Allowing the gradual conversion from obsolescing uses to those which will more effectively respond to market demand is much needed in the City of Miami. INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT / • 1i REGULATORY FRAMEWORK In Order To Achieve Development Objectives, Changes In Existing Regulatory Framework Will Be Required In These Areas. 0 25 5 1 l 5 codas 34$ OPEN E46D �PAMENT PLAN PR$NCIPLtS The leisure tithe of Americans has been steadily increasing over the past century, resulting ih itit creased demands for recreational facilities and open space. Miami's attracti vehess as a place both to live and visit is ehhanced by its climate and other arneni- ties for out-of-door activities and recreation. The past rapid development of many parts of the City, though, has created open space deficiencies ih resi- dential areas while many regional resources remain underutilized. This Plan Element is based on deter- mining ways in which recreational facilities can serve the present and future needs of the popula- tion; enhance the attractiveness of the area to resi- dents and businesses; preserve and enhance natural resources, such as Biscayne Bay and the Miami River. RESOURCES Miami is a part of a region which is rich in recrea- tional opportunities, including the Everglades, Biscayne Bay and the Keys. Furthermore, these are within easy reach by auto from the City. There are also several major recreational areas within the City itself, including Virginia Key, Watson Island, Bayfront and Bicentennial Parks and Dinner Key, as well as spectator sports facilities, such as the Orange Bowl and the Miami Stadium. Community and neighborhood parks are located throughout the City and are primarily designed to serve local needs. A detailed inventory of parks, facilities and utiliza- tion rates are included in the Appendix. Presently there is a total of 2,560 acres of publicly - developed open space in the City of Miami, almost one-half of which is represented by Virginia Key. Of this total 1,734 acres are in regional parks, 256 acres are in community parks, 84 acres are in neigh- borhood parks and 14 acres are in mini -parks. NEEDS Dade County has developed standards for the eval- uation of recreational and open space needs. These standards are generally expressed in terms of num- bers of acres or facilities required to serve 1000 people or a specific user group. The general calcula- tion used for all categories of parks is 4.5 acres/ 1000 population. Applying these general standards 83 to the City of Miami indicates that present and f tore recreational needs to 1986 arr:t adegt_lately satis fled, In addition, this standard is further broken down for various categories of parks. Metrap°iitab Parks are usually between 250-500 acres in size and attract visitors from throughout. the region. In the City such parks include Dine!+:tr Key Marina, Bayfront and Bicentennial Parks, 0.idt. son Island and Virginia K,r v. Thnrn is no rreri,f for additional regional parks. Community Parks encompass around 20 ar:res f land and service an area from d radius of tJ' o sti id to two miles. The standard for community t);irks is 1.75 acres/1000 riopulat,ion +.ti'ithin .ipproptiatr! service areas. On tlils basis, the City is adeguateay served by existing cornrnl_anity parks. Neighborhood Parks Sara these which arty: arirxat five acres in size and service arl drt d of ont'-halt milt. Dade County standards tor neighbor llookl parks are 1.25 acres per 1000 population within an adequate service area. While there is no deficiency in regional and community parks, t!ir_;re is a :Jefictiarcv of 472 acres in ne?ighborh000 i parks. Assarnina that no improvements art? made, Opera St1at): ri< eufs increase to a range of betwe.,n 494 <a,_r s to 532 acres in 1986. Half of the City-wide r;rfor neighborhood parks is in itu' Littin Havana area. Mini Parks late if 5lrlllf) , to r!'S. tci'r i 4 f It; . Vt't' 1s within on(-c jiirtt:r IY3i e' of the, ta4U;t in., are tt::r- Cets of one acre or iC;Ss. Tilt!SN I,3rkS .:ii dl+jtr ri arc' in higher density areas, ,:here : arc high and assembly ✓ is ditf lair t. r7iir'.i parks can t)e r,ased to satisfy the no ., t:.r tr+;,_:;titzur hood parks in these areas Dade County has standards vrhii!i mat(_. a aivipn facility with particular ago groups th,at use that facility, as sruaffleboarii c;;.larts ft;r elderly participants and swimming ;tt}rats for ',,Uang children. Detailed ru. ',1s for these facilities have been calculated ley Ce:'i1sus Tract and at s,lie mar ized in the Capital Needs Lists by Planning District. Dade County standards were used as a ''hasaline'. in determining rt'Creatiorial and open space needs, however additional factors which 1ki'1_ iatftrt eon- sidered include density and nobility. Needs for neighborhood parks are exacerbated in liFah den, sity areas where there is little? 'usable" private 84 open space as well as in low income, low auto avail- ability, transit dependent areas. For example, Little Havana is a high need area on the basis of Dade Cot inty standards and it is also anarea with little '"usdbie" open space in existing development and some portions have low mobility, As a result, pres siart� exerted on local recreational areas to satisfy demand is magnified. The reserve is true in high income areas with single family residences on large lots. Open ,pace can serve rnany functions in a commun- ity. It can serve to provide space for passive and at:ti �t_ recreational activity, it can beautify the com- munity N.' Itli atij ropriate landscaping and green sta,iC'-t ;an. i maintain or enhance its attractiveness to rio idents and businessnlrtn. It can also help to pre - unique environmmental features or public acces- sittility to them and can serve as the center for social gatherings. Recreational and open space improve- ment programs can bo coordinated with youth pro- grams for skill training and summer employment. In Miami the rnillti-facetted role of open space takes on evrin eire'ater significarx•o because the climate allows year-ro,a id use of the oat -of -doors, Priorities for ri rr:rt: atien and open space improvements can be base 1. can neighborhood preservation, redevelopment and ,«co~.omit development objectives, as well as oil r'n r'sitional needs. CULTURAL FACILITIES itilo ah Miami had a wide range of cultural activi- ties in its i.'arty years of rapid development, the hur- iLan 0 1926, followed by the collapse of the land hOOrn essentially wiped out many cultural activities in th r young city. It was not until after World War 11 that cultural activities were again revitalized and ir,stituti::)ns began to expand their operations. Currently, calttiral facilities in Dade County are ton;in. tt d try the performing arts. Roughly 75% of calf otturat facilities available throughout the county are facilities for the performing arts. i'-ftle from the Orange Bowl and Miami Stadium, which are often used for extremely large cultural presentations, but do not qualify as full time or gcraiity facilities, public facilities for cultural pre - ,a mations in Miami are limited to several major auditor Central among these is the Dade County Auditorium which is owned and operated by Dade County. Located on Plagler Street just west of 27th Ave- nue, the auditorium is easily accessible from all parts of the county, which has contributed to its year-round use. As a public facility, the auditorium is generally available for use by any group or or- ganization that can afford the rental of This 2,500 seat facility, and has been used for all types of events, ranging from grand opera to union elections. For events that do not require an amplified sound sys- tem, the acoustics of the auditorium are considered to be excellent. The performing stage, backstage areas and lighting system are adequate, but are ap- proaching need of improvement. Other public facilities in the City of Miami include the Bayfront Bandshell, the Miami Municipal Aud- itorium and the Marine Stadium and Gussman Hall. Despite excellent access and parking, the Bayfront Bandshell (now scheduled for demolition) does not play a major role in cultural events due to its phys- ical deterioration. Additional limitations include poor acoustics and lack of backstage space. The Municipal Auditorium is located at the north- ern end of Bayfront Park and serves a variety of functions, including exhibits, luncheons, and dances. While able to accommodate 2,000 folding chairs, the facilityoffers no fixed seating. Reuse of this facility should be studied upon completion of the new convention hall. The Marine Stadium, built specifically for boat- ing and other aquatic events,_ currently serves the many symphonic and other musical events that continue to be held there. Witt' a seating capa- city of 6,500 the stadium only offers parking space for 1,200 cars. Accessibility is limited to Ricker - backer Causeway which is often severely over- crowded before and after events at the stadium. Private facilities for the performing arts, unlike pub- lic facilities, are not available to the general public on demand and are often reserved for the exclusive use of a particular group. Despite this limitation, the private facilities are more numerous and offer a wider variety of events than is found in the public auditoriums. The best known private facility for performing arts is probably the Coconut Grove Playhouse. Located in the commercial center of Coconut Grove, this 1,200 seat legitimate theater offers many Broadway and off-Broadway shows and often features nal 're actors. Many of the private performance facilities offer distinctive ethnic productions. Las Mascaras, a very small 76 seat theatre located on 27th Avenue just south of S.W. 8th Street, offers numerous plays of Spanish and non -Spanish origin. All plays are pre- sented in Spanish by the Cuban theater group "Las Mascaras." Additionally the theater also functions as a stage and drama school. The Theater of Afro -Arts is located in the middle of the Model Cities area, This small, 100 seat facil- ity offers performances and workshops that con- centrate on art produced by Blacks. Many of the activities at the theater are funded through the Model Cities Program. Facilities for the visual arts in Dade County are severely limited. Several privately sponsored mu- seums comprise the bulk of facilities, and most of these are located outside the City of Miami. It is anticipated that the proposed Metropolitan Mu- seum of Art will also be located outside the City of Miami at the Biltmore Hotel complex in Coral Gables. Located south of the Brickell area on South Miami Avenue, the Vizcaya complex is currently the center for the visual arts in Miami and Dade County. In- cluded in the more than 20 acres of the complex are the Vizcaya mansion, former estate of James Deering; the Museum of Science; Planetarium; Historical Museum and Players' Theater. The palatial mansion that is the central facility of the complex is the former estate of millionaire James Deering. The mansion and estate became pub- lic property in 1950 through a one -million dollar bond issue used to purchase the land from Deering's heirs, and is now owned and operated by Dade County. Constructed before World War I, the mansion itself is a major historical as well as cul- tural attraction. The interior, which has been largely restored to its former elegance, is filled with the many antiques and art treasures acquired by Deering during his many trips to Europe. The more than half -million annual visitors to the Museum of Science alone attest to the increasing popularity of the entire Vizcaya complex. Due to this increased use, the facilities at Vizcaya are cur, tenth/ faced WI tll a major snot tage (if space for administrative f,inctions Recently approved f)otitls totalling six million iiilltars have been allocated for nevv buildings t! i at:Cort'ti'rloifate thrxt'iN del i dt.: tivitiE.'s. New cnnstr!iction, .;arr?fHli7 :lesigno0 to. preserve the tinica;irt character aracter of the area and there by satisfy deed restrictions ictions on the lran:I, ,viil in dude a it-mitl-purpOse arts Pudding ,ail. i is i it l lona; parking for the maiisicrit �t.;4:i`. T"tf� 1a`),5i� ;il con:ii- tion r)i the mar1Sit}n is S n:n tat tolia'i-',,ItatH)r)':�Iii be necessary in adilitiun to itW n(?lv (,,)riStr'ichon. STRATEGIES The n1 e+.i for local parks coin be inet el a varioty of y\ays, Thr, folli)b t!;',; r:r t' 5irtat it ';' rilrilf'.i at satisfying prF.:Sent ate; ,,t;lrf:', f , ri:�ti llil( ;i niati:f. These strategics ti'': not r'ltat+tall'y' [°Y( l;i5ie,'%', but Cci7' be applied separately i7r !Ii conjwictit)r h .;ill -CI tli)ill) the 5iltaatii)n an au,a ui tliti't Cit','. 1, Improve Access to Existing Recreational Areas and Environmental Features. Ont. way in which iiaij)! eve, Is by int- provlMil opportunities ft.)! 'i75ical v15..al con tact .Vrth Nivirs)nrT?t'r9r,ii S, Uiav;ariti thf: Mkirni F�11`!,`1 Alai .) ,.ell pr . ih is par ;if (i.i rsl Dons including t3,aifr nt it, aS ter Niria!7t,�i!!ti ItCit:riiF�i't'•li'l�t� t,:, �aikvl�ayr 14ia?`r' Scjt,Stit , ! r_:1; �1i tikil {,-,. �!r .still,Aist .it.r.()r1-.rllii<,r, it t7,IL)! ithro 1?) I; ! iis(iynni` 13,e, ,'r'i t.t•ni flit. Oa aS '' ca':-i'.' r it E.r'f,`wali'r iari;7 13ru;kr'lt al.'aS t'r ! al, r �ti trt'ill Fi)rer represent r Iti;,, ht 5 t t)I tit} t�. Ellt,ty ...,, \i,i ) r)f mini parks, Ill a,r.iitii)li the a .j)iis Of tile: Miami River vF'ialkway t.) fly l Prarr. area and the development it a Fish Matkl t to this area aro t)ther of )f iort'i:'lit,s s Hr to+,bllc uses atun;j the Miami River. Mist Lit Mliarllr's r'riii(.ir!aal rc'Cr+-'dtlel[ira, aii'a;: iaro 1ricri ase'a ia4(„i,'55 1,) tiaf si! ili:.t: 'fool iril[ar1:i restfi 1)tIcil nai(ttit)1)rL n.) 5 cia!I SIiy/ ti) err d ice I..gem1lcartil 10! local t-1;:ari<S..ftllri(t)''i. as 'V II as watert)orne transit aalur;;j RIv(>r an i BIscayrla Bay to recri!atior lai keys ar nil bay tri)nt parks cannot only serve as is means of ilntili)VIr)g access, but can also setVe as r)ri rnatit)lr i iarni tourist 86 attractions in tflilrselves. Improved acCeSS, hoWeVer, must h{.; coontinatf!if with expanded activities and programs, in(:lusting vvateroriented youth programs and private concessions. 2, increase Utiii2atieii Of Public and Quasi. Public Ptoperties tot Recreational PurPOses, Tht:rn ;ire many pi lbiic arini quasi -public properties v^rllich, if more fully tatiiiied, (Auld effectively _iilttzi' C)ri 5f;rt. Cir,A future rccreational demand. Over 170 )+:r.ts t=l,i,iiri;)na and active play faacilities ,re.r;t:, c:rr ti .i f >r 1:,y public school t)rop)erties, titii�;tjl) tier sf! Fa'i' not available ;or use in after- si_f 01 tli-ittrs. The Dade County Board of Public lntiti.ic?i)ri 15 rir ;inn11y :ardavvinil up an agreement t)r t` i'?t ase i)i ils !.l;avnnrri_ir't .5 with the City of MI - Par k i l: Rei,rt'atlnn DE partment. Many other public prover ties arty also tlnac;rlatiliirsc? and with r'1'; I'T1�-fe;Viirll' ?ts Ct .if•'i tiFl made available for r)-c- l)i,rt)c,sr s. The parking areas of the Qra re bi )',NJ an,.! Miami Sta.iittrn could he useti as Liaseball tilarTl(:,n ,s and basketball courts. Presently tl -v are i, ,ly utili,' .f on a seasonal basis anri remain vai_arlt fi)r !Ong iv:fil is ).)f tirn(t. At least 107 actin- tio al acres could i)a ma.-.;e avaiiable through better �tii.ziatiinI of such sites. The: combined utilization t` tit;ilr)i)l r1roper-tics arid sports facilities coulci re - ice the tht liresi;:)t ru'i?r li;r local serving parks from 472 a.:!= th 195 acres. in a...;dition, the F.E.C. and .-)St,,i Mass Rapi&i Transit rights -of -way can be i ri•Cri.,itiilegal plarposfs. These could in i � i� r t t! r. � is►r i a r)rc)posori l ini �iar park as wall as ba....Aia,',,:� ,i}l;✓Qai1L)!ial(:if,iipllmerlt in selected ttitY,is_ 3. Improve Recreational Facilities and Programs in Existing Parks. M i i J 'nistirL';i Parks in the City are underutilized. Epcoorating activity through the provision of ap- J r4 Jlitinv. programs ant facilities can serve to satisfy some l)t the recreational Jamanci without additional ilrt t7,7."iy ncq;iisition. Many resider )ts have expressed r)e e,i for supervised activities, special programs facilities in existing parks. Security can be im- itruVt'o 1 akt(iitionat li;Ifatiri�t appropriate park de - sigh and aCtivitieS. Facility and program improve- ments should he teased on user preferences and char- acteristics of the population. In order to assess etiraiakling ni'(:'.1s and user preferences, recreational t)r ogarns should he monitored on art annual basis. Hovvr:vi!r, limited funding for operating and mainten- aricr: costs require careful consideration of new pro- grams. A mixture Of facilities which attract all age groups can be planned in such a way that super- vision can become "built-in" to the park itself withr,�rt ta�trlitirrtral slat ling. Parks can be designed iri such a way that they further "nrlteral surveillance." Cornmutuity volunteer and non-profit organizations must he encouraged to become involved in the de- velopment of supervised recreational programs. In large parks, additional activities can be encouraged through private concessions and leases. 4. Acquire Land and Build Additional Parke. The largest need in the City today is for small parks strategically located in high density areas. Under- utilised sites as small as one -quarter acre in highly visible and accessible locations should be acquired. New park development shouId reflect the user group and cultural preferences of the population which it is intended to serve. However, there are also reasons other than recreational de- mand which may affect decisions concerning park acquisitions and development. In many instances well located and designed parks can enhance the attractiveness of an area for residents and businesses. For example, a major water oriented public open space amenity is proposed as an inventied to the development of a new in -town residential commun- ity in the Downtown. Another reason for new park development may be to preserve and provide access to major environmental features which are of unique or irreplaceable value to the community, 5. Require Private Development to Provide Recreational Facilities. In redevelopment areas where high market demand exists, the ability of the private development to satisfy recreation and open space needs must be considered as an alternative to public improvements, Land controls should encourage the provision of "usable" open space through Planned Unit Develop- ments, Transfer of Development Rights and flexible site design. Roof-trop of buildings and parking garages should also he made suitable for recreational use. Non-residential developments should be required to meet day -time recreational demands of employees. 6. Develop a Cultural Center Downtown. Provide a new Dade County Art Museum and Library in the Downtown Government Center. Continue sup- port for all cultural activities in the Downtown, in- cluding expanding the use of Gusman Hall and the Olympia Building as a center for the performing arts. EARLY ACTION ANC, H10H PRIORITY ARRAS The most critical recreational need is in Little Havana, with half (252 acres) the City-wide need for local parks The greatest deficiencies are cen- tralized between S.W. 8th Street and Flagler Street from 12th Avenue to 22nd Avenue. The gravity of this deficiency is compounded by the area's satura- tion with dense deveinpment. Joint utilization of school yards is also a nigh priority. IMPLEMENTATION In 1972 the City of Miami passed the "Parks for People" Bond Program, establishing $29.9 million in funds for the improvement of Miami's recreational facilities. The greatest allocation of funds (S27 mil- lion) went to the Downtown area for the expansion of Bayfront Park and the development of the Miami Riverwaik. The next greatest bond allocation went to the improvement and redevelopment of Dinner Key. Citizen Task Force recommendations were primarily directed to the improvement of lighting, police pro- tection and better maintenance of existing parks. A detailed inventory of programmed improvements is included in the Appendix. In addition to the "Parks for People" Bond Program, Federal Commun- ity Development funds may also be allocated for the purchase of parks and the improvement of facil- ities. 87 RECREATION AND OPEN SPACE - Metropolitan Park ••• Linear Park - Community Park New Recreation & Open Space Facilities Use of School Properties New Parks Multiuse of Publicly -owned Property Improved Use of Existing Parks New Recreation Facilities New Recreation Programs Improved Access M Need With Joint Utilization ? t 6 mdet• 347 PUBLIC SERVI+ ES AND FACILITIES ELEMENT This portion of the Plan deals with the adequate provision of public services and facilities and con- siders the following: health care, education, social and welfare, public safety and governrent. SUMMARY The City has plans to centralize its governmental facilities within the Downtown Government Center. In addition to local government, the City provides police and fire safety services. The Police Depart- ment has recently relocatcd to a new facility within the Government Center. The Fire Department has been given the highest, Class 1, rating by the Insur- ance Services Office and is currently preparing a Master Plan in conjunction with the Planning Depart- ment which will specify recommendations for im- provements The County Board of Public Instruction is respon- sible for the provision of educational facilities. It has programmed in its Five Year Construction Plan an additional high school within the City and has prepared a Plan for Vocational Education. The City and County already have plans to build neighborhood facilities through the Community Development Program in every "target area" except Downtown. This study did not find any need for new facilities other than those already planned and programmed. Health, education, welfare, elderly services and child care needs were evaluated for the City. Critical needs for all services were found in Model Cities, Culmer and Central Grove. Child care needs are also high in Wynwood and Little Havana and there is a high need for elderly services in Downtown, parts of Allapattah and most of Little Havana. The City has transferred most of its responsibility for the provision of social services to Dade County. In addition to strategies developed by the County, the actions which are proposed here outline ways in which the City can provide additional assistance without assuming responsibility for the operation and maintenance of programs, as well as guidelines for the location of proposed facilities. 89 HtALT1 CAPIE Pithlir. and private health care within the City of Marro is available at three nit ferent scales; central hospitals, decentralized clinics and private physicians. Located in the Civic -Medical Center, Jackson Mem- orial Hospital is the largest non -Federal acute care hospital in the southeastern United States. Jackson currently supplies approximately 1200 beds, and is the eleventh largest facility of its kind in the country. Presently this hospital plays a central anil diverse rols in Dade County as the provider of a single higta standard of general and specialized health care; as the major provider of health care Services to the poor; and as provider of .medical anti para-medical educa- tional facilities, It is the only major hospitality the County that operates on an open-door policy. Jackson annually serves a total of approximately 35,000 patients, of which roughly 50% come from the central area of Miami in which the hospital is located. For 1974 the average occupancy of the 1200 beds in operation at Jackson was just under 85%. Presently Dade County is faced with a substantial oversupply of Hospital bets. Current demand is estimated at approximately 6000 beds, While County- wide supply is nearly 11,000, Due to this oversup- ply, the Health Planning Coi inch i.af Dade County has recently adopted a polio,/ to diSCOteage construe• tion of any new in -patient hospital facilities on an indefinite basis, Tfits policy does not in any ','ray oictatt' tin eno tU health care improv~_.ment at Jackson Merinarraat Hos- pital. Existing buddines .viil Ccantieue to be im proved, parking structures attde;1, and con- struction of new specialized facilities, soda as the regicor al cancer institute, vvill be allowed to continue. The Dade County Depar tment cat Public Health op- erates or supports local clinics and health units. These facilities of ter health care to tf le poor, based on Federal ttinding through categorical programs. Programs include health carer programs for eligible families. Other specialized services of fered in Health Department units vary but generally include diag- nosis and treatment of venereal disease an,a tuber, CHIOSIS, i►nrnunization, dentistry, public health nursing, and health education. '90 Char in Cut rity's Latin popillatioil has established a t r ione system of health care similar to the recently legalized Health Maintenance Organi2ation (HMO). Offering a prepayment form of medical care, the Cuban clinic is available exclusively to Spanish- speaking people. TIie fixed Monthly payment plan offered to members includes out -patient benefits, or ca combination of out. -patient plus hospitalization benefits. Significantly, no Cuban clinic provides dental services or hong-term hospitalization benefits. Although their main function is to offer medical care', Cuban clinics are private, competitive organ- izations that often provide members with additional benefits. English language classes, social events and cultural events add a social dimension to the role these clinics play in the community. Private: physicians otter tiie final alternative for gen- eral medical care. Based on the 1970 Census, and cotantirlg only those physicians and dentists in of- f ice based private practice, Dade County has approx- imately 138 office based physicians per 100,000 persons or one physician per 726 persons. If all physicians were counted, including those in hospitals and ac►ministrative positions, Dade County's phy- sician population would be above the 150 physicians per 100,000 persons national average. Generally, physicians tend to locate in specific clusters of of- fices close to commercial centers or hospitals where offices are plentiful. Norte Miami Beach Boulevard, they Civic. -Medical Center, Downtown Miami, Coral Gables, Dadeland and Lincoln Road Mall in Miami Beach have large office buildings which house most of Dade County's physicians. Physical and mental health Care needs were evalu- ated on tie basis of JMH utilization rates as weil as aticiadjusted death rate. The highest concentration of health care needs were found to be north of the Miami River in the Central Miami (Cuimer Park) area, Ellison Park -Little Riverareaand portions of Model City as well as portions of Coconut Grove. Ttae basis for effective health planning is the decen- tralization of primary care and the centralization of secondary and tertiary care, under a system which ideally does not distinguish between the quality of dare afforded persons paying for their services versus persons who are medically indigent. Although this has been the stated basis for health planning in Dade County for the past several years, the goal of effec tive decentralization of primary health care activities Is fat horn being achieved. In the City of Miami, the problem is exacerbatri+f because of the proxim- ity of Jackson Memorial Hospital to many poverty pockets within the City; as a result, even though decentralization is desirable, the tendency of these persons to use JMH for primary physician types of services continue. In response there are advanced plans for the construction of an ambulatory clinic at JMH. i UCATION Public education in Miami is administered by the Board of Public Instruction, which operates the public school system for all of Dade County. In 1973, the Dade County system had 240,000 pupils enrolled and was the sixth largest school district in the United States. Approximately 27% of this total was Black, 49% was Wltite and other racial groups, and 24% was of Spanish language origin. 14% of the total school -age population cintinues to attend private schools. Instruction is offered through four basic types of facilities: elementary schools, which include kinder- garten; junior high or middle school facilities; senior high schools; and adult education centers. Currently the City of Miami is served by 37 elemen- tary schools, 9 junior high schools, 4 senior high schools and the Lindsay Hopkins Education Center. Senior high schools provide programs designed to prepare students for opportunities to higher educa- tion and/or provide a terminal program for pupils who do rtot wish to pursue higher education. According to the Dade County Board of Public Instruction's Five Year Construction Plan, the fol- lowing are programmed facility improvements through 1981: — Replace Citrus Grove Junior High on same site. - Replace Shenandoah Elementary (completed). — Provide relocatable units at Riverside Elemen- tary (completed). — Renovate Southside Elementary (completed). - Add land to Booker T. Washington for play facilities. Add land to Miami Jackson Senior High for play facilities. -Add an additional senior high school as a "relief school" for Miami Jackson and Miami Senior . The F lye Year Construction Plan is revised every year to reflect changes in priorities. Vocational and technical education is a regular pro- gram provided for secondary school students, youth out of school and adults. Courses covering nearly 300 subject areas are offered on both day and night schedules at Lindsey Hopkins, 15 other schools and many non -school centers throughout the County, Adult education programs are additionally offered in evening sessions at various schools throughout the County. The Board of Public Instruction has also prepared a Plan for Vocational Education. In addition to regular school hours and evening pro- grams, school facilities are often leased for weekend activities to various religious, civic and social groups. The community school program offers a means of organizing these extra -curricular activities, and as- suring full utilization of facilities on a continuing basis. A community school provides many types of activ- ities for all age groups, in addition to regular school programs, and is designed to serve as the activity focal point for the community. Most community activities included are scheduled to take place after school hours or on the weekend. Currently there are 36 community schools in Dade County, 17 of which are within the City of Miami. A community school program can be established in any of the Dade County schools. The program is usually initiated by the County government, local municipality or private organizations, who determine where they would like to have such a program ini- tiated. Following the location decision, the school board is petitioned for their approval. Upon approval by the board, a Community School Program Direc- tor is hired by the principal of the host school and is charged with the development of an activity pro- gram. The government or organization initiating the community program financially subsidizes the ac- tivity through partial payment of the director's salary. Due to an increase in school -age population over the past five years, and the lack of funds for new con- struction, overcrowding has become one of the ma- jor problems of Dade County schools. As a result, most secondary schools have been forced to initiate a ten-hour day schedule, consisting of two five -hour 91 sessions. Due to the 100% increase in capacity al- lowed by this schedule change, most overcrowding has been eliminated, along with the need for many new secondary schools. Unlike secondary schools, elementary facilities have not yet been forced into the double shif t schedule. Because of an expected decline of primary school - age children in the near future, the Board of Pub- lic instruction expects any existing overcrowding at the primary level to be progressively reduced. Public school funds in Dade County are derived from Federal, State and local sources. In 1973, the County school budget was composed of 45% State, 8% Federal and 47% local funds. Presently local funding is entirely dependent on the property tax base. With the maximum millage rate for school taxes set at 10 mils, and recent assessments approaching that limit, the school sys- tem is approaching the financial limit of service provision. Barring any change in local funding lim- its, this continued financial crisis will make Dade County schools increasingly dependent on federal and state funds. Recent national trends in higher education continue to make the two-year, or junior, college an increas. inyly popular educational opportunity. Based on a 1972 enrollment of 36,500 Miami -Dade Commun- ity College is the largest such facility in the United States. Miami -Dade operates a decentralized educational system with facilities scattered over several sites throughout the County. The many small carnpUses of Miami -Dade reflect the administration's belief that school facilities should be located within the communities they are designed to serve. Of particular importance for the City of Miami is the recently completed Downtown campus of MDCC. Opened in 1973, this campus is the newest facility of the community system. From its central location just north of the Downtown Core, the six - story campus building will ultimately serve 5000 students. in addition to the Downtown campus, MDCC ac- tivities in the City of Miami include two outreach programs. Located in the Carver Junior High School in Coconut Grove and the Martin Luther King Corn- 92 munity Education Center in the Model City area, these programs offer a limited number of courses usually scheduled during afternoon and evening hours. Tire City and County are served by two major four- uear universities: Florida international University and the University of Miami. Although located out- side the City of Miami, both institutions are activ- ity centers for the Miami community, offering a variety of cultural and recreational activities to area residents. SOCIAL AND W LFARE Although the City has been involved through the Community Development Program in the construc- tion of neighborhood facilities, the County is re- sponsible for the distribution of social and welfare services in the City of Miami. Within the County governmental structure, many agencies are respon- sible for the delivery of the various types of social and welfare services within the City of Miami. Gen- erally, each agency operates as an autonomous serv- ice delivery agent, providing a single specialized type of service. Because of the many small pieces of the total delivery system, other agencies and governmental units such as the City of Miami can easily lose track of where services and facilities are adequately pro- vided and where they are lacking. Services are dispensed through numerous decentral- ized outlets, ranging from a small single service of- fice to multi -service centers offering a range of social and welfare services. In areas where the need for a particular service is not large enough, or funds are not available for a single service outlet, services are often dispensed through the Community Action Agency's neighborhood centers on a weekly basis by visiting stag members. This type of delivery sys- tem is generally indicative of a trend toward ag- gregating more service vendors into the multi -service center outlet. The Dade County Community Action Agency's neighborhod centers are the central local facilities for social service and welfare distribution. Func- tioning as referral facilities, these centers offer a point of entry for community residents into the complex system of human services available to County residents. The centers provide in-house pro- grams, addressing such problems as substance abuse, mental health, nutrition for youth argil this elderly, and peer counselling Other services provided in- clude employment, vocational and physical rehabil- itation counselling, assisting applications for Food Stamps, State Welfare, Housing and income tax, and distribution of information on senior citizen and recreation activities and community organiza- tions. The City and County already have plans to build neighborhood facilities throllglt the Community Development Program in every "target area'' ex- cept Downtown. Based on the proportion of elderly in the overall population aS well aS Medicare utilization rates, areas of highest need for elr.ieriy services include portions of Model City, Ailapattah, Little Havana and Coconut Grove. Other- areas of need for elderly services include Downtown and other portions of Altapattah, Coconut Grove and Little Havana. Though there are an above average proportion of elderly in areas such as E;,ayslaore North, Edson - Little River, Wynwood, Brickell and portions of Allapattah and Coconut Grove, medicare utiliza- tion rates are below normal, indicating relatively healthy elderly populations. To a large extent services to the elderly in Miami are centralized programs based in Dade County De- partment of Human Resources and the Florida State Department of Human Resources. On the basis of the nun;ber of service providers impacting elderly populations in need, there seem to be no shortage of cal jar hi services. The major problem, however, appears to be that or sects to )available agencies, either becauseoftransportation problems or eligibility requirements or in actual knowledge about thu range of problems which could be ad- dressed through existing services. Based on Cerlsals data on working mothers with children under six, children over six, welfare fam- ilies and working mothers with children under six with husband absent and with income below pov- erty level, the City of Miami Planning Department identified Little Havana as having the greatest need for day care. Wynwood and Model City were also identified as high need areas. Day care services are r:lelivered by means of subsi- dizing slots for eligible children under five years of cage artr.i between six and fourteen years of age. The number of spits available for c d'dren cinder five is much greater than those over five. r.-,missies below poverty level may receive a subsidy from the fol- lowing Federal funds: Title XX, Work Incentive Program, Head Start and U.S.D.A. Food and Nu- trition Act. Families which are above the poverty level may place their children in public or private non-profit programs which are funded by agencies (e.g. United Way, Revenue Sharing, Churches, YMCA/YWCA) which set a fee based on a sliding scale. There is, however, a problem in terms of service to )ow income families that are not poor enough and have to pay for the service. There are cases where families which are just above the pov- erty level have to spend almost 20%, of their income for services. Another major problem is that strin- gent facility requirements (Building and Fire Codes) restrict the proliferation of informal family day care homes. Drug abuse programs are heavily federalized and are largely regulated by County agencies. A wide variety, of programs are available, but there are several areas where no services are offered and serv- ices are concentrated primarily in the Wynwood area. The population in treatment at existing centers is drawn from throughout the region. High rates of drug abuse were found in many areas of the City, including Model City, Edison -Little River, portions of Bayshore North, portions of Wynwood, Culmer, Downtown Miami, portions of Brickell, portions of Coconut Grove and portions of Little Havana. PUBLIC SAFETY Currently, the City of Miami retains provision of both fire and police services. Assistance from Dade County protection agencies is available in emergency situations. As a centralized service delivery system, Miami's police force is administreed from the department's new police headquarters in the northern edge of the Government Center. Service to outlying areas of the City is accomplished through the use of mobile units and there is therefore no need for substations. Response time of patrolmen to calls for assistance is generally very good and has improved in the last few years. The City of Miami is subdivided into thirty service districts, each of which is served at any one time by approximately four to seven patrolling officers. The boundaries of each district are defined by the number of calls feceived from that area. There are about 300 reporting areas throughout the City Which are combined to form police Tories. These, in turn, are combined into six sectors. The Down- town Area is broken down into the greatest number of police zones and is patrolled in some areas by police on foot. The western edge of the City has the fewest number of police zones. Thies, the organization of the police force corresponds rough- ly to the reported concentration of crimes. The Police Department is arrecurately slat fed, well- equipped and housed, and is responsive to calls for assistance. The City of Miami Din tinny operates a decentral- ized ized fire department. Basic: facilities of the delivery system are the fifteen local lire stations, ail of which are presently in good to excellent physical condition. Manned by 560 fire fighters, these local stations areexpected to respond to approximately 16,000 rescue calls and 1,200 building fires during the current year. Unlike other parts of the County that have no public system for reporting fires, Mi- ami is served by a public system of street emergency telephone boxes linked directly to the fire depart, ment. The Insurance Services Organization has given the Miami Fire Department a Class i, or highest, ranking on the basis of its services, personnel and facilities. Presently the Fire Department is preparing a Fire and Rescue Services Safety Plan in conjunc- tion with the City of tvliarrr, Planning Department. GOVERNMENT The City of Miami government has historically been operated from a single centralized facility. Follow- ing several moves through "temporary facilities, City government has been located al Dinrrer Key since 1954. Planning proposals for new City govern- ment facilities began in the early 1960's. The Magic City Center Plan developed jointly by the City of Miami and Dade County documented inefficiencies in operation and inconvenience to the public created by widely scattered government offices. As a response 10 these problems the Plan proposed that a new Government Center he located in the vicinity of the County Courthouse. This proposal was revitalized in 1968 when Doxiadis Associates, as part of tareir Downtown Plan, again recommended a Government 94 Center in the Miami CBD. The City of Miami plans to eventually move into new facilities in the Gov- ernment Center. At present the new Police Depart- ment is the first such building completed vwithin' the Center. Beyond this facility and the regional state office building currently being designed, the exact timing and nature of future buildings is un- certain. STRATEGIES Public service objectives include both facilities listed under Section 5, Capital Needs List, and the strategies listed here. 1. Health In support of Dade County's strategy for the decen- tralization of health care, the City should seek fund- ing (such as HF1r1! demonstration grant) for neighbor- hood based health care clinics, including subsidizing memberships in Health Maintenance Organizations. 2. Education The additional senior high school programmed in Dade County Board of Public instruction's Five Year Construction Plan should be located in Down- town. In addition innovative educational programs should be established which can take advantage of all educational, cultural and other Downtown facili- ties. These programs should include the use of the Olympia Building and Gusman Hall as an educa- tional center for the performing arts. 3. Elderly Programs The City of Miami should designate revenue sharing fronds to supplement existing elderly programs. At the same time these funds should be allocated to in- creasing extensive outreach so that these additional services can be made available to the indigent elderly. 4. Child Care The City of Miami should help satisfy the demand for child care by subsidizing day care slots on a sliding scale basis for families who do not meet the stringent Title XX and other Federal standards. The City should relax facility restrictions for family day care homes to reflect prevailing residential standards. 5. Substance Abuse The City of Miami should restrict the location of future substance abuse in -patient facilities in high crime and high social problem areas and avoid concentrations of these facilities in any one area. COMMUNITY FACILF' Health Education • Licensed Hospitals ❑E Elementary School Q Clinics 0 Junior High School,' 5:1 Senior High Schools Tti I S .criers f l;iiirE. Major Institutional Facilities' r—j Community Action Agency Service Areas A :5 5 mil./ , 5 tunes 3.8 ���►���O�RTATION This portion of the Plan is concerned with improved movement within and through the City and includes aspects related to vehicular movement syster , tran- sit system, parking, bikeway system, pedestrian cir- culation, and railroad, seaport and airport. SUMMARY Currently there are over four million trips of all types made within Dade County daily and by 1986 this is expected to increase to approximately six million trips per day. Of this total, about 25% have at least one end within the City of Miami. Of the 650,000 jobs available in Dade County, 46% or 300,000 johs were located within the City in 1973 and an additional 87,000 are projected for 1986. The greater Downtown Area has the most intense concentration of trip destinations; over 50,000 johs were located there in 1973 and an additional 23,000-30,000 are projected for 1986. Travel within the City is heavily dependent upon the automobile with only 7% of the daily trips made by transit. While the City is located astride a major north -south travel corridor, the heaviest use of the transportation system is made by locally -oriented trips moving within the City and adjacent metropolitan area. However, Miami has the least number of highway miles per auto in the country. While a much more extensive network of expressways was envisioned for the City in transportation plans of a decade ago, public opposition and the high costs for such facili- ties have eliminated most of the expressways pro- posed for the dense urban area from future highway plans. As a result the existing arterial system and public transit will be carrying a larger proportion of the travel demand than would have been the case otherwise. Several corridors have significant peak period con- gestion, including South Dixie Highway -South Bay shore Drive, 1.95 north of the East-West Expressway, Biscayne Boulevard between Downtown and the Airport Expressway and north of N.E. 54th Street, west 27th Avenue and the S.W. 7th-8th Street cor- ridor. Plans to reduce congestion include upgrading much of the major arterial signal system and putting it under computer control, selective major street widenings and the construction of the first phase of the regional mass rapid transit system. Existing transit service is provided entirely by buses. 95 The Metropolitan Transit Agency (MTA) has an extensive route system which covers nearly all ma- jor arterials of the City. Much of the system is com- posed of long routes which pass through the Down- town and there are relatively few cross-town routes particularly in the east -west direction. As a result, there is generally good transit service in corridors leading to Downtown and to a few other high activ- ity nodes, such as the Civic -Medical Center and the airport area, but relatively poor direct service in other corridors. For many persons who must ride transit, the route system means that they must ride through Downtown and/or make several transfers to get to their destination. The recently approved Federal Grant of $15 million will provide for the design of the first phase of the planned regional Mass Rapid Transit System. This phase, which should be in operation by the mid-1980's, will in- terconnect the South Dixie Highway corridor, Down- town Miami, the Civic -Medical complex, and the Model City area of Northwest Miami. The Mass Rapid Transit System together with its extensive network of feeder buses serving the transit stations will result in significantly improved transit service within the City of Miami. Present strategies call for the construction of the first phase of the proposed Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system; a Personal Rapid Transit system connecting the Government Center, Downtown, Brickell, and Uptown; upgrading the street system; rebuilding all of the older bridges across the Miami River; providing local access shuttle bus service to the Medical Center; and expanding the port facilities. TRAVEL CHARACTERISTICS The travel characteristics within an urbanized area are influenced by many factors including the spatial arrangement and densities of people and activities, the economic characteristics of the populace, and the nature of the available transportation systems. The urbanized area of Dade County currently has an estimated population of 1.4 million persons. The average overall density is 2500 persons per square mile or just under 4 persons per acre. In contrast, the 34 square miles (land) comprising the City of Miami have a current population density of over 10,000 persons per square mile (16 persons/acre) based on an estimated population of approximately 355,000 persons. Therefore, Miami has approxi- mately 25% of the metropolitan area population while containing 6% of the urbanized area land. Population Density of Selected Cities Population Density City .„.w. PersonstSti,M'►.. _Porsons/Acts, New York 26,300 41.1 Philadelphia 15,200 23.8 Baltimore 11,600 18,1 Detroit 10,200 15.9 MIAMI 9,800 15.3 Pittsburgh 9,400 14.7 Seattle 6,400 10.0 Los Angeles 6,100 9.5 Denver 5,400 8.4 Atlanta 3,800 5.9 Dallas 3,200 5.0 The above table indicates that the population density within the City of Miami nearly approximates that of older cities such as Baltimore, Detroit and Pitts- burgh which tend to be considered as "old dense" cities and the density is significantly greater than other smaller, younger cities such as Seattle and Atlanta. The characteristics of employment also have a major impact on travel characteristics within the region. Within Dade County there are no large single -site employers. (The largest "manufacturing" employer is the Miami Herald with approximately 2200 em- ployees.) While there are several major concentra- tions of related employment (Civic Center and the Airport Area, for instance), employment is generally distributed throughout the region at relatively low densities. The 301,000 jobs within the City represent 46% of total 652,000 jobs available with Dade County. Downtown Miami has the highest intensity of em- ployment far surpassing any other area of the City. Consequently, the Downtown Area has the most in- tense concentration of trip destinations; over 50,000 jobs were located there in 1973 and an additional 23,000-30,000 are projected for 1986. Another factor which directly influences the char- acteristics of travel is the general income level of the residents within a given area. Families with low incomes typically make fewer trips, own fewer auto- mobiles and are more likely to use transit than higher income families. The availability of auto- mobiles is typically well correlated with family income with the exception that high income fami- lies living in high density developments with good transit service may have lower car ownership than would be otherwise expected. In 1964 the Miami Urban Area Transportation Study estimated that there were 2.7 million person trips made daily within Dade County. By 1974 daily person trips were estimated to be approximately 4 million and this is expected to increase to approxi- mately 6 million by 1986. Virtually all other trips are made by automobile either as a driver or as a passenger. However, travel to Downtown Miami is much more transit oriented with nearly one-third of the trips made by transit. While the 1964 MUATS data represent the most re- cent comprehensive survey of travel patterns, it can be expected that the proportion of total trips made by transit has declined if National trends are followed. A comparison of work trip characteristics between MUATS and the 1970 Census data tends to confirm a declining trend in transit usage. In 1964 MUATS indicated that 9.6% of all work trips were made via transit. However, the 1970 Census reported that 8.7% of the persons within Dade County use transit as the mode to work. Usage of transit within the City of Miami is expected to be considerably higher than the county -wide average due to the greater population and employ- ment densities, lower automobile availability and greater transit route coverage. For example, the 1970 Census reported that 16.7% of all work trips made by the residents of Miami were via transit compared with the 8.7% for me County as a whole. Of particular interest are the three following signifi- cant features of the travel patterns within the Miarni Area: 1 Work trips to the Central Miami Area have widely dispersed origins and a significant pro- portion begin over 15 miles from the destina- tion district. 2. There is a definite concentration of work trip origins southwest of the Central Area and a relatively weak movement from the Miami Beach Area to jobs in Central Miami. However, there is a strong movement from the residen- tial districts of Miami to Miami Beach jobs. Work trips made from the Miarni residential districts tend to be much shorter and More con- centrated than the work trips Made to the heavy employment districts within the City. This is due in measure to the greater availabil- ity of jobs within the City closer to the resi- dences of the City's populace and to the gen- erally poorer economic conditions of the City's population in comparison with suburban resi- dents. VEHICULAR MOVEMENT SYSTEM Functional Analysis The majority of travel within the City takes place on its street and highway system Which not only serves to move people into and out of the City, but carries significant volumes of traffic entirely through the City as well. The basic street system is a north- south/east-west grid except in the immediate vicin- ity of the coast and major rivers where the routes typically parallel the waterbody. Major streets spac- ing varies from 0.5 to one mile or more depending on the density of development, and physical or land use features. To provide for an adequate major circulation system requires the classification of all major streets in accordance with their planned for functions. This procedure results in a hierarchy of streets with the major system typically carrying the heaviest traffic volumes and trips with the longest average trip length. In addition to the expressway system, streets classified as major arterials include: — North 79th Street (SR 828) - North 54th Street (SR 25A) — North 36th Street (US 27, SR 25) — South 8th Street (US 41) — Biscayne Boulevard (US 1) Bricked Avenue (US 1) - South Dixie Highway (US 1) — West 7th Avenue/West 8th Avenue (US 441) -- West 22nd Avenue - West 27th Avenue (SR 9) West 42nd Avenue — West 57th Avenue The several functional systems are interrelated with the streets at the highest end of the scale serving pri- marily to move traffic and providing for little or no land access. At the other end of the scale, local streets serve principally to provide access to adja- cent land and rarely carry heavy traffic volurnes. The functional classification not only permits a better understanding of the operating character- istics of the street system but assists in determining which governmental jurisdictions should assist with the upgrading and maintenance of the various streets within a given area. Usage Characteristics Most of the major arterials within the City are heavily used with daily traffic volumes exceeding 20,000 vehicles. The heaviest traffic volumes occur on the expressway system where daily volumes of 50,000 to 70,000 vehicles are typical. 1-95 north of the Airport Expressway carries approximately 150,000 vehicles per day, which is the highest daily volume within Miami. The heaviest travelled arterial corridors are: North -South Corridors Biscayne Boulevard -North Miami Avenue West 12th Avenue West 22nd Avenue -West 27th Avenue Douglas Road (West 37th Avenue) -Le Jeune Road (West 42nd Avenue) South Dixie Highway East-West Corridors North 79th Street North 36th Street North 20th Street North 7th Street Flagler Street -South 1st Street Tamiami Trail (South 8th Street) Coral Way (South 24th Street) Bird Road (South 40th Street) The major traffic carrying streets form approximately a one-half mile grid throughout most of the City. Therefore, neighborhoods larger than one-half mile square will have heavy traffic volume streets passing through the neighborhood. Intersections and streets with heavy traffic volumes are typically_ the locations having the highest number accidents. Most of the top 20 accident locations are intersections in the vicinity of 1-95 or the East- West Expressway. Exceptions to this are: 98 intersection Flagler Street-42nd Avenue North 7th Street-27th Avenue South Dixie Highway-27th Avenue North 7th Street-42 nci Avenue North 7th Street-57th Avenue Flagler Street-27th Avenue North 36th Street -West 7th Avenue Rank 9 12 13 14tie 17 18 Capacity Analysis Much of the major street system within the City of Miami which carries the heaviest traffic volumes is seriously congested during the peak hours. The capa- city of the streets has been developed based on Level of Service C, which is generally considered to be design capacity. Capacity relationships for various types of streets is given below. Nurrtberof Lanes One -Way 2 Lanes One -Way 3 Lanes 2 Lanes 4 Lanes Undivided 4 Lanes Divided 6 Lanes Divided 4 Lane Expressway 6 Lane Expressway 8 Lane Expressway Daily Vehicular Capacity Level of Service D__ 1 1,000 16,000 10,000 20,000 24,000 30,000 48,000 72,000 96,000 The major streets have been classified into five cate- gories based on the volume/capacity ratio. Those streets having a ratio greater than 1.6 can be con- sidered to be seriously congested during peak peri- ods while those having a ratio of 1.21 to 1.6 are moderately congested. A review of the figure clearly indicates that much of the major street system within the City is moderately or seriously congested during peak periods. The most seriously congested routes are: Biscayne Boulevard 1-95 North of the Airport Expressway N.W. 27th Avenue LeJeune Avenue (particularly in the vicinity of the Airport) South Dixie Highway/Bayshore Boulevard North Flagler Street Tamiami Trail (South 8th Street) The most congested corridors are along the coast both north and south of Downtown Miami, the LeJuene-27th Avenue north -south corridor, and the North 7th-Flagler-South 8th Street east -west corridor. The causeways to Miami Beach and Key Biscayne do not have serious peak period conges- tion on weekdays. However,'the Rickenbacher Causeway does experience significant congestion on certain weekends due to travel to recreation fa. cilities on Virginia Key and Key Biscayne. Administrative Analysis Overall responsibility for administering the street system within the City is split between the State, Dade County and the City. At present all streets are included on one of three systems: Federal -Aid, Dade County or Municipal. Depending on the clas- sification of the street, funds for right-of-way ac- quisition, construction and maintenance come from different sources. Currently, there is a 4-cent Federal gas tax and an 8-cent State gas tax. Those taxes (together :.with other Federal excise taxes) are used for financing the administration and construction of transporta- tion facilities of all types. The following table iden- tifies the principal sources of funds for highway improvements and sumrnarizes hoe,: they are allo- cated for right-of-way, construction and mainten- ance. The first four cents is used both to match Federal funds for construction of the Interstate, Primary andUrban Systems as well as to maintain these systems. This money is administered by the State on a State-wide basiswrd iocril jurisdictions have relatively little opportunity to influence where and when this money .will be spent. The 5th and 6th cents are ailocdtecf to the Counties within the State based on a formula which considers several factors including mileage of streets, popula- tion, etc. This money must f irst be used to meet any debt service commitments for highway bonds. The remainder may be used for pt imary system right-of-way and maintenance of streets on the urban system which are not maintained by the State. In recent years nearly all of the revenues generated by the 5th and 6th cent tax have gone for right-oi- way acquisition as toll revenues have more than met the debt service requirementsof highway bond issues_ Wighway Puugranl Funding Soma 1 -dotal Midi State Purr PAM_.__PAP ,�FAU_,. i _. „bi.L,. _ -.Othir Interstate System Right-of-way X X Construction X X Maintenance X Primary System Rt ht-oi•way Construction X Maintenance Urban System Right-ot way Construction X Maintenance X X X Local -County Right-of-way Construction Maintenance Local -City Right -of way Construction Maintenance x FAIA = Federal Aid Interstate FAP = Federal Aid Primary FAU = Federal Aid Urban Federal/State Split 90/10 70/30 70/30 The 7th cent is also allocated to the counties for their use in the administration, construction and maintenance of transportation facilities. Within Dade County the revenues generated from this tax are primarily used to cover the operating costs of the bus system. At present virtually none of the money is used for capital improvements. The 8th cent is allocated directly to the municipal- ities within the State for their use in administering, constructing and maintaining their transportation system. For Miami, this tax generates approximately $65,000 annually and virtually all of it is used for street maintenance. The income from the state gas tax is not sufficient to meet the total capital and maintenance costs of either the county's or the City's street improvement program. Therefore, both jurisdictions have capital improvement bond programs, Much of the County's major street construction program over the next few years will be funded from the "Decade of Progress" bond issue approved several years ago. The City of Miami also has an ongoing street im- provements bond program. Money generated from this program funds 70 to 100 percent of the recon- struction and major maintenance (such as complete 99 retopping) of City streets. On streets which pri- marily serve abutting property, the property own- ers typically pay 25 percent of the improvement cost based on a front foot assessment. Any drain- age system improvements constructed jointly with the street improvements are funded separately from storm sewer bond funds. Abutting property owners are not assessed any share of storrn system improvements. Routine street maintenance is funded from revenues generated by the 8th cent of the gas tax together with revenues from the City's general fund. Streets within Miami Maintained by State of Florida East-West Streets: SR 828 (79th Street) SR 25A (NW 54th Street) SR 112 (Airport Expressway) SR 112/1.1951 SR 25/US 27 (NW 36th St.) SR 836/1.395 (East-West Expy.) SR/US 41 (South 8th Street) North -South Streets: SR 5/US 1 (Biscayne/Brickell/ Dixie) SR 9A/1.95(North•South Expy) SR 7/US 441 (NW 7th Avenue) SR 9 (West 27th Avenue) Bridges over Miami River: SE 2nd Avenue 1.95 NW 27th Avenue Limits_._ US 1 to East City Limits West City Limits to US 1 West City Limits to 1.95 Julia Tuttle Causeway West City Limits to US 1 West City Limits to MacArthur Cswy. West City Limits to US 1 North City Limits to South City Limits North City Limits to US 1 North City Limits to NW 36th St. North City Limits to US 1 Source. State Maintained Roaas in Dade County: Florida Depart• ment of Transportation, July 25, 1975. Streets within Miami Maintained by Dade County Length East-West Streets: NE 82nd Street NW 79th Street Venetian Causeway Port Boulevard NW 7th Street Rickenbacker Causeway North•South Streets: N. Miami Avenue NW 12th Avenue NW 17th Avenue W.17th Avenue NW 22nd Avenue Douglas Rd. (37th Ave.) LeJuene Rd. (42nd Ave.) LeJuene Rd, (42nd Ave.) W. 57th Avenue W. 67th Avenue 100 N. Miami Ave. to NE 79th St. 1.4 mi. NW 7th Ave. to Biscayne Blvd. 1.5 NE Bayshore Dr. to E. City Lim. 1.2 Biscayne Blvd. through Port NW 57th Ave. to NW 12th Ave. Brickell Ave. to E. City Limits 1.7 4.5 2.0 36th St. to N. City Limits 2.9 NW 11 th St. to Airport Expwy. 2.0 NW 36th St. to NW 64th St. 1.7 SW 1st St. to NW 7th St. 0.5 Flagler St. to Airport Expwy. 2.6 S. Dixie Hwy. to NW 70th St. 4.1 SW 8th St. to N. City Limits 1.9 Coral Gables C.L. to N. City Lim. 1.2 SW 8th St. to N. City Limits 1.3 SW 8th St. to N. City Limits 0.8 Bridges Minor R(Vttt: South Miami Avenue SW 2nd Avenue SW 1st Street West Flagler Street NW 5th Street NW 12th Street NW 17th Street NW 22nd Street Source: Roads Maintained Within Municipalities by the Metropolitan Dade County Public Works Department, October 9, 1975. Previously Proposed improvements This section discusses the street system improvements which have been planned and proposed through 1986 within the City of Miami. The current 5-Year Street Improvement Program is discussed, the proposed 1980 Functional Classification is presented and the street improvements incorporated in the 1985 MUATS Plan and 1985 Dade Comprehensive Plan are analyzed. Five Year Program Each year each county in the state prepares an up- dated 5-year improvement program listing by prior- ity ranking those projects to be accomplished in the next year and in the four following years. In areas such as Dade County where an urbanized area transportation study has been completed, the pro- posed transportation improvements program is pre- pared by the transportation study technical commit- tee as part of the continuing planning program. In this situation all modes (highway, transit, airports, seaport, etc.) are covered and the report usually in- cludes locally -funded projects as well as those using state gas tax funds. The actual projects advanced to construction in any given year depend on the amount of money available and the project's priority. Pro- jects proposed for the last few years of the 5-year period often are "pushed back" several years be- cause of increasing construction costs, and funding limitations. Priorities may also change resulting in revisions of the planned construction schedule. Major street improvement projects proposed to be constructed within Miami in the next five years are described in the following table. Most of the projects involve widening existing two-lane streets to four lanes. In several instances one source of money is used for purchasing the right-of-way and another source is used for constructing the improve- rent. In addition there are a number of projects involving intersection improvements, pavement re- construction and improvements to short street sec- tions which are not listed. The projects included in the 5-year program are widely distributed throughout the City. However, several of the most extensive projects occur in the southern part of the City including the improve- . ments to Flagler Street, the Tdmiami Trail one- way couplet, South 17th Avenue and South 22nd Avenue. Proposed 5-Year Street Improvement Program Street North Miami Avenue NW 71 st Street NW 17th Avenue NW 12th Avenue NW 62nd Street NW 62nd Street NW 46th Street NW 14th Street Biscayne Boulevard NW 7th Street W.57th Avenue West Flagler Street Tamiami Trail SW 17th Avenue SW 22nd Avenue Rickenbacker Causeway Grand Avenue South Miami Avenue those instances where no major street exists today. The most significant element in the plan, within the City of Miami, is the extension of the Tamiattii Trail one-way street pair further to the West by up- grading SW 7th Street between SW 27th Avenue and the Palmetto Expressway to arterial standards. This represents a major street improvement because SW 7th Street is essentially a local street West of SW 27th Avenue, The project has been strongly opposed by residents in the westerly part of the City and whether it will even be constructed is uncertain at this time. Limits N. 79th Street to N. City Limits West City Limits NW 64th St. to N. City Limits Airport Expwy. to N. City Limits West City Limits to 1-95 1-95 to Biscayne Boulevarci West City Limits to 1.95 NW 10th Avenue to 1-95 NW 13th to NE 17th Street W, City Limits to NW 57th Ave. SW 8th St. to NW 7th St. Improvement 4-Lane 4-Lane 4-Lane 4-Lane 4-Lane Divided 4-Lane Divided 4-Lane 4-Lane Divided Reconst. 6-Lane 4-Lane 4-Lane W. 42nd Ave. to W. 22nd Ave. 4-Lane SW 27th Avenue to Brickeli Ave. 3-Lane, 8th St. Repave US 1 to West Flagler Street 4 and 6-Lanes US 1 to West Hagler Street 4-Lane Divided West Bridge arid Approaches 4-Lane US 1 SW 37th Avenue 4-Lane BrLme over Miami River 5-Lane Bridge Funding Source C C S C C 5 C 5 P -S S C P 5 C C C S Contt, _Period. 77-78 78-79 75-76 77-78 75-76 78-79 78-79 79-80 76-77 80-81 79-80 77-78 76-78 78-80 76-77 75-76 77-78 76-77 Source of Construction Funds P - State Primary Funds. S State Secondary Funds; C = County Decade of Progress Bond Issue Funds Source Short -Range Transportation Improvement Program tor Metropolitan Dade County, 1976-1980, MUATS Technical Planning Committee, April 1975, and Highway Improvements Protects report of May 9, 1975 by Dade County Public Works Department 1980 Functional Classification The 1973 FederalHighway Act required that a tunctional classification of streets for the year 1980 be prepared for ail urbanized areas by July 1, 1976. Unlike the 1970 Functional Classification in which the arterial system was divided into major arterials and minor arterials, the 1980 Functional Classifica- tion has only one class of arterials. The 1980 Functional Classification represents a short-range plan for major street improvements in Intersection Improvements A major program to implement County -wide com- puter -controlled signal system is now underway and should be completed by 1979. When completed, all signalized intersections along designated streets will be continuously monitoring traffic conditions and adjusting traffic signals accordingly. Each inter- section included in the computer -controlled net- work will be upgraded with new signal equipment, signage and lane striping. In some instances minor widening (within the existing right-of-way) will also be done to provide room for turning lanes. Streets to be included in the computer controlled signaliza- 101 Lion system are: Biscayne Boulevard N.W. 7th Avenue N.W. 36th Street N.W. 79th Street N,W. 82nd Street Brickell Avenue South Dixie Highway N.W. 27th Avenue S.W. 27th Avenue Plagler Street S.W. lst Street S.W. 8th Street LeJeune Road N.W. 7th Street All streets within Downtown Miami generally south of the Airport Expressway and east of I-95, Bridges and Access Across the Miami River The basic problem concerning access across the Mi- ami River is related to the capacity of the bascule bridges. Most of the bridges have three or four lanes and are in fair to poor condition. Most are approxi- mately 50 years old and need replacing because of the condition of the bridges. The following table summarizes the characteristics of the bridges to the south and west of Downtown. Date Bridge No: Vertical Con- Bridge Condi- of Clear - Bridge structed Type tioh" Lanes ance, Brickell Ave. 1929 Bascule Fair 4 20.8 ft. S. Miami Ave. 1917 Bascule Poor 3 10.5 ft. S.W. 2nd Ave. 1923 Bascule Poor 3 11.8 ft. S.W. 1st St. 1929 Bascule Fair 4 18.8 ft. W. Flagier St. 1967 Bascule Excellent 4 35.8 ft. N.W. 5th St. 1924 Bascule Fair 4 11.8 ft. ' Rating has been updated from November 1964 rating by Miami Department of Public Works. One recent study** listed the replacement priority as: 1. N.W. 7th Street (new bridge) 2. South Miami Avenue 3. S.W. 2nd Avenue 4. Brickell Avenue 5. S.W. 1st Street The N.W. 7th Street new bridge was given the high- est priority because of the need for additional ca- pacity to the west of the City and the lack of traf- fic conflict involved in implementing the bridge. The South Miami Avenue crossing was given the second priority because it is the oldest existing bridge and the one in the poorest condition. ••"Report of Feasibility Study of 5 Vehicular Crossings over the Miami River, Knoerle, Bender, Stone & Associates, Inc. 7.1972. 102 Access problems across the Miami River are particu- larly significant to Downtown. The magnitude of the expected traffic growth to and from the south Will be dependent upon the growth Within the Downtown and M.R.T. Some DOT estimates indi- cate that the daily volumes will increase from ap- proximately 80,000 vehicles per day to over 200,000 vehicles per day in 1986. The latter estimates were made prior to the establishment of the currently accepted transit system and therefore do not reflect the latest modal split forecasts. While these fore- casts are not up-to-date, it is clear that as the devel- opment within Downtown increases, there will be a significant increase in traffic to/from Downtown which will require an increase in traffic capacity. While the Knoerle, Bender study recommended a new bridge at N.W. 7th Street as the first priority, traffic congestion levels south of Downtown, limi- ted funds and the poor condition of the Miami Ave- nue Bridge has resulted in a revision of the replace- ment priorities with the South Miami Bridge be- coming the first priority. As now proposed by Dade County, the new bridge would have six lanes with a clearance of 25 feet at mid -span. However, the pre- liminary plans as they now exist do not provide for adequate access to the planned City of Miami Con- vention Center and result in inefficient use of the land south of the Miami River. 1985 MUATS Plan The Miami Urban Area Transportation Study (MUATS) completed a Proposed Transportation Master Plan for the year 1985 in 1969. The plan was based on a Metropolitan Dade County popula- tion estimate of 2,000,000 by 1985 and included the addition of nine expressways, eight express streets and an extensive rapid transit system. Within the City of Miami the following facilities were recommended: 1. Interama Expressway located in the Biscayne Boulevard corridor from the Dade-Broward County Line to Downtown Miami. 2 LeJeune-Douglas Expressway running north - south in a corridor east of LeJeune Road be- tween S. Dixie Highway and Dade-Broward County Line. 3 South Dixie Expressway located in the U.S.1 (South Dixie Highway) corridor from Down- town Miami to the Homestead Extension of the Florida Turnpike. is l3 r i The Hialeah Expressway running east -west in the North 79th Street corridor with a new Biscayne Bay Crossing to Miami Beach. West 17th Avenue, West 27th Avenue and North 7th Street to be upgraded to express streets. (These streets would have some degrees of ac- cess control, medians, and major intersections would be grade separated.) The linking of Virginia Key, Fisk,er Island, Port of Miami and Miami Beacli together with a tunnel under Government Cut. At public heat ings held in 1972. there was much public opposition to the expressway proposals con- tained in the plan. As a result, the irnf,act of rtelet• ing several expressways including ton four proposed within Miami was evaluated and an alternative set of recommendations was prepared.* The recommerddel approach for eaclr expressway corridor was to delete the express,vay from the plan and substitute arterial system and transit system improvements instead. In developing the recommen- dations several alternative traffic forecasts based on alternative land use concepts were prepared. In each case the metro area 1985 population forecast was revised downward from 2 million to 1.7 million. For the tour expressway corr;turs irl Miami, the following recommendations were made for improve- ments within the City: 1. Interama Corridor Complete traffic engineering improvements to Biscayne Bo te;,ar :it north of NJ= rrtn 60th Street and develop Biscayne Boulevard as a Transit improvement Corridor from Do vntown north- ward. 2. LeJeune-Douglas Corridor Extend Douglas Road 1371n Avenue) as a 4- lane roadway nor th of N.Vi, 21 st Street across Miami River as an "S" curve to N.W. 32nd Avenue and upgrade Douglas Road to 4 lanes from N.VV. 7th Street to N.W. 21st Street. 3. South Dixie Corridor Upgrade Red Road (57th Avenue) to 4 lanes from South Dixie Highway to S.W 8th Street and to 6 lanes from S.W. 8111Street to the East-West Expressway. '"Controversial Corridors Revievv Recommendad Transportation At ten-rain/es,- prepared for the bMra.inn Urban Areal Transportation Study by the Netwurk Revtsiun SruLcommrttee nr the Miami Urban Area Transportation Study, October 1974. Construct major fixed guideway transit im- provements in South Dixie Highway corridor between the Palmetto Expressway and 1-95 before 1985. However, construction of the transit line should not preclude construction of an expressway in the corridor after 1985. Hialeah Corridor Improve 14th Street corridor west of Miami City Limits. in reviewing the above alternatives to the express- ways, it is clear that within Miami the recommenda- tions are heavily transit oriented with the exception of several street widenings. Several observations need to be made about the Controversial Corridors Study to fully evaluate the results. The 1985 traffic projections were not based on the 1985 population and employment projections related to the Dade County Comprehensive Plan. This might have the most serious impact in the vi- cinity of Downtown Miami where the Comprehen- sive Plan projections anticipate a significant growth in employment in contrast to the"no-growth" ex- pected in the "1985 trend" forecast which was used as the basis of the Controversial Corridors forecast. The Controversial Corridors Study transportation networks did not include the regional transit net- work as proposed for 1985 by the Kaiser Study although it did incorporate the earlier Simpson -Cur- tin transit plan. The total impact of this difference is difficult to assess. However, the Kaiser transit pian does provide better fixed system transit cover- age vvithin the City than did the Simpson -Curtin plan. The Controversial Corridors Study also indicated that even with the proposed upgrading of the arterial system proposed, a significant number of arterials, especially in the City, would be seriously congested (V/C greater than 1.51 by 1985. This appeared to be especially true in the N.W. 7th Street-Tamiami Trail corridor from Downtown to the Palmetto Ex- pressway. Based on the information presented above, it is expected that despite relatively modest projections of population and employment growth within the City of Miami over the next ten years, that travel within the City will increase significantly. This re- sults in part from the population and employment growth within the City, in part from expected higher trip making propensities and increased travel through the City resulting from growth outside the City. To meet the future travel demands, the greatest emphasis will have to be placed on corridors carrying a high proportion of through trips and/or providing access to major employment concentrations. With the construction of major new expressways unlikely, future transportation system improvements will have to be oriented to maximizing the efficiency of existing streets together with a significant up- grading of transit service. However, because of the pervasive nature of traffic flows, increased traffic volumes through residential neighborhoods can be expected particularly when the local streets form a basic grid system. To the extent possible this non - neighborhood traffic should be reduced through deliberate efforts to make local streets discontinu- ous or non direct. 1985 Comprehensive Plan While the proposed 1985 Dade County Comprehen- sive Development Plan was under preparation, several of the other studies quoted above were underway. It represents the most recent public policy state- ment to guide the overall planning of Dade County. With regard to the transportation system the Com- prehensive Plan includes the identification of seven major transit corridors within the City of Miami ( Biscayne -Dix ie,-1-95, West 22nd Avenue, LeJeune Road, North 79th Street, Airport Expressway- North 36t1, Street, West Flagler Street), and the es- tablishment of the proposed arterial street system. The major transit corridors are consistent with the Controversial Corridor Study recommendations for expanded transit and are generally consistent with theKaiser transit plan. The Kaiser plan does have one significant difference within the City of Miami. The Comprehensive Plan does not consider N.W. 17th Avenue to be a major transit corridor. How- ever, the mass transit system plan proposed by Kaiser would have the system operating on N.W. 17th Avenue from about N.W. 20th Street to N.W. 54th Street. There are two arterial system differences between the 1980 Functional Classification and the 1985 Comprehensive Plan within the City of Miami. N.W. 2nd Avenue is classified as an arterial in the 1980 Functional Classification of streets and is not classified in the 1985 Comprehensive Plan and West 32nd Avenue is classified in the Comprehen- sive Plan as an arterial between the N.W. 21st Street connector to the Airport and the Palmetto Express- way. On the 1980 Functional Classification this street is classified as a collector. 104 The 1985 Comprehensive Plan also does not include the link hetween Virginia Key, Fisher Island, Port of Miami and Miami Beach which was incorporated in the 1985 MUATS Plan. Recommended improvenientt In addition to previously proposed street improve- ments, the following recommendations are pro- posed to further facilitate movement within and through the City of Miami. Functional Classification Street County/Stater Giassification_____ N.W. 7th Ave.-N.W. 7th St. to N.W. Collector 20th Street N.W. 12th Ave. -North of N.W. 36th Collector Street N.W. 32nd Ave. -Grand Ave. to S.W. Unclassified 8th Street Aviation-S.W. 27th Ave, to Bay- Unclassified shore Drive N.W. 1st Ave.-S.W. 3rd St. to Unclassified N. Miami Avenue N.W. 7th St.-N.W. 7th Ave. to Collector Biscayne Boulevard N.W. 6th St.-I.95 to Biscayne Unclassified Boulevard MCNDP Classification Arterial Arterial Collector Collector Arterial Arteriai Arterial Major Street Improvements Northeast Area: 1. Extend N.E. 4th Court from N.E. 79th Street to N.E. 82nd Street. 2. Complete comprehensive corridor study of Bis- cayne Boulevard north of North 54th Street to de- termine feasible program for increasing the capacity of lire street. Central: 1. Upgrade S.W. i st Avenue to a major two-way arterial and extending south from S.E. 2nd Street across a new bridge over the Miami River to S.W. 7th Street. Connect 1st Avenue to Miami Avenue, north of N.W. 20th Street. 2. Build a four -lane bridge at N.W. 7th Street while limiting access west of N.W. 7th Avenue to minimize impacts on adjacent residential areas. West of 1-95, connect to a one-way pair on N.W. 6th and 7th Streets to the Port of Miami. 3. Improve Biscayne Boulevard-Brickell Avenue connection in the vicinity of DuPont Plaza (now under study by consultants). 4. Improve North 20th Street connection to Bis- cayne Boulevard by linking North 20th Street to North 20th Terrace just east of the F.E.C. Railroad (at North Miami Avenue) and upgrading North 20th Terrace to Biscayne Boulevard. 5. Improve access to the Omni Area by upgrading N.W. 17th Street between N.W. 3rd Avenue and Bis- cayne Boulevard including opening an at -grade rail- road crossing at the F.E.C. Railroad. Coconot Grove: 1. Modify the proposed improvement design for Grand Avenue between U.S. 1 and S.W. 37th Ave- nue from a four -lane cross-section to ,a two-lane cross-section with parking on each side and left turn lanes at major intersections. Intersection and Local Street Improvements Northeast: 1. Extend N.E. 80th Terrace from F.E.C. Rail- road to N.E. 4th Place. 2. Create one-way street system within Design Plaza by making N.E. 38th Street westbound, N.E. 39th Street eastbound, and N.E, 40t1; Street west- bound between N.E. 2nd Avenue and N.E. Miami Avenue. 3. Construct N.E. 37th Street along the south side of the Airport Express.vay between North Mi- ami Avenue and N.E. 1st Avenue. Central: 1. Extend South Byshore Drive from S.E. 8th Street to S.E. 7th Street. 2. Create one-way street hatter r „r existing narrow streets between N.E. 2mAvenue and Biscayne Boule- vard within Edgewater Area. 3. Create north -south industrial service road be- tween F.E.C. Railroad and N.E. 2nd Avenue north of 20th Street. 4. Close local streets in the northern section of Downtown (Cu►rner and New Town -in -Town Area) to facilitate new development. Coconut Grove: 1. Implement proposed improvements to the Grand Avenue/Main Highway/McFarlane Road in- tersection area. 2. Install traffic diverters at the following loca- tions to minimize non -local traffic from passing through the neighborhoods: Justison Road at Poinciana Avenue and Crawford Avenue — Plaza Street at Poinciana Avenue and Wil- liam Avenue, Charles Avenue, and Franklin Avenue S.W. 18th Street at 22nd Terrace, 23rd Ter- race, 24th Street, and 24th Terrace — S.W. 36th Street at 22nd terrace, 23rd Street, 23rd Terrace, 25th Terrace and 25th Street Close the following streets: -- S.W. 26th Street at S.W. 34th Avenue to cre- ate a mini -park -- S.W. 3rd Avenue south of Coral Way — Washington Street west of Andros Avenue Fuller Street between Grand Avenue and Main Highway Matilda Street north of Florida Avenue - Florida Avenue west of Matilda Street - Sunshine Drive east of Ingraham Highway Little Havana: 1. Improve the S.W. 8th Street-35th Avenue in- tersection by adding left turn lanes to S.W. 8th Street or prohibiting left turns at the intersection. 2. Reduce the number of legs at the 'Five Points" intersection (Coral Way and S.W. 12th Avenue) by closing S.W. 3rd Avenue at the intersections. 3. Expand the one-way street system west of S.W. 17th Avenue in the Orange Bowl Area and between Flagler Street and 8th Street. Fiagami: 1. Provide left -turn improvements at the following intersections: — Hagler Street at 47th, 57th and 67th Avenues -- S.W. 8th Street at 57th, 62nd and 67th Ave- nues. PARKING On -Street Parking The issue with regard to on -street parking is two- fold: where in the hierarchy of street space uses does parking fail and what obligation does the pub- lic bear in providing for alternative parking in the cases where on -street parking is removed. On major traffic carrying streets, accidents related to parked vehicles (vehicles either parked or involved with the parking maneuver) are often a significant proportion of the total accidents occurring within a particular street section. In addition, the "side friction" represented by parked vehicles impacts the lane immediately adjacent to the parking reduc- 105 ing the traffic carrying capacity of this lane. These two factors have led to the general practice of pro- hibiting on -street parking on new major streets. The City of Miami should support the prohibition of on -street parking on major traffic carrying streets (primarily the arterial street system). On less important major streets (the collector sys- tem) and local streets, parking may be permitted if sufficient width is provided. Travel lanes should be 11 to 12-foot Wide and parking lanes 7 to 8-foot in width. The recent practice of the City of provid- ing planter areas between the parking spaces when reconstructing streets to provide curbs and gutters, improves both the aesthetics and safety of on -street parking. NE 4th Court is a good example of this type of solution. The most difficult issue relates to the removal of parking from existing major streets either through widening or for the addition of another traffic lane without widening. A 50-foot wide street represents a typical example. It is wide enough for two traffic lanes (each 17 feet wide) and two parking lanes (each 8 feet wide). However, four 9-foot traffic lanes and two 7-foot parking lanes are sometimes provided where on -street parking cannot be removed even though it represents a hazardous low -design stand- ard solution. The more typical solution would be to remove the on -street parking and provide four 12.5 foot travel lanes. The opportunity to obtain additional travel lanes by the simple removal of parking (or by the removal of on -street parking plus a few feet of widening) occur throughout the City. The easterly end of SW 7th Street and SW 8th Street west of SW 27th Avenue represent typical examples. However, in many of these situations, the elimination of on - street parking on the major street would result in severe hardship on the residents or commercial establishments of the area because there would be inadequate parking space available in the immedi- ate vicinity. Most typically the removal of parking under these circumstances results in parking en- croaching into on -street spaces in immediately adjacent areas which may increase the parking prob- lem in these areas if such areas have little excess space. Where the decision is made to eliminate on - street parking in areas which have a high need for the parking, a satisfactory solution can only come through a cooperative program between the City and affected persons. At least, this should include 106 the notification of affected property owners of the decision and the discussion of the issue at a pub- lic hearing. The date that the parking ban will go into effect should be announced as far ahead as pos- sible (a year or more notice should be required for major parking removals) to give ample opportunity for the provision of alternative parking. In situations in which parking conditions are particularly severe, some type of City assistance may be required to help provide off-street parking space. Some of the alternatives are described in the following sections. Off•Street Parking The off-street parking problem in Miami varies by, type of area. The non-CBD areas (both commercial and residential) have certain characteristics in common, while the Downtown Miami Area faces a different set of problems. The construction of the rapid transit system raises another issue with regard to the amount of parking to he provided in the immediate vicinity of transit stations. Non•CSb Areas The parking problems in non-CBD areas have similar characteristics despite the type of land use. Typical- ly the areas under consideration are older areas which were developed prior to the early 1950's when automobile ownership rapidly increased. This is true of areas such as Edgewater, the westerly part of Brickell, and many of the commercial strips. Large families with several family members owning automobiles, and multiple families living in single dwelling units have contributed to the parking prob- lems elsewhere, most notably in the greater Little Havana Area. Removal of on -street parking has also contributed to parking problems on adjacent streets. Today neighborhood shopping districts typically re- quire parking at 1/2 to 2/3's the rate required at suburban regional shopping centers. Where parking is restricted, neighborhood shopping districts may be at a competitive disadvantage with the larger shopping centers. Within Miami, the most severe problem occurs within major older commercial strips and centers such as S.W. 8th Street, S.W. 1st Street, Design Center, Coconut Grove and Little R iver. Basically, the solution to these problems involves the provision of adequate, properly placed off street parking. To be effective, the parking must be located close to the parking demand as parkers in small shopping districts will not ':walk mare than 300 or 400 feet to their destination. It does not appear that off-street facilities in these areas can be self-supporting as they are typically competing with "free" facilities elsewhere. If parking fees are charged, they must be kept low. Therefore, the off-street parking facilities must be provided by some means other than through-iirect usm charges. Options are: 1. Development and operation totally by the private sector; 2. Development and operation totally by the public sector; 3. Joint public -private sector development and operation funding. Private sector provision of otf-street parking is gen- erally limited to a single business or occasionally a few businesses who jointly construct a parking lot. The practice is not widespread and cannot be looked to for meeting aria -wide off-street parking deficien- cies. Total public approaches can be accomplished in several ways. Most typical include underwriting the construction and operation of parking facilities from funds generated tram on -street and other off- street parking revenues (possibly 'through using re- venue bonds), using City f,in:is uom sources oilier than parkin(; revenues (often from lerrt rai obligation bonds), or through the use di "outside- ' funds such as urban renev ai or Cunlrni4nity De ea(:iprneut funks. Jlairit appruaCl us l.:rlc011tpd:iS !Le CST.. i sii n nt i)f benefit tax districts for a: ich `it the ,,(i;ee (.}is Vie cost Is borne by the '' ..0 v ng the r:iru t benefit of the adaitit;riai pia i in(;, and through direct private sector contributi0ri by ar .a opet ty owners. Within Miami either a totally public provided pro- gram or some type of joint approach will be neces- sary. 11 either approach is used the Of -Street Park- ing Authority should play a significant role. While the Authority has no taxing powers it --loes receive all parking revenues (both on street and off-street) and can use these to underwrite revenue bonds to support the land acquisition and construction of parking facilities. The Authority also has the power of condemnation kNhiCh Carl hi; aaSed it it can be demonstrated that the parking is required for the "public good Undet a joint approach, land could be acquired by businesses in the immediate area and given to the Parking Authority who then would construct and operate the parking lot. If a total public approach were taken, the land could be acquired by the Off- Street Parking Authority or through the use of funds from other public sources such as C.D. funds. In ether case the Parking Authority could elect to change parking fees or not as it deemed appropriate. The basic constraint on this approach would be the requirements for debt service coverage related to outstanding revenue bonds. Of course, if the debt service ratio were to drop below the required level some adjustment in parking rates would have to be made but this adjustment could not be too great or parking rates would become unreasonable. An alternative approach would he to establish a special taxing district for the provision of parking. This approach is widely used in California and Mary- land but has not been used in Florida for parking al- though it is used for other purposes (sewer districts, lighting districts, etc.). The use of the special assess- ment district would permit all or some contribution to the cost of providing parking to be generated by the immediate areas benefitting from the parking. The problem of inadequate parking is not restricted to commercial areas but is also found in a number of residential areas in which there is inadequate of f- street parking by today's standards. In some areas simile family and multifamily dwellings were per- mitted to be constructed without any off-street parking. In other neighborhoods, some off-street parking was required but the amount is insufficient` to accommodate touay's higher automobile owner- ship and residential lots are too small to provide for additional parking space. In nearly all cases, there are no alternative parking areas except on -street parking spaces and even these spaces are inadequate in many instances. As a result, there is much "in- formal" parking on laws, roadway shoulders, in alleys, etc., and spillover into other areas where parking problems are less severe: In these areas, any attempt to further restrict on -street parking would certainly meet with strong opposition and considera- tion should be given to increasing the amount of off-street parking available. The areas most severely affected are the older neigh- borhoods near Downtown Miami including the Lit- tle Havana Area, Edgewater,, Wynwood and the north- westerly part of the Brickell Area. 107 Solution approaches to the provision of off-street Parking in residential areas also range from fully subsidized to completely self-supporting installa- tions. Fully subsidized programs include those Simi- lar to Philadelphia in which all development and maintenance costs are paid out of the city general fund and parking in the lots is free. Self-support- ing programs include those in which user fees are sufficient to cover the capital and operating costs of the lots. In many instances development costs for off-street lots are paid out of a city-wide park- ing fund whose income is generated from parking fees collected at all facilities throughout the city. In some cities in which 24-hour on -street parking is prohibited, monthly all-night parking permits are issued for certain high density neighborhoods. The fees collected for these permits is contributed to an off-street parking fund for construction of off-street facilities. The City of Milwaukee has such a program. A typical intermediate type program would be one similar to that described for commercial areas in which CD funds or general funds are used to ac- quire land and construct lots, and fees would be collected to underwrite the cost of operating the lots. For such a program to be successful, all free onstreet parking would have to be eliminated or on -street parking fees would have to be collected for all night parking. Decisions relating to the provision of off-street parking in any area must be made based on an un- biased determination that a significant parking prob- lem exists. Philadelphia uses a Severity Index which relates the total number of parked vehicles to the total available spaces. An area which has more than 90% of the available spaces occupied at night is considered to have a critical parking problem. One final consideration deals with the design of such facilities. People are typically unwilling to walk more than approximately 750 feet to a park- ing facility. Therefore, off-street parking facilities will be small, typically having between 25 and 40 spaces. In some areas, vandalism may be a signifi- cant problem, so lots must be well lighted. As was noted for commercial areas, any completely self-supporting program for the provision of public parking in residential neighborhoods appears un- likely. The marginal economic feasibility of many non-CBD facilities makes this approach unlikely 108 to be successful. The program which should be seriously pursued is one in which construction of the parking lots would be accomplished by C.D. or general funds and then spaces would he leased at relatively low rates sufficient to cover the operating costs of the lots. Under this arrangement, the Off- street Parking Department could operate the lots. Another aspect of the uff-street parking relates to the amount of parking required for new construc- tion and the design standards which must be followed. These are covered in Article XXIII (Off -Street Park- ing and Loading) of the City Zoning Ordinance and apply throughout the City except within Downtown Miami within the area zoned C-3 (Central Commer- cial). Section 2 of this Article which was updated in January 1975 by Ordinance 9343 deals with the location, character and size of parking spaces. The design standards and location criteria incorporated therein reflect currently accepted standards. In fact, the allowance of a proportion of smaller spaces for compact cars represents an awareness of current conditions which some other large cities have yet to incorporate into their parking regulations. Section 4 of the Article sets out the amount of parking required for some 29 different uses. Gen- erally the amount of parking required for the vari- ous uses appears adequate. There are some problems with the one parking space per dwelling unit for single family, duplexes and apartments up to 4 dwel- ling units in those areas in which on -street parking is prohibited or severely restricted and transit usage is not quite high. In contrast, parking requirements for both apartments and offices are probably too great for areas in the immediate vicinity of transit stations. CBD Parking As noted earlier, Article XXIII requires off-street parking within the C-3 district and, in fact, none is permitted except by conditioned use permit. The WMRT Downtown Miami Plan proposes that this be revised and that a "Parking Policy and Guidelines" be adopted. The guideline proposed is one space per 1000 square feet of office space be provided on - site with the block total not to exceed 1200 spaces. This could meet approximately 30% of the existing parking demand and about'/2 of the parking de- mand after the regional transit system is in opera- tion. The net result would be that short-term de- mends would be met on -site in the immediate fu- ture and the deficit of 70% would have to he met elsewhere. Conceptually a Downtown parking program oriented to Meeting short-term parking demands on -site and longer term employee parking demands off -site is appropriate. To he successful, however, requires an integrated transportation system which will provide convenient access from the off -site locations to the office locations. There is also the issue of how such off -site facilities should be constructed and financed. The next step is to firmly establish areas to be used as parking reservoirs and determine how these areas should be linked with new office development. The Downtown people -mover study has given some thought to this problem and has designated areas which could be used for parking. The above discussion has dealt primarily with non resideetial aspects of Downtown parking. For resi- dential developments, 0.4 parking spaces per dwel- ling unit was recommended within the C-3 zones. The provision of this amount of on -site parking would meet the parking needs of automobile own- ing residents within the C-3 zones. Areas ou tside of the C-3 zones such as Brickell and Edgewater will likely have residents with significantly greater car ownership except where apartments are located in the immediate vicinity of transit stations. In these areas parking must be provided in accordance with Article XXII I. Concern has been expressed that tree mandatory parking for residential projects r.`� the irnrrO date vicinity of the Downtown vil pusi, the cost of residential units above the price \Jhicr, middle in- come families can afford. Irrasnuclt as there is a strong desire to obtain eicarne families living near the CBD, some type of puking subsidy program should be considered. One approach would be for the City to assist with the provision of the parking by constructing a parking structure and leasing spaces to residents Such a structure could be built as an integral unit of an apartment com- plex, with the residential structures utilizing all rights over the parking facility or, if part of a multi- use project, the parking structure could be more centrally located and permit sortie joint use of the structure for daytime employees and visitors. At present there have been few examples of joint de- velopment of this type within the State. However, the off-street Parking Authority could construct and operate such facilities and, in fact, desires to do 5o. Parking Requirements in the Vicinity of'rensit Stations With the implementation of the regional rapid transit system opportunities for intensive development will exist in the immediate vicinity of some transit sta- tions. f n those areas in which new development will be encoerager.i, parking requirements within the iM mediate vicinity of the transit station should be re- duced. This approach has been taken in Oakland, California, where reduced parking requirements are permitted by special exception within specified dis- tances from the station. The City's Zoning Ordinance bus a detailed breakdown of the uses and parking reduction permitted based on distance from the tran- sit station. Special Parking Problem Areas Little River Commercial District Within the Little River Commercial District there is not a net deficit of parking spaces, but the existing parking supply consists of a number of small lots which are not correctly located to support the existing development. Present usage indicates that there is a need for one or possibly two 75-100 space lots centrally located within the commercial area. This could possibly be achieved by consolidating and expanding some of the existing lots. In locating this facility thought should be given to how the area might develop and whether a central parking structure might be required in the future. If this does appear to be the case, then sufficient land for the structure should be obtained now and used for surface parking. The Little River Area is one area where the addition of appropriately placed parking might assist in im- proving economic conditions although other actions in addition to parking will be necessary. Due to small parcel ownership and economic conditions of the area there is a need for the public provision of parking. Because the parking Tots would have to have free parking, the Off -Street Parking Authority, if it were to develop the lots, would need someas- sistance. Consideration should he given to acquiring the land required by some means other than direct purchase by the Off -Street Parking Authority. Design Center At present the Off -Street Parking Authority is pre- 109 paring parking spaces under the expressway along the south side of the Design Center. This will pro- vide additiortai spaces, particularly if the new spaces are used by employees, within the Design Center for customers. However, some of the area under the expressway has been used fairly heavily on an informal basis for some time by employees so that the total number of spaces provided will not ropresent a total increase in parking although there will be some increases. This increasewill help the parking situation in the southern blocks of the Design -Center but there will still be a defier t in the Central section of the northern blocks. It ap- pears that the best way to satisfy this deficit would be to acquire sofficient properties along the south side of N.E. 41st. Street to create one or two lots of 25 to 50 parking spaces each. Because these lots would he metered (as are the spaces under the ex- pressway), the Off -Street Parking Authority could acquire the land and operate the Tots. Coconut Grove It appears that Coconut Grove has a (rei icit of ap- proximately 50 spaces on a busy weekday and may- be twice this much on a busy weekend. The Coco- nut Grove Plan envisions the removal of on -street parking from several streets which %.voutd further and to the deficit- The major nee is In the immedi- ate vicinity of the Main Highway -McFarlane inter- section. Due to the high land costs, it appears that a parking structure ccxild be justified fttr,vever, the Land costs might be too great for the O`f-Street Parking Authority to <inderwrite both the ian:c1 and construction costs. Inasnftr,cit <;s ti ::re ;mold be a Commercial district -wide bt7rrietit resulting from the parking structure, a Sp'Ciai-biThofit i)ark inCg dis- trict could be established to provide financial hack- ing for the land acquisition. Residential Areas Certain residential areas within the City are deficient in parking due to greatly increased car ownership and the lack of adequate off-street ,a,!rking space on the small lots. However, it is-::iifficult to definitely determine Inc; demand within residential areas and ,t is recommended that the City get lilt() a residen- tiai of 1-street parking program r(atvely slow;y, Tne first step will be for tree City to develop specific evaluation criteria 10 .:eterrn ie which Plucks be considered for off-street parking. Secondly, funci- in; programs will have to bt' estaniisne.i. I t IS an- ticipated that the oft-stioet Tots will have to be free and therefore the Off -Street Par king Authority may 110 not he able to purchase property alghouth they could possibly afford the cost of operating the lots. To get the program underway, it is recommended that the City plan to construct approximately ten lots over the next three years. If these prove success- ful (i.e., were used and solved the local parking problem) then a more extensive program could he undertaken. It is estimated that a maximum of approximately 30 lots would be all that could be justified. These lots would range in size from 10 to 20 spaces each depending on the demand in the im- mediate area. The greatest need is in Little Havana and it is recommended that the first group of lots be concentrated in this area. TRANSIT SYSTEM Existing System Transit service within Metropolitan Dade County is provided by Metropolitan Transit Agency (MTA) which is a department of the county government. Until recently the Coral Gables Municipal Bus Sys- tem also provided transit service within Coral Gables and between Coral Gables and Downtown Miami. In October 1975, the Coral Gables System was merged with MTA so that now MTA provided all local pub- lic, transit service within Miami. The combined fleet of the two operations is approximately 500 buses of which nearly 450 are on the road during the peak period. MTA operates several types of service including local, local -peak hour, express, shuttle, and special service. Of the approximately 70 routes of all types operated by MTA over 50 operate, at least partially, within the City of Miami. Most of these routes pass through Downtown Miami although there are several cross- town routes (22, 27, 34, 37) which do not enter Downtown. However, 22 and 37 provide peak period services only. One evaluation measure used to assess the adequacy of existing service is the proportion of the residen- tial service area located within'mile of a bus line. Bus service is provided on virtually all north -south arterials which are typically spaced about 1/2 mile apart. Therefore, within the City of Miami all resi- dential areas are located within'4 mile of a bus route. Corridors having the heaviest transit service are Bis i cayne Boulevard and Flarllr,r Street, although in the vicinity of Downtown Miami nearly all arterials have several routes operating on there. There are several express routes and specialized services which focus on the Downtown. Tl e Orange Streaker pro- vides express service from the northern part of the county to Downtown, the Civic Center and the Mi- ami International Airport Areu via exclusive bus lane on N.W. 7th Avenue. In Carly 1976 it is plan- ned to Switch the r to 10 exe..iiisivo tt s-c rp(oi lane now being constr t;ct d en i 95 nor t'i of the Airport Expressway. Sirrlilarly, (lira Blue Dash pro• vides express service from south Dade County to Downtown and the Civic Center- through the use of a contra -flow bus lane on South Dixie Highway be- tween S.W. 72nd Street and I-05 Specialized serv- ices to the Dov^mtowri include the BB Sn ttie ;Nit!, 12-minute headways wht.d' operates in the Brickeil Avenue -Biscayne Boulevard corridor between S.E. 12th Street and N.B. 15th Street, Sunshine Shuttle with 5•minute headways Mach Ope'ates in a Ioop on Flarller, West 2nd Avenue, South ist Street and Biscayne Boulevard; and the Government Service Shuttle which operates on 20-rnino to headways between Downtown and the Civic Center. Operating Characteristics The combine:i MTA-Cori Gub .:s system cur renby carries ar proximair y 100.000 p asserv;ers on a typ- ical weekday. IniS t!'tlrt.St?! s iii.nuut 5`',; of die daily nersc)n trips rriadu witntri )_;_'t` Chint'„'. A 1969 survey of MT A -nt,n rs ,ir; it �vt;.cl.,j ttl;a', OVt.'r of the riders were transit cam .'es 1 e .Usr' tue',' did not taavt, a convenient t'ai pci! ration alternative. Ciiarac:teristics of the .f).:,t !out( s �:�tPrating within Miami are (liven in the tail E? tiritit "Existing Tran- sit Service Ct.iriice r ,tics.' fV reVie',v ,J1 the average weekday ridership on sov r„i kE rOtitt dearly in- dicates the areas which ''1r dte ti r must heavy transit uSai(G: Route 5--Tarnicarlii ltaali ai!ir: Ni. ,: a Avenue Route 6—Duu';his Rd IF f\1.V11. 36t1i St. Route 11—Biscayne r;callt-r,,t Route 14--Bisc aynt? Boul vtar.i Route 15--N.W. 2.71'1 Avenue•FiaTer Strut Route 21—Model City Area-Dowrduwn fvliami Information on neai.lii:,rays, hoirpeak anu Uit t)E;tak, Bre also provided In the rtal.ic, 04, tt;' foi,lesFisted, peak period 1 )ready,: ryt. are a15 tt) tOc 5: 15 Miriutes or Less 6 Routes 20 Minutes 6 30 Minutes 14 40 Minutes 60 Minutes 1 7 34 Routes xistirlg Transit Service Cha?acte isties Head. way haute Type Base Local 3 Local 4 Local 5 Local 6 Local 6X Express 9 Local 10 Local 11 Local 11 Shuttle 12 Local 14 Local 15 Local 17 Local 19 Local 20 Local 21 Local 21X Express 22 Local iPea►: 23 Local 24 Local 25 Local 26 Local 27 Local 28 Local 29 Local 30 Local 32 Local 34 Loca! 37 41 48 X 8 Bb 30 40 30 15 30 60 60 20 40 60 20 20 40 40 40 20 60 35 30 30 40 60 60 30 60 60 Loca: (Peak) -- Local (Peak) Express- (Peak) Local 30 Shuttle 15 Avei•e e (Minutes) peak No. Weekday Peak, ,,..of,Vehieles _.<RIdePship,_... 15 15 4,830 30 3 1,180 10 4 2,520 71/0 24 12,420 30 11 6,850 20 6 N/A 60 3 1,430 60 4 1,960 10 18 10,610 60 1 290 30 7 2,480 20 12 8,200 20 10 6,100 40 2 850 30 3 1,820 30 5 2,120 20 5 5,660 20 3 860 60 3 730 60 5 2,200 30 5 2,330 30 7 4,050 15 18 4,710 20 5 2,340 30 3 1,930 30 10 3,340 30 9 4,410 60 5 2,380 60 4 1,990 30 5 900 30 3 500 30 2 170 30 6 1,090 12 3 700 Source: UMTA Grant Application for Rapid Transit System Improve- ment Funds, March 11, 1975, Table N-1. Only six routes or approximately 15% of the total routes providing most of the local transit service to Miami have peak period headways of 15 minutes or less. There are, of course, certain corridors in which several different routes operate on the same street, particularly in the vicinity of Downtown Mi- ami. On these streets the effective peak headways are only several minutes. However, this occurs only on a relatively few streets and, therefore, peak per- 111 ioc! headways throughout most of the City exceed 10 minutes. With the implementation of the Blue Dash and Orange Streaker service plus the construction of the 1.95 busway, significant improvements in ex- press service have been accomplished. However, all information available suggests closer headways in both peak and off-peak periods would result in greater transit usage. Previously Proposed Transit Improvements Within the next few years, MTA will expand express service through the completion of the 1.95 busway and an increase in the number of buses providing Blue Dash and Orange Streaker service. MTA will also upgrade the quality of their equipment by re- placing a number of the older buses with new equipment. However, the major emphasis over the next few years will be oriented to implementing the region - wide rapid transit program which was recently com- pleted by Kaiser Engineers. In 1968 Dade County initiated a series of planning studies to identify pub• is transit neeus and the potential facilities that would be ., q„, to meet those. needs. Cornpieted in 1972, the studies recommended the cleveloprr;et of a county -wide Mass Rapid Transit system. In if general election the following year, county voters approves $132.5 million in bond sales as tree local contribution to construction costs of the proposed system. Subsequent preliminary engineering studies have now been completed cover- ing all aspects of system design. Based on the proposed route alignments submitted as a result of these studies, the Federal government granted Dade County an initial sum of $15 million in March 1976. These funds will finance further de- tailing of the system's first phase and specific urban design plans for each station location. They were part of a $75 million Federal grant application which also included right-of-way acquisition and test facility construction. Essential to the construc- tion and operation of the Rapid Transit system will be local ,matching funds which are presently being considered to be obtained from a "proposed one -cent sales tax increase." The proposed program to be completed by 1985 in- 112 dudes 48 units of grade separated fixed guideway rapid transit, 12 miles of grade -separated busvvay (9 miles of which are now under construction on 1-95), and 27 miles of major non -grade separated transit improvements such as the creation of exclu- sive bus lanes on major arterial streets. The total cost including design, right of -way and construction is estimated to be $1.3 billion. In addition to the major routes, there would be an extensive systern of feeder buses linking the stations with the surrounding area. Within Miami, the north - south route would operate in the South Dixie High- way corridor through Downtown Miami to the Civic Center and then northward along 17th Avenue and 27th Avenue. The east -west route would operate between Miami Beach and Downtown Miami and in the Flagler Road corridor to Douglas Road and the Airport. The 1-95 busway would be extended into Downtown Miami on an exclusive right-of-way. The proposed system as configured will he serving the most heavily traveled corridors with the excep- tion of Biscayne Boulevard. This corridor will he served primarily by feeder buses to the 1-95 express bus route. The only corridors having peak period headways of 10 minutes or less are: Biscayne Boulevard Flagler Street Tamiami Trail Coral Way-Brickefl Northwest 2nd Avenue Downtown -Civic Center Most other corridors have 20 minute peak period headways. A recent report by the Council on Municipal Per- formance* has evaluated public transportation in 28 U.S. cities. The analysis was made by comparing the actual percentage of total peak period work trips made on transit to a predicted percentage. The pre- dicted percentage was computed (regression analysis) based on three independent variables: employment density, proportion of families with incomes less than the minimum poverty level and the ratio of transit seat miles to highway capacity miles. Data used for the analysis was primarily from the 1970 Census of Population and 1974 National Transpor- •Municipai Performance Report: City Transportation, Council on Municipal Performance. 1975. tahonSrudy. Information reported for Miami in' c|udedthe(oUuvv/`g: Population per square mile Lmpoymwx`per square mile Percent families helovv poverty ^c,va/ use of num"rony, for for peak period wwatrips Predicted use o/ p"w'c tnmm for peak per.vowm,, ^.*^ Difference om*ee`prmicteu and aCtUA/ 9,753 4,2`8 >2mWost Dense 8mMost Dense 3r*Highest prono. tion ,sam m^H.uxesl 511,, *;ghost 11 za,* \Vni|e1hoapproach dvc uoo|ymSdneSnot give n�a| mJicadon ui �/uat huwse/ioos it is to be g/ ranked 291hoonopa/ec|n/iti` bov/g unkeJ ls\c* 1501, the ho0n`Ux.:o sogUiut asiOn/iicuni in- crpaoo in iraosiiridership dhou\d be possible. At the time cif U/exurv_�y' hereNe|o very lnwexpnoss buuos. Proposed �{a(io�awi/hio ��wn' �nJ |/ovo{ linnafn)nn GuvornnIent Centel Station x' Q/rwn\nvvn Miami are as(oUovvs� South Route: ` 8ricke|!/SW 131hS|ree| S. KXiorni/SYV22^d S:^ut S. [Jixi*SkN' 17UiAve,uu S. [}ixio/S`v%! 27|n /�venue S. O\ye/S\�37Uh Axent./e S. D/xiu/S\V'42nJAvun/t; 1.6 Min. 3.5 5.4 73 0.2 10.7 Nnrto R`sn(; N71` S|/vel 1.0 N\1,111n G(/2,8 {]v/cCeniur 4J NVY 17\u Aveooc/NYY 26V' S(/er| ` 6.9 NYY 17\h 361: 5V+wl 8.5 NVV17UiAvu)uo/0VV40U�0Q NVV72nd/\venoe/NkV54|hSt/,c( 13D VVest R0u1o. F|a;|er/5YV Aih Aveowu F(ag|or/SVV 16111 Auo'mn F|ag|o//SVV27dhAvanu, [>ouy|3s/NVV 7thS\oaet Miami Airport Oouy|as/SVV8thSt/ew. Eas(Ro'/te� M/arniAvenuo NE2nu S1ioy|/NE 2/': /\vaoxe Biscayne Boulevard/NE 9th8tneSt 3.6 The impact of the regional rapid transit system will be several-toid. l, The high. accessibility of the station locations . will create opporNnidee for revitalization of the area vv|�hin the innnnedia�8vicimlyof the stations. Higher dcvsity muihj`urpose development having |ovV8r .hpendaocoun the outornobi|ovVi|\ permit alternative Javoioprnnn1 patterns from that which exists today. Secauae many of the stations within the City of Mill mnl are located in areas that could be redeveloped oumulti-purpose centers, the City has an opportun- ity to significantly increase its tax base. At the neigkborhumdscale, planning for the area within 1/2 miioo(|hostations should bodone 10take maximum advantage of the opportunity afforded by the high 2. The systmrnWill, increase the [nibi|itypotential for 1ho residents of the City, particularly for transit captives. The direct linking of lower income areas with employment areas having nnndfor low income skills (Civic Center, Downtown Miami, Airport) _ wuaxx important consideration in the locating of ' Uie roWes and stations, The aye1enl will operate for 20 hours pnr clay with nnudh |oVvor hg8dvVay5th8n ' the present bu8system and will significantly im- prove Ihe mobility opportunities of transit captives. 3. RUhi{o Uxa implementation of the regional rapid t|anxit xyslern will not result in @ quantum jump in Uonsitusage'itwill contribute toreducing 1hevo' ' 1,.io|acOny8etion in the corridors vxhich it operates while, a\the same time, greatly expanding the people - moving oapacilycd these corridors. The actual da- _ crease in congestion will depondon many f8rre8ch- v)y factors ranging i/om the reliability of the total transit system to operating on schedule to d8|ib' ' urato policy of restricting parking at major employ- men1 centers. 4. The inlp|ementadunO1the system will positively impact the environment in oovend vv8yS. — It will contribute less total air pollution to the region than other alternative modes car- rying the 8GnnS passenger volumes, This will bemost significant inthe heavily urbanized . area of Miami. '- I vvi|i uti|i/e energy more fffioieDt|y than (lQ other alternative modes of transportation. 2.4 — It Will Utilize less land area than would be 113 _ required by other alternative modes carry- ing the same passenger volumes. The extent to which this is significant will depend on the degree to which the system is able to divert existing automobile users and capture additional riders as the region grows, Who would otherwide use autornobiles. People Movet As the Government Center is developed and growth continues in the Downtown, the need to improve the Downtown distribution -circulation system will increase. The need to provide an improved distribu- tion system will become particularly important once the initial phase of the regional Mass Transit System begins operating, To meet the distribution -circula- tion system need, a grade -separated people -mover system has been proposed for the Downtown Area and an application for a design grant has been sub- mitted to the Federal Government. The proposed system would interconnect the Brickell transit station, Brickell office area, Downtown office area, Government Center transit station and the Omni area. It would be a double -tracked elevated guideway 3.2 miles in length and have 18 stations spaced approximately two blocks apart. Recommended Transit Improvements In order to improve public transportation services to better satisfy the needs of transit dependent households and increase service to major employ- ment centers, the following transit improvements* are recommended, either supplementing or modi- fying transit strategies which are presently espoused by other plans. M.R.T. Realignment The route alignment contained in the adopted first phase plan of the Mass Rapid Transit System (MRT) enters the Allapattah Planning District under the East-West Expressway at 12th Avenue and follows 13th Court through the County and State office buildings to the proposed Medical Center Station at 14th Avenue located adjacent to the Dade County Public Safety Department. From this sta- tion the route follows Wagner Creek northwest to 17th Avenue where it turns north and continues along 17th Avenue. 'Fur specific area transit studies refer to the Appendix. 114 Iecommeflided Strategy: The alternative alignment recommended in the plan- ning study enters the Medical Center over the East- West Expressway and continues north along 12th Avenue to a new Medical Center Station centrally located on 12th Avenue. From 12th Avenue the route turns west on N.W. 20th Street and continues to 17th Avenue where it turns north and continues along 17th Avenue. From the survey of Jackson Memorial Hospital plans undertaken as part of this planning study, it is clear that the proposed alternative alignment through the Medical Center offers several advantages. First, the Jackson Memorial Hospital and University of Miami Medical School complex is presently, and will continue to be, the major activity center within the larger complex. As JMH is the largest public health care facility in Dade County, it is certainly desirable to provide easily accessible transit service to this facility. Second, ail of the JMH-UM present plans indicate that any expansion of their facilities wi►I occur east of 12th Avenue. Third, the Miami Dade Community College medical facility currently under construction on NA. 20th Street at 10th Avenue will add another major institutional use to the northeast section of the center. Fourth, the large amounts of vacant or under-utilized land east of JMH indicates the potential for a significant in- crease in population in this area. All of these factors indicate that the "center of gravity" of the Medical Center will increasingly shift northeast. The pro- posed alignment and station along 12th Avenue, responding to this shifting activity center, provides better transit access to major county health and educational facilities and additionally utilizes the much wider existing right-of-way along 12th Avenue. M.R.T. Station Relocation The adopted first phase plan of the MRT system proposed MRT stations at both S.W 26th Road and S.W. 17th Avenue, along the South Dixie Highway route alignment. Analysis of both stations has in- dicated that neither is anticipated to be a heavily patronized station due to the proximity to the rela- tively low density and higher income characteristics of the immediate area. Recommended Strategy: It is, therefore, recommended that the stations at S.W. 26th Road and S.W. 17th Avenue be deleted and a single station at S.W. 32nd Road be provided. The S.W. 32nd Road station has vat -Oils advantages over the other two stations. First, it is adjacent to and within walking distance of the Museum of Science and Vizcaya. Programs at these facilities are continuing to grow and the opportunities to expand parking in the vicinity are very limited. Direct transit access should be provident. Second, i t is also within walking distance I rom the commer- cial node at "Five Points" can Coral Way. Third, the S.W. 32nd Roarl station carl be served by feeder buses as well as the two which were deleted. Second Phase M.R.T: Continued opposition by resicdents, merchants and wor kers to m ch of the proposed second phase rapid transit system has led Dade County transit planners to agre.e tee resttidy phrase two in its en- tirety before proceeding wide the design of this phase. The purpose will be to seek alternatives, in route alignment or in mode selection, which will he sympathetic: to the needs and concerns of the different communities. In this planning process, the Little Havana community was the most cart- spoken in voicing its opposition to the proposed second phase MRT alignment. Bus System Improvements There is also a need tor shcrrt-term improvements prior to the completion of the tv1R'1 pan 1 for im- provements in other corridors not served by the proposed MRT. I rr prove ment Ot vie present bus system thlrougii both mositication and expansion of services, as enumerate t :;ra v, air recommended to meet short-range; objectives. Recommended Strategies: 1. Improve east -west bus 'ritl ',-a ,r:?yflWOUi In the North 29th Street corridor to provide improved access to employment at the MM0dii::<al Center, Air- port and Hialeah industrial area. 2. Realign existing Route 32 trom its present route along N.1N. 20th Street to N.W. 28th Street between N.W. 17th Avenue and NW. 12t1i Avenue and similarly realign Route 6 from its route along N.W. 3Gth Street. This realignment will provide for unproved transit service to the Aliapcattcala-Comstock Park YMCA area and better linkage between this neighborhood and the Medical Colter immediately to the south, 3. Realign Routes s 2b and 3/ thrcn qt t tite Medical Conner to provo.le more direct access for Medical Center employees and patrons. 4. Extend Route 24 further to the West to pro- vide service to a catchment area with a greater per- centage of transit dependent households. 5. Create a new route linking the Flagler and S.W. 1st Street corridor with the Miami International Air- port and Hialeah industrial areas. 6. Reroute bus Route 5 along S.W. 2nd Avenue south to S.W. 9th Street to serve the Joe Morretti elderly apartments. 7. Investigate feasibility of providing small bus shuttle service in the following areas: — The Flagler-S.W. 8th Street corridor in Little Havana to provide improved transit service between highly dependent residen- tial neighborhood and adjacent commercial areas. Between Coconut Grove commercial Dist- rict and Dinner Key if significant commer- cial development is established after the Miami City Hall employees move to the Government Center. — The Edison -Little River area between N.W. 2nd Avenue and N.E. 2nd Avenue to provide improved transit service between low to moderate income residential areas and nearby commercial areas. 8. Provide bus shelters at heavily used, bus stops throughout the City at which no other means of climatic protection (such as store awnings) are available. High priority locations should include bus stops along the following streets: — Biscayne Boulevard - N. 79th Street (outside of intensive com- mercial areas) - Flagler Street (outside of intensive com- mercial areas) .. S.W. Gth Street — West 27th Avenue BIKEWAY ELEMENT Throughout the nation bicycling has increased tre- mendously as a recreational pursuit and has become the third most popular form of active recreation among residents of South Florida. Of equal signifi- cance is the growing recognition of cycling as an ef- ficient and low cost alternative form of transporta- tion for trips to work, school and local services. The chief obstacle to expanding opportunities for cyc- lists, particularly in an urbanized area, is the prob- lem of conflicts with automobiles and pedestrians. Actions are necessary to reduce such conflicts by providing safe bicycle routes linking important des- tinations. A metropolitan system of bikeways should be estab- lished, linking important local facilities, i.e., parks, shopping centers, educational facilities, etc. The bikeways should be located along roadways with minimum traffic and adequate widths to minimize conflicts between the automobiles and bicyclists. A one-half mile grid pattern offset from the City's arterial network will avoid major volumes of traffic. Wherever a bikeway intersects a major arterial, appropriate bikeway crossing signs should be placed Typically, a 3-foot lane would be provided on each side of the street and would be identified by pave- ment striping and signs. Due to potential conflicts with motorized vehicles and pedestrians, cyclists are subject to all motor vehicle laws. PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION This element discusses the different physical im- provements which can aid in enhancing pedestrian circulation and the use of public spaces. Miami's subtropical climate, unique cultural characteristics and relatively dense urban environment provide it with a formidable opportunity for year round out- door activities. There are three basic concerns re- garding pedestrian circulation and the environment where it takes place: safety, comfort and appearance. The following actions are representative of the types of physical improvements which can be undertaken to increase pedestrian safety and security. Recommended Strategies: 1. Buffer the pedestrian from the traffic through landscaping or by allowing on -street parking. If pos- sible, the parked automobiles should be buffered with landscaping. 2. Enforce adequate lighting standards in all park- ing facilities whether private or public, as well as in areas of intensive activity. 3. Through graphics, paving or other designations, 116 identify all alleys or serviceways which intersect a pedestrian walk. 4. Establish mid -block crossings in areas of high pedestrian activity. 5. Provide incentives for commercial establishments which animate the sidewalk and enhance its attrac- tion for street -life, especially at nighttime. 6. Provide sidewalks along major arterials and in multi -family residential neighborhoods. 7. Divert through traffic away from pedestrian- oriented facilities such as parks and schools. Much can be done to protect the pedestrian from both sun and rain while improving aesthetic qualities of the environment. The following actions should be explored to increase climate comfort within ped- estrian environments. 1. Provide continuous overhead protection along major pedestrian paths. 2. Use landscaping and grass areas for heat absorp- tion. 3. Plant shade trees, especially on north, east and south side of the streets. Improving the appearance and ambience of pedestrian environments depend upon the provision of amenities, activities and proper communication systems. Ex- amples of these are illustrated below. 1. Appropriate rest areas, vest pocket parks, mini - parks, etc. are essential ingredients in assuring the attractiveness of a commercial area during both peak and low periods of business activity. 2. There is a need to coordinate the placement of street furniture (i.e., benches, bus shelters, informa- tion posts, telephones, trash depositories, fire hy- drants, street lights, etc.) as well as their integration. Presently, throughout the City, one finds a haphaz- ard placement of these elements. 3. The visual clutter created by the repetitious and unplanned approach utilized in the location of store front signs, neon signs, etc. should be reduced. 4. The use of paving to give scale and variety to sidewalks. Those areas where people stop to window shop can be differentiated (through a change in floor treatment) from those where there is fast-moving pedestrian traffic. 5. Special lighting fixtures should be utilized in areas of intensive activity to enhance pedestrian scale and orientation. 6. A main generator of pedestrian activity is store front animation. The curiosity arouisec; by such uses as flower shops, fruit shops, newspaper stands, cafes, which offer formidable visual contact to the passer- by are a basic element to the life of a street. These should be supplemented by outdoor restaurants, open market, etc, which allow the public both hie alternative of participating and observing street life as well as being observed. 7. There are, in addition, a multitude of urban de- sign concepts which have, in the past, proven to be basic in stimulating clear and identifiable perceptual urban images in a human being. Although it is im- possible to adequately cover this topic within the context of a comprehensive plan, the importance of theories dealing with spatial legibility should not be underplayed. There is no doubt that the treat- ments, arrangement and sequences of spaces in our environment have a profound effect on the way one moves, orients oneself, recognizes, responds and even remembers a "sense of place." RAILROADS, SEAPORT AND AIRPORT The City of Miami is served by two railroads, a major seaport aad the Miami International Airport. Several smaller airports, primarily serving general aviation, and numerous marinas for pleasure boats are also located within the metropolitan region. Railroads Both the Florida East Coast Railroad and the Sea- board Coast Line Railroad operate within the City. The FEC operates freight service only while SCL operates freight service as well as passenger service for Amtrak. Both FEC and SCL consider ttie Miami metropolitan area as a singlefreight terminal. There- fore, through freight trains come directly from northern terminals to the Hialeah Terminals where freight cars destined for the Miami Area are sepa- rated before the through freight trains move south to Homestead and Florida City. Freight cars des- tined to locations within the Miami Area are theh distributed throughout the area by local terminal yard engines. Any freight cars to be exchanged be- tween the two railroads are handled at the freight interchange yard directly west of the Miami Inter- national Airport. At present, FEC has 16 freight trains' per day (8 sorthbound and 8 northbound) operating on their mainline. Yard engine movements are heaviest along the mainline track paralleling North 79th Street which has the heaviest concentration of active rail. sidings. The southerly section of the mainline and the section of track paralleling South Dixie Highway typically have two yard engine movements per day although the section of track within the City north of Douglas Road is relatively unused. Yard engine movements on the track between North 79th Street and Downtown Miami, including movements to the Port of Miami, are more frequent with 4 to 8 move- ments per day. Because the FEC Railroad Bridge across the Miami River in Downtown Miami has been removed, there are few movements within Down- town Miami. SCL also has approximately 16 through freight movements per day most of which terminate at the Hialeah Terminal. Yard engine plus through freight movements on the SCL tracks south of Mi- ami International Airport are approximately 4 per day. Freight movements on the fine paralleling N.W. 20th Street including movements to the Port are approximately 18 movements per day. As noted above, Amtrak passenger service also op- erates over the SCL mainline to the passenger ter- minal at N.W. 7th Avenue north of 20th Street. At present, there are two through trains leaving for New York daily and one for Chicago. During the Christmas season another New York train is usually added. The summer 1975 schedule was as follows: Service to New York —Daily Lv. 8:55 am No. 84 Silver Meteor via Ocala Lv. 1:00 pm No. 82 Silver Star via Orlando Service to Chicago --Daily Lv. 5:15 pm No. 53 the Floridian via Ocala Service from New York —Daily Ar: 2:45 pm No. 81 Silver Star via Orlando Ar. 4:15 pm No. 83 Silver Meteor via Ocala Service from Chicago —Daily Ar. 10:55 am No. 52 The Floridian via Ocala airport's capacity has indicated that it will reach its annual operations capacity of 450,000 prior to 1985. If commercial aviation operations are to con- tinue to grow after that year, it will be necessary to divert an increasingly greater proportion of the air- port's general aviation operations to other airports in the region. As long as this is accomplished, Miami International Airport will have sufficient capacity to meet commercial aviation needs until after 1990. However, by the mid-1980's most of the airports now serving general aviation are expected to be reaching capacity. Expansion potentials at most airports, particularly the most convenient, are limi- ted. Therefore, alternative general aviation sites need to be found if the growth in general aviation is going to be accommodated. The impact of Miami International Airport on the City of Miami is primarily in terms of traffic, noise and economic opportunity. The airport is a major traffic generator of both traffic related to air pas- senger operations and traffic related to the major employment centers associated with the airport. Within the next few years it is planned to extend Douglas Road northeastward across the Miami River which will improve access to the airport area. If the regional rapid transit system is constructed on sched- ule, then the airport will have direct transit access prior to 1985. More extensive access improvements, including a direct connection between the Airport Expressway and the airport, and a shuttle linking the rapid transit line and the major employers in the vicinity of the airport have also been proposed but are not programmed at this time. Plans ate now being made to relocate the Amtrak station from the 7th Avenue terminal which is in very poor physical condition. Some initial plans have been developed for a multi -modal terminal just east of Miarni International Airport. Such a terminal would combine the regional rapid transit, Amtrak and an airport area shuttle system into one terminal. The location would be well centered with- in the urbanized area and have good access via the highway and transit systems. However, Amtrak has recently announced its decision to locate the new terminal north of the Seaboard's Hialeah freight yard. This site is not as conveniently located as the multi -modal access. However, the property is al- ready owned by the railroad, and by locating the terminal at this site a crew change, which now takes place at the Hialeah yard, would be eliminated and thereby reduce the passenger service operating costs. The above notwithstanding, it is recommended that efforts be taken to have the passenger terminal lo- cated at the much more accessible multi -modal site. Port of Miami The Port of Miami located west of Downtown Miami on Dodge Island is the busiest passenger port in the United States and one of the largest container ports on the East Coast. At present, seven cruise lines are based in Miami providing service primarily to Latin America and the Caribbean. Weekly or hi -weekly freight service is available to all of Latin America and to most major countries around the world. Substantial growth in the operation of the port are forecast over the next two decades. Cruise ship berth requirements are expected to double from 7 berths now to 14 berths by 1995.* Miami International Airport Miami International Airport is the principal airport serving the central Metro Dade area. It is located im- mediately west of the City with access from LeJeune Road. It is one of the busiest airports in the United States with annual passengers passing through the airport approaching 15 million. Recent analysis** of the 'Master Plan for Development: New Port of Miami, Tippetts, Ahhott, McCarthy, Stratton, February 1969. •F icy Ida Aviation System Plan, Phase 11, Stage C Report to MUATS Technical Committee, Landrum and Brown. March 5, 1975. 118 M E/CAPACITY ISON RPI AT!Oit DEVELOPED BY METROPOLITAN DADE COUNTY PAR * t4T, 'OF TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION FOR SELECTED tOrVSBASED LON AVAILABILITY OF TRAFFIC COUNT DATA. LUME/CAPACITY RATIO OVE1rI.6 }* — .876 TO 1.0 fiiff-172-11.0 1.6 nIIHMI a UNDER .876 ••••101 ITO 1.2,% M C N D P Prr.d WALLACE Me HAAO, iIOAEi1TE AHD TQOti MIAMI COMPREHENBI VE Urban end Eoologlod Plenn.n end NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT PLAN THE CITY OF MIAMI PLANNING 0 MENT INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT e. w.y. Zr.♦ h 7r TRANSPORTATION ELEMENT VEHICULAR CIRCULATION Expressway Arterial Collector <A::,3>:.�" " Sea Port Jul.p •u'* Cooleso r IN1tPNATtONAL AIRPORT NA'E2 St r Pi* S4 St -- :r tY W 36 St hr H=-- E W E.pi,/��'r--- r _r- /. i fry— t j s* e st ____JLj L and tort rt.', r ._.Ji_r NSY 19 S * ) St L &scotne Bat TRANSPORTATION ELEMENT TRANSIT F 1 Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) • MRT Station 0 MRT' Station with Feeder Bus MRT Station with Shuttle Bus Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) • PRT Station Rail Road Line _ Sea Port / ve^etr0 Cooseiay 10 nulls EXISTING BUS ROUTES LEGEND LOCAL BLUE DASH ORANGE STREAKER r r r r r r r A i MOM 111 WOW yyi�I (' IF It ollit goraittwoomitaiii dimiumendumsaisikottin 41110.110101101001111011Malill itiff 1980 FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION INTERSTATE ARTERIALS COLLECTORS itYomAftr FEC HIALEA FREIGHT ..Y'A FEC CL FREIB I TENC GE Z Priv PI NNIKIKIIIMPINfirWANI noutitoki ie r„ n ROM -4 1�� ll�t { ■■��! � i r w� ' �:�• tt m os FLORIDA EAST COAST RAILROAD s .. I r No SEABOARD COASTLINE RAILROAD . UTILITY ELEMENT This portion of the Plan is concerned with the ade- quate provision of services and facilities related to requirements for potable Water, drainage, sanitary sewer and solid waste as well as electric power and street fighting, SUMMARY The Dade County Water Quality Management Plan proposed several strategies for Meeting present and future demands for water which will exceed sup- plies now available. Water and sanitary sewer serv- ices are provided to the City by the Miami -Dade Water and Sewer Authority, however the construc- tion and maintenance of the water and sanitary sewer systems are the responsibility of the City Pub- lic Works Department. The City is presently served with potable water and this system is adequate for future growth in all areas except the Downtown. The Water and Sewer Authority, however, already has a program for installing high pressure mains in Down- town which will adequately serve future growth. The City Public Works Department is also respon- sible for the provision of local and areawide storm drainage systems. Drainage improvements are based on an observation and complaint basis and are coor- dinated with major street improvements. Sanitation services are provided on a bi-weekly basis as well as public property maintenance by the City Sanitation Department. Solid waste disposal, however, is being transferred to a County function and the City in- cinerator is to be closed down. Florida Power and Light (F.P.L.) has prepared a plan in conformance with the Florida Electrical Power Plant Siting Act and can adequately provide electric power to the City through 1986. WATER SYSTEM Water is provided to the residents of the City of Miami by the Miami -Dade Water and Sewer Author- ity which was formerly the Department of Water and Sewers of the City of Miami. The authority op- erates three water plants and an interconnected system of high and low pressure water mains. Its service area includes ail of the City of Miami plus much of the immediately adjacent area. Water for the system is obtained entirely from wells which draw water from the Biscayne Aquifer, It isa highly productive aquifer but relies entirely on the 119 nearly 60 incties'cof annual rainfall over South Flor- ida for replenishment. Of the 60 annual rainfall inches, nearly a third is utilized for consumptive purposes and irrigation. The remaining quantity of annual rainfall is relatively unavailable for con- sumptive purposes and this will ultimately affect the development potential of the region. Plans for the next twenty-five years have been made to assure that the region will have adequate water supply through the year 2000. These plans anticipate the development of a combination of projects from the development of new well fields to the backpumping of excess storm water to the conservation area in western Dade County. All of these measures must be implemented in such a way so as not to aggravate one of the most serious prob- lems faced by the region, that of salt water intru- sion into the aquifer. Though in more recent years saltwater intrusion has been stabilized through salinity control dams, heavy well pumping in dry periods has caused encroachment in the vicinity of major well fields. The City of Miami is services by a major network of high and low pressure water mains. A secondary distribution system interconnects the trunk mains with businesses and residences so that, at present, the entire City is served with potable water. The Water and Sewer authority already has a program for installing high pressure mains in the Downtown which will adequately serve future population growth. Ail other areas of the City have trunk system capa- cities to meet the water demands of the foreseeable future. STORM WATER COLLECTION SYSTEM Within the City two types of storm water collection systems are in operation. Adjacent to the coast and along the Miami River and other canals, areawide collection systems with out falls directly to the ocean car river exist. Al low areas elsewhere within the City, local drainage systems are installed which just serve the immediate area. Water collected by the local drainage system is directed to underground holding basins in the surface limestone. This limerock is highly porous and the water collected percolates into the ground. Typically, as major street projects are constructed, the local drainage systems are elim- inated and larger areawide systems are installed. 120 While a significant area of the City of Miami is with- out areawide storm sewer systems. this is not typ- ically a serious problem except in parts of Little Havana, Allapattah, Edison Park and Falgami, where both side inspections and citizen participation have helped identify major problem areas. Presently, no major program for the provision of storm sewers exists. However, the local systems are installed throughout the City on continuous basis as prob- lem areas are identified. Larger areawide installa- tions are typically carried out in conjunction with major street. improvements. SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM The provision of sanitary sewer service to the City of Miami is also the responsibility of the Miami- Dade Water and Sewer Authority. At present, all sewage collected by the Authority is treated at the Virginia Key treatment plant. This is the first major treatment plant constructed for the urbanized area and was completed in 1956. While truck mains penetrate nearly all areas of the City, a substantial portion of the City does not have areawide public sewers. This is particularly true within older density residential districts in the westerly part of the City. In addition, several older areas, particularly along the coast and Miami River, have sewers which are in poor condition or are operating near capacity. Over the past five years, the City of Miami has under- taken a program to expand sewer service through the sale of bonds for capital improvements to the sewer system. The implementation of public sewers through- out the City will result in the phasing out of many small private collection systems. These systems, of which over 100 exist in the unsewered areas of the City, collect sewage primarily within commercial and higher density residential areas and pump it to the public trunk main system. Fees are paid to the Water and Sewer Authority based on the volume of sewage pumped into the system. Concurrently with the expansion of the sewage col- lection system in the City, the Water and Sewer Authority is expanding the Virginia Key treatment plant to bring it into conformance with national treatment standards. In the longer range, two addi- tional treatment plants will be constructed —one in north Dade County and one in south Dade County. As the northerly and southerly areas of the City continue to grow, sewage generated within these areas will be diverted from the Virginia Key treat- ment plant and directed to the new plants. These two additional plants are expected to be in opera- tion by 1980. SGLIO WASTE Sanitation services are provided on a bi-weekly basis as well as ;public property maintenance by the City Sanitation Department. Solid waste disposal, however, is being transferred to a County function and the City incinerator is being closed down. ELECTRIC POWER AND STREET LIGHTING Florida Power and Light has prepared a plan in con- formance with the Florida Electrical Power Plant Siting Act and can adequately provide electric pow- er to City residents through 1986. As part of a City-wide program, the Public Works Department is presently undertaking improvements throughout the City. The program consists of re- placing older mercury vapor lamps with the more energy -efficient high power sodium vapor lights. Presently, the Central Coconut Grove area, Brick - ell and all other areas north of S.W. 8th Street, be- tween 17th Avenue and Biscayne Boulevard have already been converted to high pressure sodium vapor lights. The physical form of tight fixtures can significantly affect neighborhood appearance. Presently, most replacement sodium vapor fixtures are attached to existing utility poles, and located high above the street. Although this arrangement provides better light coverage, the resulting line of poles and lights is out of scale with most residential neighborhoods and dwarfs houses and people. Several areas of the City, however, have received experimental imple- mentation of post -top light fixtures. These fixtures stand on their own light pole and when used in resi- dential neighborhoods are only 15-20 feet high. These fixtures are much better scaled for residential areas, and are a significant improvement over the utility poles. r STRATUM 1 Provide Adequate Water Supply for Fite Safety. The National Insurance Services Office has identified a need for additional fire Hydrants in cornrnercial areas and these should be provided. 2. 'Eliminate Drainage Problem, Programmed improvements as well as needs iden- tified by Citizen Task Forces should be augmented with a detailed study and monitoring of drainage problems. Appropriate storm drainage solutions should he developed which alleviate flooding While promoting water conservation. S, Extend and Improve Sanitary Sewer System, The City should promote the sale of bonds to extend sanitary sewer services to the remaining unsewered areas in the western portions of the City as well as. improving sewer problem areas. 4, Provide Additional Sanitation Services, Citizens in Wynwood and portions of Coconut Grove have identified a need for concentrated "clean-up" services. This program should provide in- centives to private property owners for clean blocks. 5. Adopt Guidelines for the Location of Sub, Stations and Utility Lines. F.P.L. sub -stations should be located on major ar- terials in non-residential areas and where they will not disrupt the continuity of retail uses. Utility lines should be located underground and construc- tion should be coordinated with street improvements. 6. Provide Appropriate Street Lighting. Where possible, these fixtures should be employed in the areas that remain to be converted to sodium vapor. Fixture size, type and intensity levels should be appropriate to street scale and use. 121 e. •.r+ ii*L• SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM STATUS LEGEND ( -1 AREAS WITH SANITARY SEWERS WITHIN CITY LIMITS ® AREAS WITH SANITARY SEWERS WHICH ARE EITHER VERY OIL, OPERATING NEAR CAPAUTY AND/OR HAVE HIGH INFILTRATION AREAS WITH SANITARY SEWERS UNDER CONSTRUCTION SANITARY SEWERS FUNDED- CONSTRUCTION TO BEGIN FALL 1975 ® SANITARY SEWERS APPROVED -CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE DEPENDENT UPON SALE OF BONDS AREAS WITHOUT PUBLIC LOCAL SANITARY SEWER COLLECTION SYSTEM i ;'Its r -p!I 1 .L =t 'al, . 4 ':. i `( JULIA TUTTLelaWY: 00 1 _U$.41 b• tORALWAY SW 22 ST. M +` y4 '. b ROPD, SW 4C St —1 r Li 1.2 AREAWIDE STORM SEWERS u. • r • WATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM LEGEND EXTENT OF SALT - WATER INTRUSION >1000 PPM CHLORIDES , MAJOR WELL FIELD EXISTING CANAL ANDMAJOR SALINITY `CONTROL i i ei ° w h o bi Dk SEWAGE, DRAINAGE. LIDWFING IMEMIMIN WIII I1JOP1! Common & rool000ment of sanitary sawan Storm Oral a a improvements Lighting improvements YHiOMANROiSRRV / stsRese}wRIONSRZ#iI, cri ao- EOaR2tl J.oiovQ1Qm0>maaOAnmssmammaer:amom+anIfommo II. iicom AlywoomSDl�aQOQOQl4fSM41lM �a na P ONb�il6O* R% r /�1Ww �y vs_ iididi2R•AitFlihf6ft<SQt�***RWOOW9114aI1�tlMO 00109SiKR1'A1611 %y�j�''YI/.�rn .R!4i n RWRZR20 SIPRisDIMIRRIC IRIRItitiOOMMIS1i. RROeOsesls� . ,w4 � r �` AleeJ% ///,• IORORSif RSS# ow C WS RRRRR32i811 N 2 �� O *POWWOW *POWWOW , 4t; ,f� 4 II I I I1E ttt a �i ., a y Innitinnint WRIStlSOPPRRilr• V S16SafMSMaltltlLs WV r nemoriqw *WOO 2. . A 6A O iVOVOIF eivrasvi *O ®®®i RPRO Ter !®®®®! OOMP2R>!RO• !R®®RIOBORIAi0S®OM :: 1031eis? NOWWWW MOVV; r? RFR IV ■R ■®!! Si®!OS' ffifK RAa1POOMRR®Ir t • .�1lJ?I •Ql 11P ./ l.ljRnsfsl�3:11OSR 9Y9SG7e G ®11M®M ' 16; :f,,/1 RSR �A��I mR:: 4 on On reNO s � • ==, l 40I liTERs G VERNMENTAL COORDINATION This portion of the Plan is concerned with the re- lationship of this planning process to those of ad- jacent municipalities. SUMMARY To ensure coordination among the various agencies and levels of government concerned with planning and trie provision of services to the City, an Inter- Departmental Coordinating Committee was formed, including all Departments affected by the Plan and its Recommendations. Information was exchanged, six District Plans were reviewed and revisions made. A Tec hnic:di Advisory Committee convened by Da, to County will continue to review Plan recom- mendations and/or subsequent revisions. JURISDICTIONAL CONTROLS AND RESEON• SIBILITIES OF GOVERNMENT The City of Miami is the largest in area and popula, tion of the 27 incorporated municipalities in Dade County. Miami was incorporated in 1896 and since 1921 has operated under the Commission -Manager form of government. Until 1956, the City derived its home rule powers almost exclusively from the State, and the County had virtually no control or jur isttiction over it or other incorporated municipal- ities. In 1956, Dade County, the largest county in Florida, enacted the Home Rule Amendment, authorizing its electors to adopt a charter, under which the County Commission -Manager were given powers to deal with County -wide problems. In 1957, Dade County adopted a constitutional charter and insti- tuted a metropolitan form of government. With the exception of public schools and the courts, the County provides major metropolitan services on a County -wide basis. City of Miami services to residents include the fol- lowing: 1. Police and Fire Protection 2. Land Use Controls 3. Parks and Recreation 4.. Sanitation and Garbage Collection 5. Local Storm Sewage 6. Building Code Enforcement 7. Local Street Construction, Lighting and Main- 123 tenance 8 Beautification 9. Operation of Municipal Facilities (Marinas, Orange Bowl, Marine Stadium) 10. Planning 11. Publicity and tourism 12. Off Street Parking Cities may contract With or delegate their power to Metro to provide these services. Additional services, such as street improvements and sidewalk improve- ments, may be provided through special taxing dis- tricts. A special tax district in Downtown Miami, the Downtown Development Authority, has been established. The Miami City Manager prepares an annual budget, funded mainly from general property tax revenues, Federal and State revenue sharing and special fees. The County Manager's annual budget is funded principally by property tax revenues, Federal grants, Federal and State revenue sharing funds and special fees. Funds are allocated for major metropolitan services for all residents regardless of residency. In addition to City and County general operating funds and the approved or anticipated grants from the Federal government, the City and County have received approval from their electorates over the last decade to float bonds for more than $650 mil- lion for capital improvements, enabling them to avoid a "pay as you go" cash flow and to initiate projects badly needed by the community. More- over, the recently enacted Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 allows the City and County to undertake capital improvements to cre- ate viable communities. The State of Florida provides a wide spectrum of services in the City of Miami, including the follow- ing: 1 Department of Health and Rehabilitation which provides services to elderly and handi- capped in areas of Health and Welfare. In ad- dition this Department administers Family Services. 2 Department of Commerce which deals with employment services 3. Department of Criminal Law Enforcement 4. Department of Motor Vehicles 5 Department of Natural Resources 6. Department of Transportation 7. Department of Health 8. Department of Environmental Regulation, 124 which deals with environmental management and pollution control. Other state offices in Miami include the Attorney General, Public Defender, Division of Corrections, Retardation and Vocational Rehabilitation, and South Florida Flood Control and Fiegiooal Planning Council. Due to the enactment of several State and County laws since 1970, Comprehensive Plans and major development projects have to be reviewed and ap- proved by a series of public agencies. Such legis- lation includes the Florida Land and Water Environ- mental Management Act of 1972, the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1973, the Local Government Comprehensive Planning Act of 1975 and the Dade County impact ordinances of 1975. Federal agencies such as HUD, LEA and HEW pro- vide substantial funds to local administrations for housing, community facilities and social services. Most recently, federal funds from UMTA have been awarded for mass transit improvement in the County. According to the Local Government Comprehensive Planning Act, the City must submit to guidelines and procedures established by the State for preparing a Comprehensive Development Plan for the entire City. This Act mandates all municipalities to adopt a Comprehensive Plan by July 1, 1979. It also re- quires an inter -governmental coordination element, showing relationships and stating principles and guidelines to be used in the accomplishment of coordination of the adopted Comprehensive Plans with existing or proposed Plans of School Boards, adjacent municipalities, the County and County units providing services within the municipality. A Technical Advisory Committee, composed of rep- resentatives from the Dade County Water and Sewer Authority, Port Authority and Board of Public In- struction, as well as representatives from Coral Gables, West Miami, El Portal, Miami Shores, North Bay Village, and Miami Beach, will be convened for this purpose. Sixty days prior to adopting a Comprehensive Plan, Miami has to follow specific review and public hear- ing procedures, as specified in the 1975 Act. A detailed description of the jurisdictional controls and responsibilities of government and their relation- ships is given in the Appendix of this Report. 5firt4TEGV the City of Miami Comprehensive Neighborhood Plan should be coordinated with and related to the Comprehensive Plans of the State of Florida, bade County artd the Regional Planning % ourlcil and adjacent municipalities as such Plans exist or are prepared, 4.0 IMPLEMENTATION 4.1 CAPITOL INVESTMENT PROCESS f f IN 'ROIUCTION The objective of this section is to describe the capi- tal irnprovement programming process to be car- ried out by Miami's Planning Department. This 6 year investment program will accompany the Miami Comprehensive Neighborhood Plan in draft form for the years 1977-1983. A final 6 year program and 1year capital budget will be submitted by the Man- a ler \.vith tile 1977-1978 Budget in the fall of 1977 tot City Commission action. Although the City Code requires that the Planning Department prepare a Capital Improvement Program, the process for pre- paring, reviewing, approving and updating this pro- gram is not prescribed in detail. To introduce and Institt tionaiize such a significant function into City, operations will require the full approval and support of the City Manager's Office. This section has been written in a way to allow other City staff who might eventually participate in the process, to understand the history, require- ments, procedures and products of the Capital Im- provement Program. Material is organized as follows: -- Definitions — Uses of the Capital Improvement Program — Rationale for Long Range Capital Program- ming - Legal Requirements Contractual Requirements - Previous Capital Improvement Efforts - Proposed Process DEFINITIONS The Capital Improvement Program (CIP) that the Planning Department proposes to develop with the assistance and participation of other City Depart- ments, the Manager's Office and the Planning Ad- visory Board is intended to serve as an official state- ment of the City's policy regarding long-range (6 year) physical improvements. It is recommended that the CIP be presented to the Commission each year to be approved in principle. The Capital Budget is the first year of the Capital Improvement Program (CIP) authorizing the ex- penditure of City, State, Federal and other funds administered by the City for that period. The Cap- ital Budget is proposed to be used by the Manager's Office in preparing annual operations budgets and Would be adopted by the CoMthission at approxi- mately the sariie tithe as the Operatiohs Budget is adopted. A Capital Imptovment, as tentatively defined by the Planning OepartMerit, is ahy capital or "in kind" expenditure of $20,000 or more resulting in the acquisition, improvement or addition to fixed as- sets in the form of land, buildings or improvements, more or Tess permanent in character, and durable equipment with a life expectancy of at least 20 years. USES OF THE CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM It is anticipated that the capital improvement pro- gram will serve at least four uses, as follows: 1 Public information guide of the City's devel opment plans 2. Official statement of the City's capital ex- penditure plans (for Federal, State and other funding agencies) 3 Information source for private investors and financial institutions, which loan funds to fi- nance City projects 4. Working tool for City departments RATIONALE FOR LONG RANGE CAPITAL PLANNING Although local and State legislation requires the City to prepare and adopt a CIP, there is a sound fiscal rationale for developing and regularly up- dating it. Three reasons are as follows: 1, Revenue is estimated and matched against capital needs 2. Policy for municipal borrowing and indebt- edness can be projected and planned for a long period of time Annual expenditures can be established within a framework of Tong -range fiscal requirements LEGAL REQUIREMENTS Existing local codes and State statutes require that the City develop a capital improvement program, as follows: 128 City Code Section 2, pertaining to Administration, states "the department of planning shall develop a city capital improvement program " (Sec. 2-66). Section 62 pertaining to Zoning and Planning, states that the comprehensive planning program shall include "tax- ing and financial arrangements and long-range capi- tal improvement programs deemed necessary to im- plement the planning program." (Sec. 62-1) County Code Section 11.8 in its entirety reads as follows: "All governmental units in Dade County will on or before October 1 of each year submit to the clerk of the county commission a report contain- ing information on their respective capital im- provement projects which have been approved for the new fiscal year and which are planned for the succeeding six (6) fiscal years, such reports to be submitted annually on forms provided by the planning department of the county. The clerk of the county commission shall, after re- cording receipt of each report, transmit the same to the county manager, who will, with the assist- ance of the planning department and the planning advisory board, review the submitted reports and thereupon prepare his recommendations which will, where appropriate, among other things, state the effect of such projects upon one another, recommend the appropriate coordination of the various projects by governmental unit and advise the compatibility of such proposed projects with the county's general land use master plan; whereupon, the county manager's recommenda- tions will be submitted to the county commis- sion on or before January 15 of each year." State Statutes The Local Government Comprehensive Planning Act of 1975, signed into law by Governor Askew in July, 1975, and incorporated as Chapter 380 of the Florida Statutes, requires that Miami prepare and adopt a Comprehensive Plan before July 1, 1979, specifically stating the following: "The economic assumptions on which the plan is based and any amendments thereto shall be analyzed and set out as a part of the plan. Those elements of the comprehensive plan requiring the expenditure of public funds for capital improvements shall carry fiscal proposals relating thereto including, but not limited to, estimated costs, priority ranking relative to other proposed capital expenditures and pro- posed funding sources." (Section 7, paragraph 3) This law is particularly important since it requires that Miami adopt and execute its capital improve- ment programs in coordination with Dade County and other municipalities. Theca;itai improvement program would become a legal instrument rather than simply an information document or a guide. CONTRACTUAL REQUIREMENTS The contract that the City hasuxecuted with Wal- lace, McHarg, Roberts and Todd, et al, requires that the City prepare a preliminary capital improve- ment program by October, 1976, with the assist- ance and advice of the consultants. This require- ment was included in the contract to guarantee that the Comprehensive Plan is economically fea- sible and fiscally sound, as mandated by the Local Government Comprehensive Planning Act. It is intended that this preliminary capital improve- ment program serve as a supplementary document with the Comprehensive Plan, and that CIP be refined and finalized after October, 1976 to coin- cide with the preparation of the 1977-78 Proposed Budget. PREVIOUS CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT EFFORTS City Efforts Although sporadic efforts itave been made since at least 1950 to identify needed capital projects and schedule the implementation of projects over sev- eral years, the City has had no on -going capital im- provement programming process. The responsibility for preparing these lists and scnedules has fluctu- ated between the Planning Department and the Public Works Department. The most recent effort was that made in 1975 by the Pub11e Works De- partment to list all capital projects identified by City operating departments. In chronological order, the history of City capital programming is as follows: 1: In 1949, by City Commission resolution, a Long Term Capital Improvement Cortnrnittee was established to work with the Planning Board. It consisted of twenty citizens and government panels, which proposed capital projects through 1975. No projects were eliminated, since the proposed 20 year schedule allowed completion of all projects. 2. During the middle 1950's the responsibility for capital improvement scheduling was trans- ferred to the Department of Engineering, which compiled a list of capital improve- ments "needed at an early date." 3. In 1958 and 1959, the Department of Engi- neering summarized the capital improvements considered necessary for the following six years. While this report suggested some funding sources, no effort was made to plan future revenues or to measure needs with revenues. The total six year program was estimated at S104,000,000, which, the report stated, would be "impossible to complete in six years." A supplement to this report attempted to iden- tify the impact of these proposed capital pro- jects on the operating budget. 4. In the early 1960's, the Department of Engi- neering focused its capital project program ef- forts on preparing a one year information document, for projects in the proposed Capi- tal Improvements Budget. It did not prioritize the projects nor did it analyze project financing. 5. In 1965, the Planning Department made the first effort in City administration history to estimate revenues needed for capital improve- ments and to establish a dollar amount to be spent for each of six years on capital projects. Operational impacts were also analyzed in revenue projections. 6. The Department of Public Works in 1972 published "Capital Improvement Information," listing various capital projects proposed for the City. This document did not consider the City's ability to complete the listed project nor did it attempt to prioritize them according to needs or benefits. Finally, as mentioned, the Depart- ment of Public Works prepared a list of opera- tional department projects in 1975 but did not prioritize capital projects or identify reve- nue sources. The most significant deviation from prior City efforts that the Planning Department proposes to under- take with the assistance of other Departments is to provide a More cornptehensive list and evaluation of capital needs, to thoroughly analyze and esti- mate grants, loans and other revenues and to an- nually involve the Commission in the review and approval of capital improvements. County Efforts On June 4, 1976, the County Manager transmitted the Six=Year Capital improvement Prngrani: Suni, many and index 1976=1982 to the County Commis- sion, It is the first six year program prepared since 1964, and it contains 534 projects, valued at a little more than 3 billion dollars, and a proposed schedule of revenues needed to implemeht the program. The first year of the six -year schedule has been included by the County Manager in his Proposed Operating Budget for FY 1976.77. The process used in preparing the program was con- sidered experimental, to be refined and expanded to include municipalities and the School Board dur- ing the second cycle. Significant elements in the process include the following: 1. The County Manager supported the concept of capital programming and provided the authority and necessary resources to have the CIP prepared. 2 A Capital Improvements Technical Committee, consisting of six representatives from opera- ting Departments and the Capital Improvement Division of the Manager's Office, was estab- lished and delegated full responsibility by the Manager for reviewing and ranking projects. However, the Manager reserved the right to make modifications to the CIP before sub- mitting it to the Commission. 3 The Capital Improvements Division developed an objective project evaluation and ranking system that could stand up in court. 4. The County Manager has encouraged the City of Miami to participate in preparing the second year County CIP. PROPOSED PROCESS Over the past several months, Planning Department staff have carefully analyzed CIP processes utilized in Dade County and Philadelphia and have re- searched capital improvement programs of half a dozen major cities in the U.S. Project request forms 130 have been reviewed, prior histories of capital irti- p-overeat programming have been investigated and the relationship of programming to budgeting and planninghas been analyzed, The City's pan- ning consultants have also provided guidance based on their capital improvement experience in Phila- delphia, Pittsburgh and San Francisco. Based on this research and analysis of other CIP processes, the Planning Department has made several assur - tions about Miami's capital improvement program process, namely: 1. The first CIP process should be considered a pilot project for City administration to test project request forms and procedures, to in- troduce operating departments to the concept and methodology of capital improvement pro- gramming, to familiarize the Planning Advisory Board, the Commission and technical review committees with the CIP process, to test meth- ods for project cost estimating and revenue projecting. 2 The first CIP process should attempt to gen- erate a comprehensive list of capital needs, estimate the total development and opera- tional costs of capital projects and anticipated revenues in determining the feasibility of the Comprehensive Plan and the priority of pro- jects on annual expenditure levels and identify tax support requirements for capital improve- ment spending. 3. Preparation of the first CIP will require the establishment of a technical review mechanism to check project and land cost estimates, to evaluate project urgency and the satisfaction of criteria, to identify and quantify opera- tional impacts as precisely as possible, to rec- ognize possible constraints in project schedul- ing or implementation (public hearings, in- consistencies with plans or public policy, special permits and approvals, etc.). 4. The project request forms and methodologies for project request evaluation be as consistent with Dade County's and as simple as possible initially, considering the time and manpower limitations and legal requirements (i.e., that the City submit its capital improvement in- formation on forms provided by the County. Ref: Section 11.8 of the County Code). Even if no legal requirement existed, the Planning Department believes that the project request form and methodology for evaluation used this past year by the County offers a good model to refine and duplicate. 5. The second CIP process should be much more exacting in terms of cost estimates, operational impacts and project scheduling and that the City's second process should be closely coor- dinated with the County's second CIP process. 6. The second six -year CIP will be submitted for approval in principal to the City Commission by the Manager and that the Capital Budget will be incorporated in the City Manager's Pro- posed Budget for 1977-78 for City Commis- sion adoption. The following PERT chart plots the more important steps in the capital programming process proposed by the Planning Department. Several of these have already been initiated, particularly those involving data collection. PRELIMINARY C.I.P. PROCESS TESTING PHASE ( N I do«d I w age 588E2 I c 8 ) �o�a 1 8 -- c$et 1To a°cc cacE d '+ . m Ec na j '= 3EN� V)A I W FINAL C.I.P. PROCESS AND CAPITAL BUDGET PREPARATION. IMPLEMENTATION PHASE 131 4.2 REGULATORY PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT The City of Miami is presently revising the text and district regulations within the Corriprehehsive Zoning Ordinance No. 6871 for confornabce with the land use plan and recommendations of the Mi- ami Comprehensive Neighborhood Plan. Essential to this revision is the understanding that future development in the City will, in most instances, be redevelopment. Consequently, the techniques utilized in this new zoning code will be very much particular in the context of redevelopment but ex- pand the scope of the existing regulatory program. This new zoning ordinance will make greater use of the techniques of planned development, special public interest districts, and both side and develop- ment plan review procedures for the particular uses to which each approach is peculiarly adapted. The principle of Transfer of Development Rights has particular applicability for the Miami Central Busi- ness District (CBD), the proposed Mass Rapid Tran- sit (MRT) station areas, the Miami Riverfront Dis- trict and others. Along TDR, two additional new tools to be employed within the revised zoning or- dinance will be the systems of Land Use Intensity (LUI) and Minimum Property Standards (MPS), developed by the Federal Housing Administration. The LUI and MPS establish a broad range of inten- sities, standards for open space and recreation, and coordinate the regulation of height, bulk, lot cover- age, etc., and in such a manner have a substantive advantage over the older "prescriptive zoning straight -jackets" which unnecessarily constrain de- sign without corresponding public benefits. Certain areas of the City have been singled out as appropriate for change in the regulatory framework. The guidelines for this change are discussed in each of the plan elements and especially in the Commun- ity Design Element. Accompanying this report is an analysis of the existing zoning ordinance prepared by Dr. E.R. Bartley and Bair, Abernathy and Asso- ciates, ,Inc. The analysis sets out recommendations for modifying the concept of land controls within the City. This report and the Comprehensive Neigh- borhood Plan will serve as basis for revising text and district regulations of Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance No. 6871. 133 4 3 DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS INTRODUCTION All of the market data, analysis and land planning being conducted for the City of Miami will repre- sent a benefit to the City only if the plan leads to development that meets the market needs and pro- duces adequate revenue in the, form of jobs and teal estate taxes in particular. In the Economic Technical Appendix (under sepa- rate cover) there is an in-depth study titled "An Analysis of the Fiscal Impact of Selected Classes of Land Use." This report lists the comparative net fiscal impact of various types of development, listing the total revenue that can be expected by the City from the developrent against which is charged the total governmental costs. For the vari- ous types of categories analyzed the total fiscal impact for the various types is as follows: Type_ 100 UnitRental Apartment 100,000 Square Foot Office Building 60,000 Square Foot Retail Establishment 50,000 Square Foot Indus- trial Plant 50,000 Square Foot Whole- sale Establishment 300 Room Hotel Net Annual Fiscal impact 6,607 profit $ 7,410 profit $ 4,079 profit $ 990 profit to 769 Ioss $ 1,847 Ioss $15,935 loss In the categories of industrial, wholesale and hotel showing negative figures, it must be understood that the benefits from this type of improvement can come from the jobs provided and not directly from the real estate. It thus becomes obvious from this study that any future development should be mindful of the net fiscal impact figures listed above. These must be weighed against the opportunity of the City making an investment in certain types of real estate in the form of subsidy or land cost write -down that might possibly discount the fiscal impact figures listed above by giving the stimulus for job opportunities for City residents. LAND INVENTORY When zoning categories have been revised into cate-. gories consistent with the proposed 1936 Land Use Plan, the breakdown bv individual classifications will be as follows: Residential Commercial and Mixed Use Manufacturing and Marine ndustrial Open Space and Government Total 11,662,33 acres 2,784,14 acres 1,504.25 acres U so 8f2Lacr_e_s_ 17,375.58 acres As of July 1975, the total vacant land vvithin the City limits plus two major areas that co;iici he a,.i- ded as redevelopment possibilities are its f Oi lows: Vacant FEC Yards Dinner Key Total 1 /118:43 acres 60.21 acres 2.35 acres_ 1 ,520.99 acres Major land areas including the two redo.el opment possibilities listed above that are available at this time are as follows: FEC Yards Dinner Key Claughton Island Fair Isle blue Lagoon (two tracts) 17th Avenue & North River Dr :ve 22nd Avenue at Miami River N.SN. 7th Avenue between 8tit llth Sts. (HUD Acdnisiti N.VV. 3rd Avenue between -395 20th St. (HUD Acquisitioni lotai 60.21 acres 42.35 acres 40 04 acres 21.65 -:!cres 21. 77 acres 5 02 acres 22 24 acres cres 248.75 acres The above acreage figares vvere hiken iroortna- lion supplied by the. Department t.,11)1:,!,H!ig of the City of Miami. The above list does r.,ot presume to be ina, since there are other tracts et ground .11 lilt are presentiy improved that, through cic:arar I be added to the vacant land inventory for future ie‘ielopment. However, it is significant to ititlize that ot the 1,521 vacant acres, including the FEC al id Diener Key properties, 249 acres can bc- labeiud ,is „rvellaole for development and in a site Ur lat would :ii;stify d ma- jor development concept. The remaining 1,272 acres o( vacar it ;and ...re prin- cipally in parcels of one acre of less arid a majority 136 are scattered individual lots that exist within im- proved neighborhoods. bevelopment Opportunities This report lists 30 development opportunities covering a broad spectrum which are classified below under their use categories: 1. Transit Stations Brickell Avenue "Five Points" 27th Avenue Douglas Road Culrner Park 28th and 36th Street Manor Park 2, Industrial FEC Yards Garment Center 3, Commercial Little River -Biscayne Plaza Biscayne Boulevard Design Plaza Brickell Avenue Coconut Grove Little Havana S.W. 8th Street Martin Luther King Boulevard 4. Residential Edgewater New In -town Residential Blue Lagoon Medical Center 5. Mixed Miami CBD Miami Riverfront Coral Way Shell City 6. Government and Institutional Government Center Mercy Hospital 7. Recreation Watson Island Dinner Key ducational Virginia Key It is ir'npossible for any city to act on such a list of development heeds and opportunities all at one time. The list, however, is an impressive one and at- tention will be given to those specific projects that are considered to be of the highest priority. "High- est Priority" relates to such elernents as preventing neighborhood deterioration, providing job oppor- tunities, providing new housing, creating a new in- dustry and supporting existing facilities that have already been constructed. These selected development opportunities will be covered in the paragraphs that follow under the appropriate use designations. Transit Stations Seven stations have specifically been mentioned as development opportunities and they can be lumped into a single opportunity when the effect of a tran- sit station is understood. Transit stations attract people to a single point in similar fashion as trolley car transfer points such as 17th Avenue and 36th Street in Allapattah. This attraction of people to a single point represents an opportunity for the development of retail stores and, also, of multi -family housing, usually in mid- rise or high-rise buildings. Since there is an objec- tive to reduce automobile use and encourage ped- estrian traffic, it is essential that the housing be brought in as close as possible to the actual transit stations. This trend has already occurred in other American cities that have already completed their transit systems. However, it is felt that the transit system's com- pletion cannot be expected before 1982 and, there- fore, no immediate development is needed but fu- ture opportunities are available because of the in- dicated locations of the stations. Industrial FEC Yards: The FEC Yards have lain practically dormant and unused with the disappearance of the need for large marshalling and freight yards. This 60 acre tract is one of the most dominant pieces of real estate within the City limits and its develop- ment could trigger a major revival in an area that is in need of employment. Because of the unique location of this tract of ground fronting oh 36th Street and its eacy access to the Major expressways, plus the servicing of the tract by rail, the land lends itself particularly to in- dustrial development. This development has nbt oc- curred already because of the unwillingness of the present owners to either develop the property themselves or sell it to others at a reasonable price. The tract should be laid out carefully as a campus- type industrial park which could become a show- place. Important employment would be provided to those in the immediate area, and there would be a beneficial reaction on adjacent real estate. Development financing for such a project could be worked out through private sources, but it might be necessary for the City to acquire the land from the present owner and write -down the cost to a figure that would be economical for the developer of the industrial park to whom the property would be sold. Such a write -down could be for as much as $3.00 per square foot, or nearly $8 million dollars. Such a figure is of staggering size, but it is felt that such investment on the part of the City would have a chain reaction effect on adjacent real estate es- pecially that to the south of 29th Street between the EEC tracts and 1-95. Commercial This heading includes both retail and office space which are so often linked together. This is true in the above list of commercial development oppor- tunities, but two in particular will be covered in greater detail. Little River -Biscayne Plaza: The Little River -Bis- cayne Plaza commercial center roughly is bracketed on the east by Biscayne Boulevard and on the west by N.E. 2nd Avenue and is bisected by N.E. 79th Street. These are all important traffic arteries. The statement has already been made the encouragement should be given to the consolidation of this area into a single district in order to promote office expan- sion in the Little River area and concentration of retail in the Biscayne Shopping Plaza. A negative factor in achieving this end is the fact that the even flow of development is interrupted by the 79th Street access being cut by the New River Canal and by the main right-of-way of the FEC Railroad. Furthermore, the continuing success of the Biscayne Plaza shopping area has been threatened by the heavy concentration of retail facilities along 169th Street to the north of this area in Dade County. It would seem appropriate that in order to consolidate the Little River commercial area and Biscayne Plaza, particular attention should be given to improved access, elimination of incompatible uses and an overall revitalization of the outdoor amenities and facilities in order to give the area the charrn that has been lost. The Biscayne Plaza shopping area is difficult for the motorist to approach because of the heavy traffic on Biscayne Boulevard and N.E. 79th Street. Also, interior circulation is difficult and redesign of this might even make necessary the demolition of some of the vacant stores, The Little River commercial area should concentrate on im- proving on what they have already created, inclu- dign a new office building and not hope for too much expansion in the fut,ire. Brickell Avenue: A second development area that deserves particular comment is Brickell Avenue along which has been developed a number of Mi- ami's newest office buildings. Downtown Miami, unfortunately, is spreading its office buildings rather than concentrating them with three prin- cipal locations being Brickell Avenue, Downtown flanking Flagler Street and the new buildings and facilities surrounding the Omni project. Brickell Avenue still has vacant sites for further expansion but it is felt that attention must be given to easing the flow of traffic, especially at peak hours, and the providing of Netter eating and retail facilities for the increasing number of people who come to this area on Monday through Friday to work. Mixed Use Miami River: Over the years, the Miami River has been a working river relating principally to the boat and fishing industries. Because of poor policing, the beauty of the river was marred by forgotten dere- licts and an overall tawdry appearance. As the com- mercial ventures have now been concentrated into a few major operations, land has become available for other uses which have included the Holiday Inn Mo- tel, the former publishing plant of the Miami News, now occupied by Master Charge, and growing num- bers of residential structures. There are available vacant sites along the river including two already mentioned at N.W. 17th and N.W. 22nd Avenue. There are others in the area that are ripe for rede- velopment, 138 In order to enhance the opportunity of the river - front for further development, the clean-up cam- paign along the river must be continued and inhar- monious new uses should be restrained or restricted. Miami's river is one of its great assets and can be re- stored to a thing of beauty. The City's tole will be principally one of maintenance and policing. Pri- vate enterprise, including private money, should make possible future development which will in- clude hotels, raid -rise and high-rise apartments, res- taurants and small office buildings. 36th Street: Another area that deserves special com- ment in relation to mixed use is N.W. 36th Street between N.W. 7th Avenue and N.W. 27th Avenue. This street with its commercial zoning has suffered heavily with the construction of the East-West Ex- pressway which lies immediately to the north of the street. The former commercial establishments located along this street have floundered with the loss of automobile traffic a►ong 36th Street which formerly was a principal east -west artery. This Mas- ter Plan revision recommends a change from com- mercial to mixed use zoning which would allow resi- dential uses to be mixed with retail. Since this area is principally dominated by Cubans who are famil- iar with the mixed use concept, it is felt that this change will provide an incentive for new develop- ment which would eliminate much of the run-down appearance that prevails throughout the length of this street. Residential Comment will be made concerning three principal residential development opportunities that will have major impact. Edgewater: The first is Edgewater —that area north of Omni flanked by Biscayne Bay on the west and run- ning north to 36th Street. This area would have de- veloped in similar fashion to the Brickell Avenue area if development had not been hampered by inade- quate street layout. Unfortunately, the east -west streets run from Biscayne Boulevard and dead-end at the Bay. With no opportunity for circulation, all development has been limited to such uses as would be willing to located on a street that dead -ends at a cul-de-sac. If the City could construct a single north - south street at the bay or create road loops tying together the east -west streets similar to that which already exists at Point View in the Brickell area, resi- dential developments would occur in spite of the fact that the majority of the sites are small. Devel- oilers would asser►ible sites ih order to give them the necessary plottage and the benefit to the City ih repayment for the street construction would be increased land values and, therefore, taxes. In,Town Residential! A New In -flown Residential Community is a constant dream of planners in all cities being studied throughout the United States. The older residential areas that surround Down- town have declined in value as lower income groups moved into the housing and much of it has been the target for urban renewal. A particular area in Miami that lends itself to a new residential commun- ity is adjacent to Bicentennial Park, Omni and Down- town. It has the advantage of accessibility to all of the Downtown facilities and, also, to the expressway system. This area is currently of mixed residential and com- mercial use and would, undoubtedly, require re- newal treatment. If a large enough area can be ac- quired it would be possible to create a dramatic plan that could produce housing for the middle -income market. If such housing is to be developed and fi- nanced privately, the City will have to provide sub- sidies which could be in the form of land write -down, real estate tax protection or even rental subsidy. It is not possible to come up with the total dollar investment that the City might have to make with- out a preliminary project plan which would allow the preparation of a feasibility study. Medical Center: A third area that lends itself to resi- dential development, even on a mixed use basis, is that bordering the Medical Center, especially be- tween N.W. 12th Avenue and N.W. 17th Avenue. Because of the heavy employment within the Med- ical Center, there is a need for more housing that would make it possible for employees to walk to work. A zoning change has been recommended in the Comprehensive Plan, and it is felt that this will be a boon to the area and immediately attractive to the developers. The City's investment would be minimal, but the benefits will be great in the form of increased taxes commensurate with the higher density permitted for future use. This would be similar to the trend that has already taken place in that portion of Brickell Avenue facing the bay be- tween15th Road and Rickenbacker Causeway in which the zoning change from R-1 to R-5 has stim- ulated development and, also, increased the City's tax base. Low/Moderate Income Housings As has beeh pointed out before, there is growing heed for housiFg at the mediurii and low income level, while there is an oversupply of housing for the upper income seg- ment of the population. This distortion is a direct result of the high cost of construction and the high cost of land. Only those in the upper income brack- ets can afford much of the new housing that has been constructed in recent years. Recreation Dinner Key: Perhaps one of the most dramatic op- portunities available to the City is the development of Dinner Key into a major recreation -oriented com- plex. Dinner Key was originally the seaplane ter- minal for Pan American World Airways when their operations centered around the use of flying boats. At the end of that era, the property was taken over by the City for use as a City Hall and the hangars have been used by Merrill Stevens for a private op- eration, by the Coast Guard and, also, by the City as an auditorium. If the Merrill Stevens leases can be acquired by the City, a 42 acre tract will then be available for development, assuming that the City will move to a permanent City Hall location. Din- ner Key with its present complex of boat slips and moorings and with the nearby presence of the two Yacht Clubs, is already a boat haven. The off -shore islands create a harbor giving protection to boats from winds sweeping across Biscayne Bay. Miami has never given proper focus to its place in the marine and boat world. Virginia Key and Watson Island are possible alternate locations, but it is felt that Dinner Key is superior because of the easy access to all parts of the City and the backup pro- vided by the Coconut Grove area. A 42 acre site at Dinner Key could be created into a Marine Center with approximately 400,000 square feet of improvements that would house a boatel, boat apartments allowing the occupant to moor his boat underneath his unit, restaurants, boat oriented retail facilities including sales, and boat storage and repair. A lagoon area could be created for a semi -permanent boat show facility. The cost to the City for creating this site is basically the cost of acquiring the present Merrill Stevens lease. All land is presently owned by the City. 139 SUMMARY Fiiverfront and Little Havana areas would especially profit from an emphasis in these two industries. The City of Miami, which is in a period of flux cen- tered around the Movement of population, has typ- ical problems that relate basically to unmet needs in the housing sector. Because of the high cost of construction and land, little housing is being created for the low and middle income families. There is available land but, in order to make sure new hous- ing is available, government in the form of the City, the County, the State or the Federal Government Will have to produce funds that will be used for land acquisition, land cost write -down, tax sub- sidy, rent subsidy and, possibly, direct financing of private development. No attempt has been made to determine the total costs since that would have to result from a more sophisticated feasibility study. However, the cost could lie between $25 and $50 million dollars depending upon the extent of the programs undertaken. Such an expenditure would actually be an investment on the part of govern- ment since there would be a return in the form of higher assessments and taxes, and have a chain re- action effect on surrounding neighborhoods that would be improved by the development.Further, there would be increased job opportunities for the residents of the City. The developments suggested are in no way pie -in - the -sky. They are needed and they will be attrac- tive to private developers who, of course, will have to work intimately with the City in the carrying out of their programs. Highest priority is given to the acquisition of the FEC yards which have lain dormant for too long. It is recommended that the City have an in-depth feasibility study made of this important facility in order to determine what would be its exact cost and what benefits would accrue not only to the developer, but also to the City. In addition, the opportunity for the City to expand its tourist in- dustry and establish an Inter -American Trade Cen- ter should also be of very high priority although not necessarily related to site specific project(s) like those mentioned previously. Miami's unique potential for an increase in both trade and tourism can be credited to its water -oriented amenities and subtropical climate; a strategic location within the western hemisphere, especially in regard to Central America and the Caribbean; and its growth as a bi- lingual City. The Downtown, Brickell, "Omni", 140 4.4 erJ&RocEss Ordinance 8195 provides for the creation of a Plan- ning Advisory Board (PAB) and Zoning board al well as for the development of a comprehensive planning program Which recognizes the purpose and intent of the City of Miami in guiding its future growth and development. the two boards established have been given the authority and responsibility to undertake this comprehensive planning prograrn which will consist of reviewing and recommending to the City Commission on how the comprehensive plan, or portions thereof, guide and accomplish a harmonious development of the City, both prior to and following the adoption by resolution of the Miami Comprehensive Neighborhood Plan 1976- 1986, by the City Commission. In addition, the City Planning Commission, under the authority of the City Manager, will work in dose cooperation with both boards and other de- partments and related committees. The Planning De- partment will keep the PAB informed of progress and status of the work involved in the continuing comprehensive planning program. At least a mini- mum of once every 5 years, and a maximum of once every two years, the Planning Advisory Board will review the comprehensive plan to determine whether changes in amount, kind or direction of development and growth of the City, or parts thereof, make it necessary to make additions or amendments to the Miami Comprehensive Neighborhood Plan. Essential to the success of the continuing planning program and the role of the Planning Advisory Board, Zoning Board, Planning Department and other related entities participating within such a process, will be effective communication and adequate information. Establishing an ample and clear communication with the citizenry and different interest groups, re- garding the purpose and intent of policies es- poused by the plan, as well as the progress made in its implementation, will be instrumental in attrac- ting and maintaining their uspport for the plan. Con- tinuing citizen participation will be of critical im- portance in evaluating the plan and formulating future City-wide objectives. The City of Miami, like any other city, is under- going constant change. The existing stock (either housing or commercial structures) is aging, becoming obsolete, deteriorating, as well as being periodically maintained, repaired or rehabilitated. Similarly, the 141 City's population is continuously changing; every- day people ate being born, are dying, rrtoving from one place to another, becoming employed or un- employed and adopting different faMily life styles. the rate of change is continuously increasing arid changes, both in the physical and social environ- ments, are highly correlated. In order to be able to identify, quantify and eval- uate these interrelated trends, a highly sophistica- ted information and monitoring system is needed. Such an information system will not only give the City the capabilities to evaluate the benefit -cost effectiveness of different programs but, also, the capacity to predict and anticipate potential prob- lems and thus allow the City to act positively in preventing these from occurring rather than just reacting to them. Ordinance 8195 states that: .. such plans (referring to the comprehensive plan) or parts thereof, as may relate to geographical areas or functional classifications shall be based on existing and anticipated needs ..." and thus under- lines the importance for an information -monitoring system to be developed by the City of Miami. 142 1 5.0 CAPITAL NEEDS LISTS 5.1 CAPITAL NEEDS LIST PLANNING DISTRICT A NORTHEAST, EbISONIIi LE RIVER, MODEL CITY HOUSING AND RESIDENTIAL NEIiHBORHOODS 1. *Rehabilitation Assistance for residential Struc- tures in need of repair. It is estimated that 27% of the housing stock is in some need of repairs. 2. *Ciearahce involving condemnation, acquisi- tion and relocation, assistance is recommended for 1% of the housing stock or 135 dilapidated units. 3. *Neighborhood Housing Service, coordinating financial, governmental and neighborhood efforts to make available below market interest rate loans, high risk loans and initiate self-help programs among area residents. This program should be implemented in residential areas categorized as transitional. 4. *Neighborhood Information Service, assist community organizations in maintaining quality and promote new development. 5. *Modernization of Public Housing, Edison Courts, Victory Homes and Liberty Square are all in need of extensive physical renovation. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Redevelopment 1. *Martin Luther King Boulevard, the redevel- opment of NW 62nd Street between NW 6th-17th Avenues into a viable commercial and residential boulevard. Public assistance in land acquisition, assembly, clearance and site improvements are re- quired. 2. *Shell City, the redevelopment of the 10± acre Shell City site for commercial and residential use will require publicly -subsidized development. 3. Industrial Expansion, of the Lemon City - Little River Industrial District will require public assistance in land assembly, tax abatement and site improvements. Direct Financial Assistance 1. *A Commercial Loan Fund Program should be established in order to provide local businesses with commercial rehabilitation loans, at below market *Denotes High Priority in the Community. 143 cbsts, small business loans and "seed monies." Public Improvements 1. A' Comprehensive Public rtlght,of:Way Im- provements Program has been recommended for those commercial streets which have a high level of pedestrian activity. The right-of-way improve- mehts include tree planting, swale area improve- ments, street furniture, parking and other roadway improvements. - Biscayne Boulevard from 54th Street to 87th Street — 79th Street from Biscayne Bay to 1-95 - NW 2nd Avenue from 39th to 60th Streets — NW 54th Street from 7th to 13th Avenues - NW 7th Avenue from 40th to 64th Streets — NE 2nd Avenue from 36th to 47th Streets - NW 17th Avenue from 43rd to 47th Streets — Little River Commercial Center -area bounded by North Miami Avenue, EEC right-of-way, NE 78th Street and Little River Canal - Design Center -area bounded by North Miami Avenue, Biscayne Boulevard, NE 36th Street and NE 42nd Street TRANSPORTATION 1. New Mini -Bus System interconnecting com- munity facilities and activity generators in the Edi- son -Little River area. 2. *Bus Shelters and Terminals at major transfer points: — NW 36th Street and Biscayne Boulevard — NE 62nd Street and Biscayne Boulevard - NE 79th Street and Biscayne Boulevard - NE 79th Street and NE 2nd Avenue — NW 62nd Street and NW 7th Avenue — NW 54th Street and NW 2nd Avenue NW 46th Street and NW 17th Avenue Parking 1. *Parking Facilities. New and additional off- street parking facilities should be provided in the Design Center, Little River Commercial Center, Biscayne Boulevard (60th Street), Martin Luther King Boulevard, adjacent to the proposed Manor Park Transit station and within the Lemon City - Little River Industrial District. 144 Arterials 1. Street Widening along the following routes as part of Dade County's Decade of Progress Bohd Program. — NW 12th Avenue, from Airport Expressway to north City limits — 46th Street from 1-95 to west City limits — 62nd Street from 1-95 to Biscayne Boulevard - Biscayne Boulevard from 54th Street to north City limits - NW 71 st Street from 1-95 west. 2. Intersection Improvements at the following locations: — NE 36th Street and Biscayne Boulevard — NE 2nd Avenue and Biscayne Boulevard - NE 38th Street and Boulevard - NE 79th Street and Boulevard — NE 79th Street and NE 10th Avenue — NE 79th Street and NE 2nd Avenue — NE 79th Street and North Miami Avenue — NE 79th Street and NE 2nd Avenue — NW 62nd Street and NW 7th Avenue — NW 62nd Street andNW 10th Avenue - NW 62nd Street and NW 15th Avenue — NW 62nd Street and NW 17th Avenue — NW 54th Street and NW 7th Avenue — NW 54th Street and NW 10th Avenue — NW 54th Street and NW 12th Avenue — NW 54th Street and NW 17th Avenue — NW 46th Street and NW 17th Avenue 3. Computerized Signalization improvements along the following routes: - Biscayne Boulevard — NW 7th Avenue — NW 36th Street - NW 79th Street - NW 82nd Street 4. *Truck Routes, the signing of designated streets for routing of trucks and other commercial vehicles. Local Streets 1. New Streets, the acquisition of right-of-way and the construction of new streets. — Extension of NE 4th Court from 79th- 82nd Streets - Extension of NE 80th Terrace over the 'Denotes High Priority in the Community. 1 Little River Canal Entryway into the Design Plaza 2. bne Way Street System in the Design Plaza (NE 38th, 39th, 40th and 41stStreets will regr.rire appropriate signing). 3. Street Improvements (arterial and local) - Resurface and reseal 59.0 miles of streets - Rebuilt' 3.61 miles of street - Construct sidewalks along 48.69 miles ,f street Bikeways 1. Pavement striping and signs s ,,: be pi c>' ford for an area•wwide bikeway :.v'stem linki"g major parks and educational taciiities a�crnil rarer, i�an:y tr;:a.:e! led streets. Pedestrian Circulation 1, Pedestrian Pathway Network se,i; .f t;t _7eveJ oped comprising sidewalk wicfenrni s, street furni- ture, landscaping and tree lalarrtiry and other arnc n Wes along the following streets - Biscayne Boulevard from NE t,1ti; Strr i;t to north City limits - 59th Street from NE 2nd to - NW 2nd Avenue from Air ; e5,,•.a'., to NW 62nd Street - NW 62nd Street from NV 2n=i Av,ven,-,e. to NW 17th Avenue - NE 2nd Avenue fror. NE River Candi, 110=ill ;Op:1' } ita u,' ir1 42nd Street: trorn 58tr to 62e,d Srieests - NV' 46th Street from NVV 7th to 1 7th Avenues - NE 80th Terrace from Boule.,arti to NE ?nu Avern is OPEN SPACE AND RECREATION it: *Play Facilities --Improvement to Existing Facilities 1. Eaton Park, 2.5 titres 2. Stearns, 5.4 acres 3. Magnolia, 2.9 aces 4. Athalie Rang: Nc, 2, 1 6 acre:; 5. Edison Community, 11.9 acres 6. Legion, 13.5 acres 7. Morningside, 33.7 acres 8. Manor Park, 28.4 acres 9. Crestwood, 1.0 acre 10. East Bay Vista, 1 acre 1 1 , West Buena Vista, 1 acre 12. North Bay Vista, 0.5 acre 13. Pullman Mini Park, 4 acres 14. South Bay Vista, 0.5 acre 15. Belle Meade, 0.4 acre 16. Biscayne Heights, 0.3 acres 17. Martell, 0.6 acre 18. 54th Street Mini Park. 0.5 acre *New Park Development 1, Little River Mini -Park (NE 80th Terrace) 2. Little River Canal Walkway and Park 3. Edison North Neighborhood Park 4. Tacolcy 5. African Square 6. Model City Neighborhood 7 Buena Vista Neighborhood 8. Northeast Neighborhood 9. Neighborhood Facility *Expand Existing Parks 1. Edison Community Park to NW 4th Avenue New Mini -Park Development 1. Design Center 2. Little River Commercial Center 3. Little River Canal Play Facilities -Improvement to School Playgrounds 1. Morningside Elementary School 2. Shadowlawn Elementary School 3. Orchard Villa Elementary School 4. Holmes Elementary School 5. Little River Elementary 6. Northwestern Senior High School 7. Allapattah Junior High School 8. Miami -Edison Senior High School *Play Facilities -Improvement of Recreational Facilities at Public Housing Projects 1. Edison Courts 2. Victory Homes 3. Liberty Square Shuttle Boat Service to Picnic Islands *District A has a need for additional 104 acres of usable park and open space. 'Denotes High Priority in the Community. PUBLIC SthVICti ANb FACILITIES (Health 1. *Ambulatory Health Care Center providing primary treatment in the Edison Little River area. 2. *Comprehensive Neighborhood Facility for the Edison -Little River area. 3. *bay Care Centers adjacent to employment centers, Education School Renovation 1. Little River Elementary 2. Shadowlawn 3 Miami -Edison Senior (will be converted to Middle School) 4. Mot ningside 5. Orchard Villa Public Safety New Fire Station for Company No. 9 *Improved Police Protection in Commercial Areas UTILITIES *Upgrade Sanitary Sewers 1. Northeast Community 2. Baypoint 3. Little River Commercial Center *Expansion of Sanitary Sewer System to areas pre- sently unsewered 1. Columbia Park 2. Manor Park Upgrade local drainage Lighting 1. Expand the sodium vapor lights to Shorecrest Area. COMMUNITY DESIGN 1. A comprehensive tree planting program, City- wide is being recommended. Specific landscape treatment, street furniture, lighting, floor treat- ments, etc, are delineated for the different types of streets which comprise the City's highway net- work. The streets have been categorized according to land use, intensity of development, street geom- etry, traffic volumes and observed pedestrian activ- ity. (Refer to Pedestrian Circulation/Transportation.) 'Denotes High Priority in the Community. ■ i 8.2 APITALI NEEDS LIST PLANNING DISTRICT SRICKELL 1 1 1 HOUSING AND RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBORHOODS 1. *Neighbothaild Housing twee, coordinating financial, governmental, and neighborhood effort$. to make available below market interest rate loans and initiate self-help programs among residents, should be implemented in residential areas categor- ized as transitional. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Redevetbpmant 1. Industrial expansion in the following districts will require public assistance in land assembly, tax abatement and site improvements: — Marine industrial area on south side of Mi- ami River from Miami Avenue to 1-95. birect Financial Assistance 1. A commercial loan fund program should be es- tablished in order to provide local businesses with commercial rehabilitation loans at below market costs, small business loans and "seed monies" along Miami Avenue and S.W. 8th Street. Public Improvements 1. *A Comprehensive public R.O.W. improve- ment program has been recommended throughout Brickell. improvements such as tree planting, side- walk widening, parking, lighting and street furniture along commercial streets as well as improved load- ing/docking facilities, larger turning radii, and wider streets within the industrial districts enumerated below, will be required: — S.W. 8th Street (commercial related) — 10th Street (transit station related) - Miami Avenue (commercial related) — Marine Industrial Area along River TRANSPORTATION Parking 1. * Parking Facilities should be provided in the designated parking districts serving the central resi- dential redevelopment area. A wide variety of meth - *Denotes High Priority in the Community. bds can be eMployed in site acquisition, develop- ri erit, operation and financing of these facilities. Highways 1. Street widenings along the following routes Will improve traffic: lth Street from Brickell to I-95 lst Avenue from Miami River to 15th Road 2, Replace the following old and narrow bridges over the Miami River: Miami Avenue Bridge — Brickell Avenue Bridge - 2nd Avenue Bridge 3. Construct a new bridge across the Miami River at S.W. 1st Avenue to provide a new arterial con- nection to downtown. 4. Intersection improvements such as street widen- ings, left or right turning lanes, left turn signals, im- proved corner radii or pedestrian crosswalks, are needed in order to improve safety and reduce ac- cidents at the following locations: - S.W. 8th Street and Brickell Avenue — S.W. 7th Street and Brickell Avenue — S.W. 1st Avenue and 15th Road - S.W. 13th Street and Coral Way - Federal Highway and Brickell Avenue 5. Computerized signalization improvements at selected intersections along the following routes: — South 7th Street — South 8th Street - Brickell Avenue 6. Street improvements by way of two capital programs: Resurface 14.5 miles of local streets - Rebuild 2.5 miles of local streets Bikeways 1. Pavement striping and bike signs should be pro- vided for an area wide bikeway system linking major parks and educational facilities along non -heavily travelled streets. Pedestrian Circulation 1. *A pedestrian pathway network should be developed, comprised of sidewalk widenings, 148 unique street furniture, landscaping and tree plant- ing, pedestrian lighting, floor treatments and other arnenities Within the following areas and reihfotC- irig linkages among them: - Mass rapid transit station area - Brickell Avenue office core 2. Pedestrian information systems to facilitate movement, and increase safety, should be provided (i.e., clearly marked crosswalks, traffic divertors, pedestrian -activated traffic signals, etc.) OPEN SPACE AND RECREATION 1. Play Facilities —Improvement to Existing Fad!. ities: - Southside Park Brickell Park 2, Play Facilities —Improvement to School Play, grounds: - Southside Elementary 3. *New Park Development: - Bayshore Drive Bayside Promenade PUBLIC SERVICES AND FACILITIES Education 1. * A Community School Program should be instituted in the Southside Elementary School. General Welfare 1. *Develop a Neighborhood Facility which will operate as a multi -purpose community center hous- ing welfare, preventive mental health care, local health care and other services at Southside Elemen- tary School after its relocation. UTILITIES Sewers and Drainage 1. Replace sanitary sewers in the following areas as part of a City-wide program of system mainten- ance and improvement: *Denotes High Priority in the Community. The general area bounded by the Miami River, Rrickell Avenue, the railroad and 18th Street, — The "interceptor server from Brickeli Avenue and 12th Street to 2hd Avenue and 7th Street. COMMUNITY DESIGN 1. *A Dityiwide tree planting program is recom- mended. Specific landscape treatment, in addition to street furniture, lighting, floor treatments, etc., are delineated for the different types of streets which comprise the City's highway network. The streets havebeen categorized according to land use, intensity of development, street geometry, traffic volumes and observed pedestrian activity. (Refer to Pedestrian Circulation/Transportation.) •Denotes High Priority in the Community. 149 DISTRICT B: CENTRAL ICont,) HOUSING Af b Ft ESIiDENt1AL NEIi HCOkHOODS Culnter 1. Reltilbiiitation Assistaned for residential struc- tures in need of repair. In Culmer 83% of the housing stock is in some need of repair. Priority areas sug- gested for rehabilitation treatment are: Highland Park, Overtown and Dorsey Park. 2. Clearottce, including relocation assistance should be considered for the 17% of Culmer's housing stock or 1,378 structures which are dilapidated. 3. Neighborhood Housing Services, coordinating public efforts to make available below rate market interest loans, high risk loans and self-help programs, should be implemented in residential areas categorized as transitional. 4. Pubiiciy=Assisted Housing should be limited; provided only upon a careful examination of Po- tential sites for acquisition, clearance, development and impact. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Economic Assistance 1 Establish economic development assistance on a City-wide basis with emphasis in Culmer on NW 2nd Avenue and NW 3rd Avenue. 2. A commercial loan fund program should be established in order to provide businessmen with commercial rehabilitation loans at below market costs, small business loans and "seed monies. 3. Establish a job development placement center. Development 1. Assistance in the development of a shopping plaza. 2. Provide amenities such as beautification, ped- estrian improvements and distinctive lighting in business areas. or 1 TRANSPORTATION Transit I rnprovements 1. Implement Stage I of the rapid Transit Sys= tern, on the PLC right-of-way and NW 11 th Street, with stations in Government Center, NW 8th Street and NW 11 th Street. 2. Provide jitney services in areas remote from MIA routes. 3. Develop bus shelters. Parking i. A parking facility should be provided at the NW corner of NW 2nd Avenue and NW 10th Street. Highways 1. Street improvements are recommended for the 4.7 miles of streets that need resurfacing; the 1.7 miles of streets that need curbs and gutters and the 0.9 miles of streets that need rebuilding. The prior- ity local street improvements are: - the area bounded by NW 6th and 10th Streets from NW 3rd Avenue to the EEC Railroad - Highland Park street resurfacing - NW 7th Avenue curbs and gutters between NW 7th and 14th Streets 2. Provide trash receptacles. 3. Provide handicap ramps, Pedestrian Circulation 1. A pedestrian pathway network should be devel- oped, comprised of sidewalk replacement and widen- ing, street furniture, pedestrian lighting and other amenities around the rapid transit stations and con- necting major parks. OPEN SPACE AND RECREATION New Park Development: - Mini -parks are proposed in two areas: Dorsey and Highland Park — Bicycle lanes and a pedestrian green path from Rainbow Village to Lummus Park Extension of the Miami River Walkway 2. Upgrade park maintenance and recreational programs. PUBLIC SERVICES AND FACILITIES Government 1. Develop governmental tacilitiesl - Government Center — Federal Post Office Education 1. Develop a new Senior High Sehonl. General 1. Convert Cutmer Center to a Teen Center and landscape the neighborhood facility. Social 1. Expand day care services for pre-school child- ren and school children. 2. Provide transportation services for the elderly especially to Jackson Memorial Hospital. 3. Provide an emergency housing center. 4. Provide congregate housing for handicapped youth. 5. Consider expansion of primary health care services. UTILITIES Sewers 1. Improve the sanitary sewer capacity in High- land Park. Lighting 1. Replace wood utility poles with concrete poles. COMMUNITY DESIGN 1. A City-wide tree planting program is recom- mehded. Specific landscape treatment, iri addition to street furniture, lighting, sidewalk paveherit treatment, are deliheated for the different types of streets which comprise the City's highway het - work. The streets have been categori2ed according to land use, ihteiisity of developrietit, street georii- eery, traffic volumes and observed pedestriah ac- tivity. Under this program, for example, 4,420 trees would be required in Culmer. 152 DISTRICT St CENTRAL (canto) Downtown HOUSING AND RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBORHOODS 1. Rehabilitation Assistance for retidentiel Wtruc= tuns in need of repair. It is estimated that 61% of the housing stock is in need of some repairs. 2. Natant* involving condemnation, acquisi- tion and relocation, assistance is recommended for 19% of the housing stock or 393 dilapidated units. 3. Development of New•Town=in=Tnwn, 4. Construction of publicly -assisted housing for elderly and student population. Possible sites include: - 2nd Street between NE 1st and 2nd Avenues. Existing municipal parking lot. Use air rights deck. — East side of NW 1st Avenue between 4th and 5th Streets. Air rights deck over existing Off Street Parking Authority lot. -- West side of NE 2nd Avenue between 5th and 6th Streets. Site consists of parking and 3 structures —service station, warehouse, cleaners-1.3 acres. - East side of NE 1st Avenue, between 4th and 5th Streets, Just north of Community College. Site consists of First Methodist Church parking and dilapidated house-1.09 acres. — North side of NE 3rd Street between Bis- cayne Boulevard and 2nd Avenue, adjacent to McDonald's. Consists of parking lots, old hotels-1.1 acre. - Southeast corner of NE 3rd Street and 2nd Avenue-10,000 square feet (about'/4 acre). — 400 block of NE 2nd Avenue, east, near People's Bank. Consists of the Detroit and Toledo Hotels-18,750 square feet or .43 acres. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Redevelopment 1. Development of Commercial Plaza along east bank of Miami River. Project would include fish and farmers' produce market complemented by a restaurant and small specialty stores. 2. Farmer's Produce Market at 10th Avenue and NW 20th Street. 153 fiRANSPORTATlON 1. Mass Rapid Transit System 2. People Mover system 8, Bus shelters at major transfer points (recom- mended by County Public Works, F.Y. 177-178), - 3rd Avenue and SE 1st Street — 1st Avenue and SE 1st Street — East Flagler Street near W. 1st Avenue = 2nd Avenue and NE 10th Streets Parking New office development in the Core Area should provide no more than 30 percent of total parking needs on site. Additional off -site parking should be developed in the following areas of the Down- town: — Transportation Center — Within or adjacent to the Government Center, Arterials 1. Street Widening along the following routes, in cooperation with the Florida Department of Trans- portation: — SE 2nd Street, 2nd Avenue to Miami Avenue — North 1st Street, Biscayne Boulevard to the Miami River - Biscayne Boulevard north of NE 5th Street — SE 4th Street near its intersection with Miami Avenue — West 1st Avenue, between NW 8th and 11th Streets. 2. Street realignments and extensions to relieve existing congestion problems at the following loca- tions: - East 3rd Avenue realignment and extension to NE 1st Street and possibly to NE 5th Street — West 1st Avenue extension to NW 8th Street - Biscayne Boulevard —Port Boulevard separa- tion with overpasses between both 5th and 6th Streets - Dupont Plaza improvements —consists of a multi -level ramp for 1-95 feeder, Biscayne Boulevard, Brickell Avenue. 154 Local Streets 1. Street liiiprevenients (arterial and local) - Resurface and reseal 1.6 miles of streets = Overlay (5/8 inch asphaltic concrete on 61 miles of streets) — Construct curbs and gutters along 5 miles of streets. Crossings and Causeways 1. The Decade of Progress Bond Program recom- mends reconstruction of the following bridges, Funding is offered for design only. — SW 1st Street crossing over the Miami River — SW 2nd Avenue crossing over the Miami R iver 2. The State Secondary Road Program recommends the following improvements and repairs: — Miami Avenue crossing over the Miami River (tunnel or bridge) - Venetia) Causeway repairs — Eventual reconstruction of Venetial Cause- way — DuPont Plaza/U.S.1 crossing over the Miami River Bikeways 1. Pavement striping and signs should be provided for an area -wide bikeway system linking major parks to each other, to residential areas, and to river crossings serviced by bikeways. The bikeway system in the Downtown Area should begin in the south at the Miami Avenue Bridge (crossing the bridge), follow the Miami River Walk to Biscayne Boulevard Way, and continue north along the east side of Biscayne Boulevard. At NE 14th Street the bikeway would follow NE 14th Street (on the south side) to North Bayshore Drive continuing north on the east side of Bay Shore. Pedestrian Circulation 1. A Pedestrian Pathway Network should be developed composed of sidewalk widenings, street furniture, landscaping and tree planting, arcades, and elevated walkways and plazas along the follow- ing streets: — NE 2nd Avenue, 1st Street to the Commun- ity College =1 - East lst Avenue, River Waik to SE 2nd Avenue SW 1st Street, South Miani Avenue to SE 2nd Avenue Miami River Walk, 2nd Avenue Bridge to Flagler Street - In conjunction with rapid transit stations. OPEN SPACE AND RECREATION 1. New Park Development: -- linear park along FEC Railroad - Completion of Miami River Walk - Major park in heart of Government Center - Larger scale open space with lakes, canals in New -Town -In -Town 2. Expand Existing Parks: — Bayfront Park to include Ball Point - Bayfront Park to include the FEC property adjacent to Bayfront Park New Mini -Park Development: - NE 3rd Avenue, between Flagler and 2nd Street — 50 NE 1st Street PUBLIC SERVICES AND FACILITIES 1. Cultural - Dade County Central Library — Dade County Art Museum Tourism: — Convention Center — Watson Island COMMUNITY DESIGN 1. A comprehensive tree planting program, City- wide is being recommended. Specific landscape treat- ment, street furniture, lighting, floor treatments, etc. are delineated for the different types of streets which comprise the City's highway network. The streets have been categorized according to land use, intensity of development, street geometry, traffic volumes and observed pedestrian activity. (Refer to Pedestrian Circulation/Transportation.) 155 Disarm Ga 6: CENTRAL (coat,) HOUSING AND RESIDENTIAL NEIGHOORHOO©S Wyrtwood 156 1. IiehabilitatiOn Assistance for residential struc- tures in need of repair. In Wynwood 33% of the housing stock is in some need of repair. Two areas are singled out for priority rehabilitation treatment: — The Wynwood residential area, bounded by NW 29th and 36th Streets, from 1.95 to the FEC Railroad. — The eastern portion of West Edgewater, bounded by North 15th'Street and North 36th Street, from the FEC Railroad to Bis- cayne Boulevard. 2. Clearance activities, including relocation assis- tance for displaced residents, is recommended for only 4% or 281 of Wynwood's housing stock, which are dilapidated structures. The majority of these are found in the Garment Center, West Edgewater and portions of the Wynwood residential area. 3. Neighborhood Housing Service, coordinating efforts to make available below market rate loans, high risk loans and self help programs should be implemented in residential areas categorized as transitional. 4. Publicly -Assisted Housing should only be pro- vided upon a careful evaluation of potential sites for acquisition, clearance and development. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 1. Industrial development in the following districts mil require public assistance in land assembly, tax abatement and site improvements: — Garment Center, from NW 20th to 28th Streets from 1.95 to NW 2nd Avenue - Industrial district, NW 22nd Terrace and NW 2nd Avenue — Industrial district, NW 20th to 29th Streets on NE 2nd Avenue — Industrial district, NW 2nd Avenue to Mi- ami Avenue, 25th Street to 29th Street 2. Comprehensive commercial development, in- volving land assembly assistance, public improve- ments and a revolving loan fund to provide business- men with commercial rehabilitation loans at below market costs, small business loans and "seed monies" are required in the following areas: .�h - NW 2nd Avenue, NW 29th Street to 36th Street - NE 2nd Avenue, NE 22nd Street to 29th Street 3. Commercial Monet beautification including public improvements such as landscaping and street furniture within the public right-of-way are required in the following areas: - Biscayne Boulevard, NE 22nd Street to 29th Street - NW 36th Street, Miami Avenue to FEC Railroad TRANSPORTATION Parking 1. Parking facilities should be provided in the following areas: - the Garment Center — the commercial area on 'NW 2nd Avenue, from NW 29th to 36th Streets - the commercial area on NE 2nd Avenue, from NE 22nd to 29th Streets the commercial area on Biscayne Boulevard from NE 22nd to 29th Streets — the Midtown activity center — the 36th Street area — Biscayne Boulevard and NE 2nd Avenue, from NE 29th to 36th Streets Highways 1. Street widenings are proposed, as follows: — NW 20th Terrace, between the FEC Rail- road and Biscayne Boulevard - NE 29th Street, between NE 2nd Avenue and Biscayne Boulevard New trafficways are proposed as follows: — a connection between NW 1st and Miami Avenue in the vicinity of NW 25th and 28th Streets — expanded access across the FEC Railroad — a new north -south industrial service road between the FEC Railroad and NE 2nd Avenue, north of 20th Street 3. Intersection improvements, such as turning lanes, left -turn signals, improved corner radii or pedestrian crosswalks are needed in order to im- prove safety and efficiency at the following inter- sections: — Biscayne Boulevard at NE 36th Street - NE 2nd Avenue at NE 36th Street - NW 2nd Avenue at NW 29th Street - Biscayne Boulevard at NE 15th Street — NE 2nd Avenue at NE 14th Street — NE 17th Street at Miami Court 4. The streetsysten%i and turning radii at major intersections should be modified for industrial use within the Garment Center. Cul-de-sacs or looped streets should be provided at streets which presently terminate at Biscayne Bay or the FEC Railroad. 5. Street improvements are required as follows: improve edge conditions of 2.4 miles of streets; re- surface 9.3 miles of streets and rebuild 4.3 miles of streets. Priority street improvement projects are: — NW 2nd Avenue, between NW 29th and 36th Streets — NW 30-35th Streets, from NW 2nd Avenue to North Miami Avenue, and NW 1st Ave- nue, from NW 29th to 35th Streets - Donmoore area, bounded by NW 25th to 29th Streets, between NW 2nd Avenue and North Miami Avenue — NW 29th Street, from 1.95 to Biscayne Boulevard — NW 20th Street — NW 1st Avenue, from 20th to 29th Streets 6. A one-way street system should be designated on narrow streets between NE 2nd Avenue and Bis- cayne Boulevard. Bikeways 1. Pavement Striping and bike signs should be provided for an area -wide bikeway system linking major parks and educational facilities along non - heavily travelled streets. Priority projects include: — NW 5th Avenue, from NW 22nd to 37th Avenues — NW 29th Street, from 1-95 to Biscayne Boulevard — NW 2nd Avenue, from NW 29th to 37th Streets — North Bayshore Drive/North 19thStreet from 15th Street to the FEC Railroad — 15th Street/Venetian Causeway, FEC Rail- road to Miami Beach 157 Pedestrian Circulation 1. A pedestrian pathway network should be devel- oped, comprised of sidewalk widenings, street furni- ture, landscaping and tree planting, sidewalk pave- ment treatment and other amenities within the fol- lowing areas and reinforcing linkages among them: — Garment Center — NE 2nd Avenue, NE 22nd to 29th Streets — NW 2nd Avenue, NW 29th to 36th Streets — NE 28th Street Inlet at Biscayne Bay — Biscayne Boulevard, between NE 22nd to 29th Streets - Biscayne Boulevard, north of NE 29th Street and south of NE 22nd Street Provide handicap ramps. OPEN SPACE AND RECREATION 1: Play Facilities —Improvement to Existing Facilities: — Roberto Clemente Park 2. Play Facilities —Improvement to School Play- grounds: Robert E. Lee Junior High School New Mini•Park Development - Wynwood residential area — Garment Center — West Edgewater — Donmoore - NE 28th Street Inlet 4. Docking facilities on Biscayne Bay should be provided. PUBLIC SERVICES AND FACILITIES General Welfare 1. Continue development of the neighborhood facility as a multi -purpose community center to ex- pand the level of coordination and accessibility of existing programs, and to provide space for addi- tional agencies desired by the community. 2. Increase elderly services such as meals -on - wheels, mobile library and health care units. Im- prove elderly transportation to social and com- 158 rhercial services. 3. Expand local general medical services to re- duce the depelhdehce on Jackson Memorial Hospital 4. Develop and expand existing daycare facilities, 5. Expand organized recreational programs for children of all age groups, UTILITIES Sewers and Drainage 1. Separate the combined storm/sanitary sewer system throughout the Wynwood/Edgewater area. Local storm drainage structures will be constructed throughout the area. The priority area for separated systems is: - the area bounded by NW 28th to 36th Streets, from 1-95 to North Miami Avenue Lighting 1. Expand the sodium vapor lighting system to that section of Edgewater, east of Biscayne Boulevard. COMMUNITY DESIGN 1. A City-wide tree planting program is recom- mended. Specific landscape treatment, in addition to street furniture, lighting, sidewalk pavement treatment, etc., are delineated for the different types of streets which comprise the City's highway network. The streets have been categorized according to land use, intensity of development, street geometry, traf- fic volumes and observed pedestrian activity. For example, in Wynwood 6,240 trees would be required. n 5.3 CAPITAL NEEDS LIST PLANNING DISTRICT COCONUT GROVE=SHENANDOAH HOUSING AND RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBORHOODS 1. *Rehabilitation Assistant for residential struc- tures in need of repair. In Coconut Grove -Shenan- doah, 25% of the housing stock is in some need of repair. The highest percentage is found in Census Tracts 71 and 72 bounded by 27th Avenue, Dixie Highway and Franklih Street. 2. Clearanee involving condemnation, acquisi- tion and relocation is recommended for 11/2% of the housing stock or 200 dilapidated structures. 3. *Neighborhood Housing Services, coordinat- ing financial, governmental and neighborhood ef- forts to make available below market interest rate loans, high risk loans and initiate self-help programs among area residents, should be implemented in resi- dential areas categorized as transitional. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Redevelopment 1. Industrial Expansion in the following areas will require public assistance in assembly, tax abate- ment and site improvements: — Industrial district north of Dixie Highway between Douglas Road and Jefferson Street and south of Bird Road — Marine industrial area at Dinner Key between Aviation and Pan American Drive Direct Financial Assistance 1. *A Commercial Loan Fund Program should be established in order to provide local businesses with commercial rehabilitation loans, at below mar- ket costs, small business loans and "seed monies" in the Black Grove Area particularly. Public Improvements 1. A comprehensive public R.O.W. improvement program has been recommended throughout Coco- nut Grove -Shenandoah. Improvements such as tree planting, sidewalk widening, parking, lighting and street furniture along commercial streets as well as improved loading and docking facilities, larger turn- ing radii and wider streets within the industrial dis- tricts listed below, will be required: "Denotes High Priority in the Community. 159 - Grand Avenue from Dixie Highway to Mary Street (cornrnercial related) — Main Highway, McFarlane Road, Virginia Street and Fuller Street in Downtown Co- conut Grove (commercial related) — Coral Way from 20th Avenue to 12th Ave- nue (commercial related) - Bird Road from Mary Street to 27th Ave- nue (commercial related) — industrial area north and west of Dixie Highway and Douglas Road TRANSPORTATION Parking 1. Parking facilities should be provided in Down- town Coconut Grove (garage-500 cars); Black Grove retail center on Grand Avenue (parking lot —50 cars); Coral Way at 17th and 23rd Avenues (parking lots-50 cars each). Highways 1. Street Widenings along the fol lowing routes will improve traffic flows: — 27th Avenue from Dixie Highway to Bay - shore Drive (4 lanes) - 17th Avenue from Coral Way to Dixie Highway (4 lanes) 2. Intersection Improvements such as street widenings, turning lanes, left turn signals, cross- walks and striping are needed to improve safety and reduce accidents at the following locations: — Dixie Highway and 17th Avenue — Dixie Highway and 32rd Avenue - Dixie Highway and LeJeune Road - 27th Avenue and Bird Road — Bayshore Drive and 17th Avenue - Grand Avenue, Main Highway and Mc- Farlane Road 3. Street Improvements by way of three capital programs: — Improve edge conditions on 32 miles of local streets — Resurface 15 miles of local streets - Rebuild 1 mile of local streets 160 Bikeways 1. Pavement striping and signing for 30 miles of bikeways along local and secondary arterials. Pedestrian Circulation 1. A pedestrian pathway network should be devel- oped comprised of sidewalk widenings, unique street furniture, landscaping and tree planting, pedestrian lighting, floor treatments and other amenities within the following areas: — Transit stations at 37th, 27th Avenues and 32nd Road - Downtown Coconut Grove — Coral Way — Black Grove Retail Center and Grand Avenue 2. Pedestrian information systems to facilitate movement and increase safety should be provided. OPEN SPACE AND RECREATION 1. Play Facilities —Improvement to Existing Facilities: - Grand Avenue Park — Virrick Park — Peacock Park — Dinner Key — Silver Bluff Park — Douglas Park 2. Play Facilities —Improvement to School Play- grounds: — Dade Elementary — Silver Bluff Elementary 3. New Park Development -Incinerator Park — Fuller Street Urban Plaza — Douglas and Grand "Checkers Park" PUBLIC SERVICES AND FACILITIES Education 1. Community School Program for Silver Bluff Elementary *Denotes High Priority in the Community. UTILITIES Sewers and Drainage 1, Construct Sanitary Sewers in the following areas: - Ail areas north of Dixie Highway - Entire area south of Loquat Street COMMUNITY DESIGN 1. *A Citywide tree planting program is recom- mended. Specific landscape treatment, in addition to street furniture, lighting, floor treatments, etc., are delineated for the different types of streets which comprise the City's highway network. The streets have been categorized according to land use, intensity of development, street geometry, traffic volumes and observed pedestrian activity. (Refer to Pedestrian Circulation/Transportation.) •Denotes High Priority in the Community. 161 54CAPITAL NEEDS LIST PLANNING DISTRICT D LITTLE HAVANA HOUSING AND RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBORHOODS 1. *Rehabilitation Ataistance for residential struc- tures in need of repair in Little Havana. 31.2% of the housing stock is in some need of repair, the Major- ity of these structures are found in census tracts 36.02, 52, 53, 54.01 and the northern portion of 66. 2. Clearance involving condemnation, acquisition and relocation assistance is recommended for 1% of Little Havana's housing stock or 379 dilapidated structures. Approximately 90% of these are found in census tracts 36.02, 52, 53, 54.01 and the northern portion of 66. 3. *Neighborhood Housing Service, coordinating financial, governmental, and neighborhood efforts to make available below market interest rate loans, high risk loans and initiate self-help programs among area residents, should be implemented in residential areas categorized as transitional. 4. *Public Assisted Housing for the elderly and low/moderate income families should be provided upon a careful evaluationof the following potential sites for acquisition, clearance and development: — Corner of South River Drive and N.W. 1st Street (35,000 sq.ft.) — Almost the entire block of N.W. 1st and 2nd Streets between 1 1 th and 12th Avenue (3 acres) — Corner of S.W. 14th Avenue between 5th and 6th Avenues (35,000 sq.ft.) - Mid -block between S.W. 1st Street and 2nd Street and 15th and 16th Avenues (11/2acres) — Southern portion of the block between S.W. 8th and 9th Avenue and 1st and 2nd Streets, adjacent to the Little Havana Community Center — S.W. 17th Avenue and 2nd Street (1.79 acres) - N.W. 7th Avenue and 1st Street (3.44 acres) — S.W. 1st Street and 9th Avenue (1.52 acres - Community Center) — S.W. 17th Avenue and 6th Street (1.71 acres) - S.W. 11 th Avenue and 6th Street (3 acres) - S.W. 1st Street and 6th Avenue (1.36 acres) — S.W. 5th Avenue and 3rd Street (3.44 acres) •Denotes High Priority in the Community. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Redevelepment1 1. *Little Havana Commercial Center, a redevel- opment proposal for an eight block area around the intersection of Flagler and 12th Avenue can be realized through public assistance in land acquisi- tion, assembly, clearance and site improvements. 2. *Riverfront Redevelopment District, a redevel- opment proposal for a 23 acre area adjacent to the Miami River can be realized through public assis- tance in land acquisition, assembly, clearance and site improvements. Direct Financial Assistance 1. *A Commercial Loan Fund Program should be established in order to provide local businesses with commercial rehab loans, at below market costs, small business loans and "seed monies." Public 'Improvements 1. *A Comprehensive Public R.O.W. Improve- ments Program has been recommended throughout Little Havana with special emphasis on those com- mercial streets which represent major opportunities as a result of their pedestrian activity, image and capacity for expansion. The R.O.W. improvements include tree planting, floor treatment, street furni- ture, lighting, parking and other roadway improve- ments. - SW 8th Street from 1-95 to 27th Avenue - Flagler/S.W. 1st Street from South River Drive to 22nd Avenue - Coral Way from S.W. 12th Avenue to S.W. 32nd Avenue — 17th Avenue from S.W. 8th Street to Flagler Street — 12th Avenue from S.W. 8th Street to N.W. 7th Street - 8th Avenue from S.W. 8th Street to South River Drive - South River Drive from S.W. 8th Street to 8th Avenue These projects will be contingent upon voter approval of the tax increment financing and tax abatement proposals. 2Bus reroutings are not included since they won't necessitate aug• menting the stock of buses. 164 TRANSPORTATION Transit Improvelments2 1. *New Bus Route to the Airport and industrial sectors of Hialeah by route of LeJeune Road and S.W. 8th Street/6th Street corridor. 2. New Mini=Bus system interconnecting the S.W. 8th Street and Flagler corridors. 3. Bus Shelters along S.W. 6th Street at every block between the 1-9b expressway and S.W. 22nd Avenue. 4. *Melly Transportation on a dial -a -ride system. Parking 1. *Parking Facilities in both commercial and resi- dential areas within the designated parking district should be provided. A wide variety of methods can be employed in site acquisition, development, opera- tion and financing of these facilities. 2. *One Way Street System Expansion will re- quire appropriate signalization improvements. Highways 1. Street Widenings along the following routes as part of Dade County's five-year street improvement: — S.W. 22nd Avenue to four lanes — S.W. 17th Avenue to six lanes between S.W. 8th Street and Flagler Street, and four lanes elsewhere. 2. Intersection Improvements at "Five Points" through the closure of S.W. 3rd Avenue to through traffic in order to reduce the number of legs at the traffic light. 3. Computerized Signalization improvements along the following routes: — N.W. 7th Street-N.W. 12th Avenue to LeJeune Road - Flagler Street—W. 2nd Avenue to LeJeune Road — S.W. 1st Street—W. 2nd Avenue to 24th Avenue •Denotes High Priority in the Community. t - S.W. 8th Street-W. 2nd Avenue to LeJeune Road - 27th Avenue 4. StreetIriprovefnefhts by way of four capital programs: - Improve edge conditions on 1.4 miles of local streets - Resurface and reseal and provide edge im- provements to 10.1 miles of local streets - Resurface and reseal 35.9 miles of local streets - Rebuild 2.6 miles of local streets Bikeways 1 Pavement striping and signs should be providei for an area -wide bikeway system linking major parks and educational facilities along non -heavily travelled streets. Pedestrian Circulation 1. *A pedestrian pathway network should be de- veloped comprised of sidewalk widenings, unique street furniture, landscaping and tree planting, ped- estrian lighting and other amenities along the follow- ing streets: - S.W. 8th Street from 1-95 to S.W. 27th Avenue - Flagler Street from South River Drive to 22nd Avenue - S.W. 1st Street from South River Drive to 22nd Avenue - Coral Way from S.W. 12th Avenue to 32nd Avenue, - S.W. 17th Avenue from S.W. 8th Street to Flagler Street - S.W. 12th Avenue from S.W. 8th Street to N.W. 3rd Street - S.W. 8th Avenue from S.W. 8th Street to South River Drive - S.W. 15th Avenue from S.W. 1st Street to Orange Bowl - S.W. 3rd Street from South River Drive to S.W. 16th Avenue - South River Drive from S.W. 8th Street to N.W. 8th Avenue - Cuban Memorial Boulevard 2. *Pedestrian information systems to facilitate movement and increase safety should be provided (i.e., clearly marked crosswalks, traffic divertors, pedestrian activated traffic signals, etc.) OPEN SPACE AND RPCRBAtION1 1. Play Facilities —Improvement to Existing Facilities: --- Henderson Park (see. Mini -Parks) (3.6 acres) * Riverside Park (3.5 acres) -- Coral Gate Park (3.7 acres) -- Bryan Park (2.1 acres) - Shenandoah Park (10 acres) 2. Play Paeilities-improvement to School Play- grounds: - Auburndale Elementary,' (3.44 acres) Citrus Grove Elementary and Junior High School (2.75 acres) -- Coral Wiry Elementary (4.02 acres) __ Miami Senior High School (5.28 acres) - Riverside Elementary (1.38 acres) - Shenandoah Junior High School (2.75 acres) -- St. Peter and Paul School (2.0 acres) -- St. Michaels School (3.67 acres) 3. New Park Development - Latin Riverfront Park - Orange Bowl Park - Land acquisition and site development for a neighborhood park in census tract 55. 4. New Mini•Park Development2 - Southwest Corner of S.W. 8th Street/8th Avenue Southwest Corner of S.W. 8th Street/18th Avenue - Southwest Corner of S.W. 8th Street/24th Avenue * - Northeast Corner of S.W. 8th Street/ Beacon Boulevard Southwest Corner of Flagler/1 7th Avenue - Northwest Corner of Flagler/10th Avenue * - Northeast Corner of S.W. 6th Street/10th Avenue On the South Side of S.W. 1st Street be- tween 5th and 6th Avenues - Northwest Corner of S.W. 13th Street/I.95 - Northeast Corner of S.W. 8th Street/I-95 1 Little Havana had the highest open space deficiency in the City of Miami with a need for an additional 252 acres of parks. 2.. parks will involve land acquisition of small sites approximately 5,000-15,000 sq.tt., costs range from $50.000-$75,000 including site development. 'Denotes High Priority in the Community. 165 — Northeast Corker of N.W. 4th Street/South River Drivel — Southeast Corner of Flagler Street/South River Drivel - Little Havana Community Center (Public Owned) *- Henderson Park, Easternmost Edge (Public Owned) PUBLIC SERVICES AND FACILITIES Health 1, *Ambulatory Health Care Center2 providing primary treatment should be located within Tract 53. Education New Schools: — Shenandoah Elementary - Citrus Grove Elementary and Junior High School — Riverside Elementary — Miami High Vocational Technical Addition General Welfare 1. * Neighborhood Facility renovation should be finalized with third year C.D. funds in order to com- mence operating as a multi -purpose community center housing elderly day care, cultural and other welfare services. UTILITIES Sewers and Drainage 1. Replace Sanitary Sewers along the northeastern portion of Little Havana, adjacent to the Miami River. (These sewers are either old or operating at capacity.) 2. Expansion of Sanitary Sewer System to areas west of 27th Avenue, which are presently unserved. 3. *Developing area -wide storm sewer systems3 1These sites are crucial to the riverfront redevelopment project. 2This center might not require a new facility if administreed with JMH funds through the local clinic system. 3A planning study to design a preemptive storm flood relief system should be carried out providing for a continuous monitoring capacity of storm drainage problems. 166 in densely built urban areas which are adjacent to major bodies of water or contain little undisturbed land. The Citizen Task Force identified these areas as major problem areas: — S.W. 8th Street east of 12th Avenue — Coral Way - S.W. 7th Street — S.W. 4th Street Lighting 1. Expand the sodium vapor lights to those areas west of 17th Avenue and south of S.W. 8th Street. 2. Pedestrian luminaires should be installed along the following streets which form part of a pedestrian pathway network: — S.W. 8th Street west to 27th Avenue — Flagler/S.W. 1st Street corridor west to 22nd Avenue - 17th Avenue between S.W. 8th St. and Flagler — 12th Avenue between S.W. 8th St. and N.W. 3rd Street — 8th Ave. between S.W. 8th St. and N.W. 3rd St. — 4th Ave. and South River Drive — Coral Way COMMUNITY DESIGN 1. *A Comprehensive tree planting program, City- wide is being recommended. Specific landscape treat- ment, street furniture, lighting, floor treatments, etc. are delineated for the different types of streets which comprise the City's highway network. The streets have been categorized according to land use, intensity of development, street geometry, traffic volumes and observed pedestrian activity. (Refer to Pedestrian Circulation/Transportation) 'Denotes High Priority in the Community. r 5.5 CAPITAL NEEDS LIST PLANNING DISTRICT E 1. punka Assisted Housing for elderly and family ELAGA VMI housing should be provided not as a result of a neighborhood identified need, but as a City -Wide strategy to decentralize assisted households into neighborhoods which are accessible to employment centers, amenities and commercial as well as not overimpacted by existing concentrations of low income families. Aside from these characteristics, there are a number of abandoned multi -family struc- tures in Flagami, a result of the '74-'75 construction crisis, which could be completed or renovated for the above mentioned objectives. The following sites should be carefully evaluated for acquisition, renova- -_ tion and/or development of public -assisted housing: — N.W. 59th Avenue and 7th Street — N.W. 7th Street and Red Road (6.8 acres) — N.W. 7th Street and 53rd Avenue (2.2 acres) — N.W. 7th Street and 51st Avenue (2.3 acres) -- N.W. 7th Street and 49th Avenue (4 acres) — LeJeune Road and S.W. 9th Street (3.17 acres) - LeJeune Road and N.W. 4th Street (.8 acres) HOUSING AND RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBORHOODS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Direct Financial Assistance 1. A commercial loan fund program should be es- tablished in order to provide local businesses with commercial rehabilitative loans at below market costs, small business loans and "seed monies.°' Public Improvements 1 * A comprehensive public R.O.W. improve- ment program has been recommended for the major commercial streets within Flagami, S.W. 8th Street and parts of Flagler Street. Improvements such as tree planting, sidewalk widening, parking, lighting, and street furniture will be required. TRANSPORTATION Parking 1. Parking Facilities should be provided along Flagler and S.W. 8th Street. A wide variety of meth- ods can be employed in site acquisition, development, •Denotes High Priority in the Community. 167 operation and financing of these facilities. Highways 1. Street widenings along the following routes will alleviate peak hour congestion: — 57th Avenue between S.W, 8th Street and N.W. 7th Street, to four lanes (1979-80) - N.W. 7th Street between 57th and 71 st Avenue to four lanes (1980-81) 2. Intersection Improvements such as street widen- irigs, left or right turning lanes and left turning signals at the following intersections: — S.W. 8th Street and 47th Avenue — S.W. 8th Street and 57th Avenue — S.W. 8th Street and 62nd Avenue — S.W. 8th Street and 67th Avenue — Flagler and 47th Avenue - Flagler and 57th Avenue — Flagler and 67th Avenue 3. Computerized signalitation improvements at selected intersections along the following routes: - LeJeune Road — Flagler Street — N.W. 7th Street — S.W. 8th Street 4. *Street improvements by way of four capital programs: — Resurface and reseal 8.1 miles of local streets Resurface, reseal and improve edge conditions on 5.5 miles of local streets — Rebuild .9 miles of local streets Bikeways 1. Pavement striping and bike signs should be pro- vided for an area -wide bikeway system linking major parks and educational facilities along non -heavily travelled streets. Pedestrian Circulation 1. Pedestrian information systems to facilitate movement and increase safety should be provided (i.e., clearly marked crosswalks, traffic divertors, pedestrian activated signals, etc.) 168 OPEN SPACE AND RECREATION 1. Play Padilities =lmproventant to Existing Pi3riitiresa — Robert King High Park (17 acres) - Flagami Park (1.0 acres) — West End Park (9.3 acres) — Kinlock Park (3.4 acres) 2. Play Facilities —Improvement to Sclhooi Play. grounds; — Fairlawn Elementary — Flagler Elementary - Kinlock Park Junior High 3 New Park Development: * — Acquire and develop a new neighborhood park along N.W. 7th Street to provide rec- reational access to Blue Lagoon. PUBLIC SERVICES AND FACILITIES No Capital Investments UTILITIES Sewers and Drainage 1. *Construction of an area -wide sanitary sewer system throughout Flagami is programmed for 1980. 2. *Drainage improvements are proposed in the following areas over the next five years: Area Bounded by: Completion Date: 1979 — 68th Avenue from S.W. 8th Street to Flagler - 63rd Avenue from S.W. 8th Street to Flagler — S.W. 8th Street from 63rd Avenue to 67th Avenue — Flagler from 63rd Avenue to 67th Avenue Area Bounded by: Completion Date: 1980 - S.W. 8th Street from 60th Avenue to 55th Avenue - 60th Avenue from S.W. 8th Street to N.W. 2nd Street — N.W. 2nd Street from 60th Avenue to 58th Avenue — 58th Avenue from N.W. 2nd Street to N.W. 57th Court *Denotes High Priority in the Community. Area Bounded by: Completion Date: 1980 57th Court from N.W. 3rd Street to N.W. 7th Street - N,W. 7th Street from '57th Court to 56th Avenue — 56th Avenue from N.W. 7th Street to N.W. 5th Street - N.W. 5th Street from 56th Avenue to 55th Court — 55th Court from N,W. 5th Street to Flagler — Flagler from 55th Court to 55th Avenue — 55th Avenue from Flagler to S.W. 8th Street Lighting 1. *Expand sodium vapor lights to those areas west of LeJeune Road and south of NW 7th Street. COMMUNITY DESIGN 1. *A Citywide tree planting program is recom- mended. Specific landscape treatment in addition to lighting, street furniture, etc. is delineated for the different types of streets which comprise the City's highway network. The streets have been classified according to land use, intensity of development, street geometry, traffic volumes and observed ped- estrian activity. (Refer to Pedestrian Circulation/ Transportation). •Denotes High Priority in the Community. 169 566 CAPITAL NEEDS LIST PANNING DISTRICT F ALLAPATTAH HOUSING AND RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBORHOODS 1. *Rehabilitation Assistants for residential struc- tures in need of repair. In Allapattah, 36% of the housing stock is in some need of repair. the highest number of these structures are found in census tract 25, which has N.W. 7th and 17th Avenues, and N.W. 28th and 36th Streets as its boundaries. 2. Clearance, involving condemnation, acquisi- tion and relocation assistance is recommended for 2% of Allapattah's housing stock or 139 delapidated structures. The majority of these are found in a small pocket adjacent to the expressway in census tract 29. 3. *Neighborhood Housing Service, coordinating financial, governmental, and neighborhood efforts to make available below market interest rate loans, high risk loans and initiate self-help programs among area residents, should be implemented in residential areas categorized as transitional. 4. *Public -Assisted Housing for the elderly should be provided upon a careful evaluation of the follow- ing potential sites for acquisition, clearance and development: —• N.W. 18th Street and 15th Avenue (2.23 acres) — N.W. 18th Street and 19th Road (1.11 acres) — North River Drive and 17th Avenue (4.04 acres - N.W. 14th Street and 16th Avenue (1.50 acres) — N.W. 17th Street and 9th Avenue (1.21 acres) - N.W. 14th Street and 15th Avenue (1.75 acres) - N.W. 16th Street and 14th Avenue (3.75 acres) ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Redevelopment 1. Industrial expansion in the following districts will require public assistance in land assembly, tax abatement and site improvements: — Food distribution center, north of the Medi- cal Center between N.W. 20th and 23rd Street and N.W. 7th Avenue, and 12th Avenue — Industrial district along N.W. 7th Avenue, west of 1-95 Industrial district between N.W. 17th Avenue and 22nd Avenue, and N.W. 20th Street and 23rd Street •Denotes High Priority in the Community. 171 2. *Riverfront Redevelopment oil trict, a pro- posal to create a Mixed -use marine environment along the Miami River, attracting new residential and marine commercial while preserving vital ma- rine businesses, will require public assistance in land assertbly, tax abatements, site improvements. Direct Financial Assistance 1, A commercial lean fund program should be established In order to provide local business with commercial rehabilitation loans at below market costs, small business loans and "seed monies." Public Improvements 1. *A comprehensive public R.O.W, improve- ment program has been recommended throughout Allapattah. Improvements such as tree planting, sidewalk widening, parking, lighting and street fur- niture along commercial streets as well as improved loading/docking facilities, larger turning radii, and wider streets within the industrial districts enum- erated below, will be required: — N.W. 17th Avenue and 27th Avenue (com- mercial related) — N.W. 36th Street and 28th Street (transit station related) — N.W. 12th Avenue (transit station and Med- ical Center related) — Food distribution center - Industrial district along N.W. 7th Avenue — Industrial between N.W. 17th and 27th Ave- nues, and N.W. 20th and 23rd Streets. — Riverfront District TRANSPORTATION Transit Improvements Although there are no major capital expenditures resulting from the recommended bus reroutings or the realignment of the first phase mass rapid transit route from N.W. 13th Court to N.W. 12th Avenue, the transit alignment along the eastern side of 17th Avenue will require significant land acquisition and clearance. Parking 1. *Parking Facilities should be provided in the designated parking districts serving the selected in- 172 dustrial areas, the medical center and the mass transit stations at N.W. 36th Street and N.W. 17th Street. A wide variety of methods can be employed in site acquisition, development, operation and financing of these facilities. Highways 1. Street vvidenings along the following routes will improve traffic east of the Medical Center: -- N.W. 1 1 th Street from N.W. 7th Avenue to 12th Avenue - N.W. 14th Street from 1-95 to N.W. 1Oth Avenue 2. Replace the following old and narrow bridges over the Miami River: — 12th Avenue Bridge — 17th Avenue Bridge - 27th Avenue Bridge 3. Construct a new bridge across the Miami River at N.W. 7th Street to provide a new arterial connec- tion to Downtown. 4. Intersection improvements such as street widen- ings, left or right turning lanes, left turn signals, im- proved corner radii or pedestrian crosswalks, are needed in order to improve safety and reduce acci- dents at the following locations: — N.W. 36th Street at 17th Avenue — N.W. 36th Street at 7th Avenue - N.W. 20th Street at 12th Avenue — N.W. 20th Street at 7th Avenue - N.W. 14th Street at 12th Avenue — N.W. 7th Street at 12th Avenue - N.W. 7th Street at 27th Avenue 5. Computerized signalization improvements at selected intersections along the following routes: - N.W. 7th Street - N.W. 36th Street — N.W. 27th Avenue 6. Street improvements by way of four capital programs: — Improve edge conditions on 12 miles of local streets -- Resurface 24 miles of local streets — Resurface and improve edge conditions on 4 miles of local streets — Rebuild 4 miles of local streets 'Denotes High Priority in the Community. Bikeways 1, PAVement striping and bike sight should be pro- vided for an area wide bikeway system linking major parks and educational facilities along non -heavily travelled streets. Pedestrian Circulation 1. *A pedestrian pathway network should be devel- oped, comprised of sidewalk widenings, unique street furniture, landscaping and tree planting, pedestrian lighting, floor treatments and other amenities within the following areas and reinforcing linkages among them: — Mass rapid transit station areas - N.W. 36th Street, N.W. 28th Street, N.W. 12th Avenue, and N.W. 17th Avenue — Medical Center Complex — Miami River District - N.W. 15th Street and N.W. 14th Terrace which presently dead end at 15th Avenue should be converted into through streets in order to facilitate pedestrian circulation — Existing parking lot adjacent to 12th Avenue and surrounding the Historic Hallisee Hall should be developed into a marine -oriented urban plaza. 2. *Pedestrian information systems to facilitate movement, and increase safety, should be provided (i.e., clearly marked crosswalks, traffic divertors, pedestrian -activated traffic signals, etc.) OPEN SPACE AND RECREATION 1. Play Facilities -Improvement to Existing Facilities: — Gerry Curtis Park (24 acres) — Grapeland Park (20.6 acres) — Moore Park (19 acres) - Comstock Park (9.2 acres) Fern Isle Park (14.7 acres) — Sewell Park (10 acres) - Highland Circle Mini Park (.3 acres) - Melrose Mini Park (1.5 acres) — Grove Mini Park (.5 acres) 2. Play Facilities -Improvement to School Play- grounds: - Kensington Park Elementary - Comstock Elementary - Miami Jackson High School — Santa Clara Elementary 3. New Park Developntantt - Baseball Stadium (existing parking lot area) — Fern Isle South Park — Santa Clara Park New Mini Park Development: — In the areas surrounding N.W. 36th Street and 23rd Avenue, as well as in the Medical Center, PUBLIC SERVICES AND FACILITIES Education 1. *A Community School Program should be in- stituted in one of the centrally located schools. General Welfare 1. *Develop a Neighborhood Facility which will operate as a multi -purpose community center hous- ing welfare, preventive mental health care, local health care and other services. City -Owned Properties 1. The Miami Incinerator and Service Yard as well as the old Miami Police Building should undergo plan- ning studies to determine their highest and best re- use potential which emphasize the importance of these sites as community resources within the Medi- cal Center. UTILITIES Sewers and Drainage 1. Replace sanitary sewers in the following areas as part of a City-wide program of system mainten- ance and improvement: — The general area bounded by N.W. 19th Avenue, N.W. 24th Avenue, and N.W. 26th Street, N.W. 33rd Street - Around the Civic -Medical Center: N.W, 12th Avenue to N.W. 14th Avenue between Cedars of Lebanon and N.W. 1 lth Street - The entire area north of the Airport Express - •Denotes High Priority in the Community. 173 way to N.W. 23rd Street and between 1.95 and N.W. 10th Avenue = The entire area south of the Airport Express- way to the Miami River, west of N.W. 7th Avenue — The area south of the Miami River between N.W. 17th Avenue and Robert King High Towers, bounded on the south by N.W. 7th Avenue 2. ConstrUotion of sanitary sewers is programmed for the following areas upon sales of bonds: - The area between N.W. 14th Street and N.W. 20th Street,and N.W. 27th Street and N.W. 37th Avenue — The area between N.W. 10th Avenue and N.W. 17th Avenue, and N.W. 23rd Street to N.W. 29th Street 3. *Storm drainage systems should be provided in the following areas in addition to those areas currently programmed for improvements by the City of Miami: - N.W. 17th Avenue to 12th Avenue between N.W. 20th Street and N.W. 23rd Street - N.W. 8th Avenue to 7th Avenue between N.W. 23rd Street and N.W. 25th Street Lighting 1. Expand sodium vapor lights to those areas west of 17th Avenue, north of the Miami River, and all areas south of the Miami River between N.W. 17th Avenue and N.W. 37th Avenue. COMMUNITY DESIGN 1. *A City-wide tree planting program is recom- mended. Specific landscape treatment, in addition to street furniture, lighting, floor treatments, etc. are delineated for the different types of streets which comprise the city's highway network. The streets have been categorized according to land use, intensity of development, street geometry, traffic volumes and observed pedestrian activity. (Refer to Pedestrian Circulation/Transportation.) •Denotes High Priority in the Community. 174 6.0 APPENDICES 6.1 RESIDENTIAL INVENTORY 6,2 GI4EATER MIAMI OFFICE SU11VEY- FALL 197E 6:3 CITY OF MIAMI ZONING'DISTRIBUTION- JANUARY 1974 6.4 SPECIFICATIONS ON TREE PLANTING PROGRAM 6,5 RECREATIONAL INVENTORY 6,6 INDEX TO CULTURAL FACILITIES 6.7 PUBLIC SCHOOLS LOCATED WITHIN CITY LIMITS OF MIAMI 6.8 LIST OF ONE=OF,A-KIND MAPS 6,9 GLOSSARY 6.10 BIBLIOGRAPHY 6.1 RESIDENTIAL INVENTORY 1 MIS 1070,7B Construction Demolition 762 29 406 109 6 8 Census Tract 13 14 1501 1701 1702 1703 1801 1802 1803 1901 1902 2001 2002 21 2201 2202 23 24 25 26 2701 2702 28 29 3001 3002 31 34 3601 3602 3701 3702 45 46 49 50 51 52 53 5401 5402 5501 5502 56 575801 5802 Continued 52 10 6 54 113 198 179 149 57 36 1208 283 85 249 169 107 326 859 480 59 56 576 761 274 713 701 933 86 700 114 146 32 1667 33 298 33 1 14 41 26 191 12 29 30 17 139 40 55 60 95 91 27 133 118 327 122 519 262 140 8 58 31 109 183 168 41 132 25 31 11 63 6 7 Stock ._,_No, Units 5106 3825 1827 55 16 130 267 1065 168 1696 3279 1857 2704 1119 1860 2273 2299 4436 2162 1658 3369 1641 1851 921 1500 2824 2073 3940 1222 2692 2375 1150 137 15 3626 3283 2648 3464 6096 2385 3964 1772 2215 1277 4924 1930 2589 Zoned Capacity _Na,,_l�iiiits 10,432 10,698 4,408 602 2,841 648 4,815 5,175 4,756 7,2.33 3,207 4,303 3,584 4,203 10,140 4,066 3,788 7,225 406 2,335 1,522 12,160 10,854 7,693 7,615 1,932 4,582 4,697 5,571 1,160 1,668 9,143 5,984 5,904 6,559 10,194 4,122 6,848 3,861 4,312 4,018 15,078 2,448 6,311 177 Residential 'inventory (Continued) 197046 197046 1976 Zoned Census Construction Demolition Stock Capacity ;iron _Nio„Uni ... No,Ri=lnits_,,m ._. No„Units _ ,No4.linits_.,____ 6301 283 23 2805 5,514 6302 64 27 1628 5,075 64 182 46 3767 3,219 65 162 37 2534 5,779 66 560 83 4516 9,800 6701 452 112 1920 6,115 6702 109 127 1971 5,611 68 315 36 2841 13,040 69 289 39 2423 5,436 7001 296 76 2028 5,217 7002 196 32 2110 3,634 71 387 47 3024 6,573 72 19 19 1188 2,780 73 41 3 1388 3,383 Source: City of Miami Planning Department Housing Inventory 178 8.2 GREATER MIAMI OFFICE SURVEYsFALL1975 ! Nor cif t8ta1 Net Le8818 A18Sd. Sq. Ft, Sete Surveyed Sury v d (Se, .Pt..) .. Lewd, MideLbetmtee> ,.. ,�.24_ .,___5,04416,92_ 24374.,.156. 78,:074_: Sli+tkel1 Ave, _17 _. 1►466.,460.:1,2/1,05O._ 86, ..,,__ L'6e8e. nett; Nll titivit titafauth _ken ,, ..u.14ediati Amt. $6.b0*$10,50N.,.9y5�.g8.�y. _ -.25° 8►. O.e- $Sr.00.._. ,:..$4►K5s$8cO0..._MOO, ..;..: $6.50.411.00... $9.00_.__._ $5, 5:04,$9,20_----- -$8. i25 C6rai :0ab1es_ ... ...50,: ri___,1,901►260.,__1,547,5 6 2i,47..:..,. ,$6.50=$9,50 Cotai...thy ::.: 6____.n _ 105,670.._ ___ __99,260_..__ 93,97...v,:. $6.00,48, 25 St, _ 4 . 81,900___ North Miami Beath North _Mini. 10_ti_ .__ _._.277,200 Mirmi._5efth ._......_. _ .4__.: 241,738._ South ___ 9_z. ___ :320,000. D delafld and N._Rendail _ .._16 .. 768,585 Palmetto 8 _ Miscellaneous_ _ _____16 TOTAL _.161 62,680,.. 233,480 216,660 245,020... 648,325 8 5 9, 6 6 0 .__ __74 7i 000 648,560 388,540 10.523,532 8,420,528 75.8% 84.27. ,_ _89.6% 76.6%.__- 84 , 37, 86.9% 59.97. . 80.07. $5.00-$6.00 $6,00=$7..60. $6.75=$8.00 $7.375__ $6,0047.0.0__---_$6,50__._ $5.35-$8.00 ._ $7.75 $5.00-$7.50 $7.00...... $5.50-$9.90 $7.95 $5,50$8.50 $7.50._:_ $6.50-$8,00-_$7,00 $6,00-$7,25 $6.50____ $5,50-$15.00 $7.00 $4.50-$9.00 $6.50__: $7.625 $5.00=$8.0/0, $/.50_._: w$4.50-$7.5V._.._$7.60„_., $5.375_ $5.00=$6.00 $6.75._._. $5.5047..00 ..__$6,00.-_. 613 CITY OF NUM NIN DISTRIBUTION `J NUA Y 1974 2oninatat utfty ., _Acres 6 LoW Density Residential R-1 B R-1A R-1 R-2 R-PD 8,534 50.3 340 2.0 4,672 27.5 3,504 20.7 18 0.1 Multiple Residential 2,795 16.5 R-3A 35 0.2 R-3 922 5.4 R-4 1,662 9.7 R-5A 49 0.3 R-5 127 0.7 Residential/Office R-C1 R-CB R-CA R-C 498 2.9 22 0.1 102 0.6 17 0.1 357 2.1 Commercial 2,905 17.1 C-1 422 2.6 C-1A 92 0.5 C-2 590 3.5 C-3 156 0.9 C-4 1,147 6.8 C-5 478 2.8 Recreational W-R P-R Industrial W-I I.1 1-2 1,255 7.4 13 0.1 1,242 7.3 975 5.8 315 1.9 489 2.9 171 1.0 Total Zoned Acreage 15,905 97.5 Unzoned Acreage 404 2.5 Net Land Area . 16,354 100.0 e • 'Excludes streets, expressways, and inland water. 181 6.4 SPECIFICATIONS ON TREE PAN'ING PROGRAM Criteria used for recommended landscaping areas follows: — Preferably native species - Resistant to hurricane winds — Non-poisonous Resistant to insects and diseases - Free from extensive root system Hardiness to cold Adaptable to soil condition Adaptable to moisture condition Free from noxious odors Free from extremely messy fruits, flowers of leaves Long season of beauty Salt -resistant when planted near salt water Long life expectancy — Relative availability Over -use as a landscaping material in the City The list which follows is modified from that used by Metro Dade County. It should be stresses that the recommended trees generally require little mainten- ance. Outstanding Street•Shade Trees Pigeon Plum (Cocoloba diversifolia) Satin Leqf (Chrysophyllum oliviforme) Live Oak (Quercus virginiana) Mohogany (Swietenia mahogoni) Geiger Tree (Cordia sebestena) Sabal Palm (Saba) palmetto) Gumbo Limbo (Bursera simaruba) Buttonwood (Conocarpus [varieties) ) Slash Pine (Pinus elliottii, variety densa) Tamarind (Tamarndus indica) Paradise Tree (Sirnaruba glauca) Jamaica Dogwood (Piscidia piscipula) Mastic (Mastichodendron foetidissimum) Laurel Oak (Quercus) Bald Cypress (Taxodium distichum) Yellow Poinciana (Peltophorum pterocarpum) Royal Palm (Roystonea elata) Trumpet Trees (Tabebuia species) Sisoo (Dalbergia sissoo) Suitable if Available Red Maple (Acer rubrum) Brittle Thatch Palm (Thrinax microcarpa) Silver Palm (Cocothrinax argenta) Dahoon Holly (Ilex cassine) Krug's Holly (Ilex krugiana) Iron Wood (Krugiodendron ferreum) 183 Red Berry Stopper (Eugenia confuse) Star Apple (Chrysophyllum cainito) 81o11y (Pisonia discolor) Pond Apple (Ahnona glabra) Acceptable, but Overuaed Bottle Brush (Callistemon species) Black Olive (Bucida buceras) Beauty Leaves (Calophylluri species) Malayan Dwarf Coconut Palm (Cocos nucifera var. Dwarf Malayan) Mimusops (Miniusops roxburghii) Not Acceptable Melaleuca (Melaleuca quinquenervia) Ficus (All species) Jambelin (Syzygium cuminii) Australian Pine (Casuarina glauca and equisetifolia) Orchid Trees (Bauhinia species) Schefflera (Brassaia actinophylla) Silk Oak (Grevillea robusta) Adonidia (Vetchia merrilli) Common Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Avocado (Persea americana) Mango (Mangifera indica) Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) Brazilian Pepper (Schinus terebinthinfolius) Bischofia (Bischofia javanica) Frangi-Pani (Plumeria species) Eucalyptus (all species) Pongam (Pongamia pinnate Merr.) Women's Tongue (Albizia Iebbeck Benth.) Chinaberry (Melia azedarach Linn.) Tallowtree Jerusulam Thorn Tropical Almond (Terminalia catappa Linn.) All Palms Subject to Lethal Yellowing Specific landscaping programs for Miami City streets will be based on a number of criteria, including the species selected for use and the landscape pattern desired by residents and property owners, however the following are suggested as guidelines. In Residential Areas (Informal/Personalized Plantings) Variation in species, size and spacing; minimum 25' to maximum 50' on center for spacing, depending upon property configuration and ultimate canopy and root spread of selected tree; mediurn size, around 10-15' in height; shade trees with wide- spreading branches should be chosen, e.g., Live Oak, Mahogany; Theme trees should be chosen for dis- tricts. 184 In denera$ Commercial bistricts Dependent to a great degree on the amount of traf- fic (pedestrian and auto) in this area. In pedestrian activity areas spacing should be minimum 25' to maximum 50' on center; species should be selected which provide shade to pedestrians and which are of interest, i.e., flowering (Geiger Tree) or of unique character; species should be of medium size (around 10-15'). In autooriented commercial areas, spacing should be minimum 50' to maximum 75'; even spacing; some variation of species; species which do not obstruct business signs and of medium to large size (10-20'). In Special Commercial districts (I.e., Design Center) Formal design have less variation in species; species of medium size; dose spacing 20-50', of unique character (palms, flowering,bark texture, etc.); include center median using one contrasting species where appropriate or feasible. Along Major Arterials (Gateway Plantings) Large trees (i.e., Royal Palm) of same or alternating heights should be used; even spacing of 50-75' on center depending upon traffic speed; use one species throughout. Auto Oriented Streets/industrial Areas Similar to gateway design (above) in terms of size and spacing. Species used or general design should be less monumental, though, like the gateway plantings the species selected do not need to be shade trees. In areas where pedestrian activity is likely to be minimal, vertical trees should be selected. Small, clustered plantings interspersed between large trees can be used depending upon effect desired; one species should he used to give identity. In some in- dustrial areas, where truck traffic is likely to do in- jury to large trees, or where large trees would im- pede efficient industrial operations, or where nox- IOUS industry adjoins residential uses, buffer type plantings may be more appropriate than the planting pattern mentioned above. Buffer Planting Small trees and shrubs with close spacing; and dense and compact foliage (e.g., Buttonwood or Blolly) should be used; variation in species and size is possible. Appropriate near freeways, in areas where noxious industrial uses abutt residential uses and other areas where screening is necessary. A detailed study which would identify districts and appropriate species to be used within the districts should be set out as a first step in carry- ing out the tree planting program. This study should be carried out under the auspices of the urban forester mentioned previously and should incorporate the preferences of residents, property owners, and civic groups as Well as planners and professionals. 185 Rt"CR Jl9'f�r2r.PAEff,i3Y lNittNiroPr GAIME ASEAS > 0� k .a a u g 0' itillitit C PPiNG . Aittllcvt!G testtPXMc w ARM lactes) .� 7, INTERPRETIVE r*t K .,. (rut or 1n P t ns )�ii11Nf5 MCIp {raloy•,ou) BStlnO3 AIOS U'cu) Nan ai 1d 5.401 MAN ORGANIZED GROUP' CAMP (sleenina ceoaeitvh :_ w -V a• PICNIC Irmo* NAAPS w 1 itbAbt :ia Nmi DOCIQING. SPACES. o'iF MOORING: SPACES'; ,'. S a 8 m TENNIS HANDBALL. SNUPPLEBOAAB ,n w i M v . st 8` i N - w tAtt H 1€ tl L a y . a � r N p 3i CCRI Of? OP MIAMf NAMt t tdCAtiCIN AdtPdt AREA (ic)' N p G r A11143ettahagCdiUteck C!l111ii11ty Perk NM 1t Ave t titiE City bt Mich 9.2 P 2 1 -- Atha116 Ottys Uilderie'vey Dirk 51 tiiii9hbrhe. bark) WM 10-11 5t City Of Mlilml 2.7 0 2 2 2 1 1 Athalla kaa46 thtdari4pwy Pith $1 tneimhbrhd. park) W 71=75 St • City at Mini 1.6 0 1 1 1 54yfront Park Mstrepo1ltin Perk St 2 - Mt 6 City bt IOW 19.1 0 3000 11700 20 114116 Maids Mini=Dirk Mk S Ave s 77 St City of Miami 0.4 P 1 Siaeeyne Naithbrhd. !ark Nt 19 it s 2 Ave city if Miami 3.7 P 1 1 elanche Netghbrhd, Park Virginia St t Sh46i66 Ave City of Miami 1.5 P 1 1 Sribkell Neighbrhd. Park ►riekell Ave s it 5 it City of Miami 4,7 D Steward Circle Nin1-Park Nm S Ave s 16 St City at Nikki 0.1 P Srysn Nelihbthd• Park SW 2S Ave 1 16 St City of Miami 2.1 0 1 1 I Coconut Grove iayftt Pk. Community Park McFarlane Rd -Wilms Dr City of Miami 15.0 0 J 1 ~ 2 2 • 12 1 t 5000 3 24 _ _ Coconut Grbve•Dlnner Key Sayfrt Park Picnic Isis. 3 males 6 1 spoil bank offshore City of Miami 20.0 U 1 1 1 Coconut Grove Tennis Court Oak Ave 1 Virginia to City of Nisml 0.3 0 1 Coral Gate Neighborhood Park SW 16 St 6 32 Ava City of Miami 3.7 D 1 1 1 1 3000 Crestwood Mini -Park Nm 11 Ave.t7 Ter City of Miami 1.0 P 1 Curtis Comity Park omm 20 St 6 24 Ave city of Miami 24.0 D • 1 • • 1 1 • 4 • 2 • 1 ISO l s 2760 4050 1 3 Dinner Ksy Auditorium a Marine Municipal Offices SW 27 Ave-Sayshors Or City of Miami 41.0 P A 10000 ISO 160 374 Owner Key (Guyer fugal City of (.U,d molten) Miami WO a. isysko a Of hl I I I I I I I I I I I h10001 • 1101,4 a•.ae of Pa,•Illtlso 1 N. ,rt tefro•t 1 cis► •w,u,pllas• 1.1ut, •U' . Ivwltyvdt •P • Partly DewIapsdl 'U'• Ui .vr1opedl 's' • outdaar 9teeter 1 tlel 4440.4,4w. leiia,. •►• • etalliim, '6' • iamiehelli 'A' • Auditorium, 187 PECREAfiION FACILITY INVENTORY DADE MINTY COY OF Vinnle Rey-bayshdre 4 percet4 and between Avilt. Ave 6 Rockeriaii Mail community Pert 401 Ni 12 St Dorsey N4ighbrhd. Perk NV Lava 1 1t St City Of-1 i Miiet 13.4 ' 0 1. j City of Nikki 2.5 Doubtis Neibhbrhd. SN 3> Ave 1 27 St Park City of Willa) :10.1 Slit by Vlate Mini -Perk City of Nib Ave 1 47 ter Meat Elton Nei►hbehd. Park NE 4 Ct 1 60 St City of Mimi! 2.5 MIAMI ADMIN. !APE1I04'F a' AGENCY keel `.,i1 c Ctty of 1 9.0 1 111 Mimi r 1 _ _GAP!: . 5PFA5 . F1rtZi Ino t� 1 ��JFSS nn.)1 ":: 1t y� A rtil' ' ' g! p � N f la ,4IiNia.+1 ao i6 N — 0 gib 4 1 SwtgMINC canniest Oitilteilt$C M,AftNc 4"uAl F. M Y fN N x S e F AANP3 o. ti n t�s $M 621 20 1'? 1 4170 4050 0' 1' Edison Center ColumnityJ city of • Pitt Mimi ' 11.9 D; 1 1 NW62St 6SAve Elisabeth Steele Park City of S. geyshori Dr 1 Mimi 0.3 U Hiar4the I 11 Elltabeth Virrlck Cow- City of 1 'unity Park Mimi 4.5 ; D ; 1 Oik Ave 1 Plate St 1 J I 1 Fern Ia1e•5outh Fork City of 114.7 U ; NW 11-14 St Mimi NM 22 Ave-24 St 4 Mittel Neighborhood Park City of SW 3 St 1 71 Ave Miami 1.0 D j 1 Grand Ave Neighbrhd. Park City of 236 Grand Ave, Coconut Miami 1 S-Di 0 1 t • .� City of algal 120.61 GroveMini•Park City of • we 4 St, 15/17 Ave Mimi 0.5I ; 1 Henderson Park City of i 971 NM 2 St Mtmi S b:. U • Grapeland Heights Coteau- ' nity Park 1500 NW 37 Ave Highland Circle City of 0.31 Mt 1 Ave 1 13 5t Miemi 1 i Kinloch Neighbthd. Park City of ' I 455 NM 47 Ave Mimi i 3.4' . ; Kirk Munroe Perk City of 1 !Wilds St 1 Oak Ave Mimi i 1 41 .L sr S 900 "n0 2 1 1 1500 11242; 1 iso0 4050 j 3 I 1 3031 A r- '• 1 2..2 d 2 1 56001 00 2 700' NDTRSt 'e Lighted Areas or Facilities 1. Do not respond. 2. List appropriate letter: "D• . t?e•velnpedt 'I' + Partly ^cueloptd1 "U'+ Undevelopedt 'T• • Outdoor Theater 3. List appropriate letter: "S" • Statham!, . • 188 1.4. ahe11. 'A" • Audltcrlue. CARP APEAS 1 SWrNNtNG CANPlic 6teMtc*tNb PaAftNd NAf.rdt� (ikthWii'it* ttti c5 two 1, "DUNS 66 I , as g4 J N PICMIChPAVILION. te + .tACi14*1 iN'vtiitAY y ybmA yD�Ny�t6t0 yPyk c11 r Vr POMP D. AAsfliALt w 2 .1 of -' •� j N �'` ` W Q+u. u 8a 6 g; t t. t,, C'.Yi 8. _ a. a 0 " owls "` {i --.• it Ateibt du �[ (4 K .+ AREA (Acres) INTERPRETIVE TREIG tforc ov..utesP [: NAH@ i ibCAy18N :_. WIN. AGPNCY WAV (AO �u N 2 0 .. �4 },� a gN K S H i $ P s r y I 1 1 "I• " s a .r ie I - ii g ii �t 14100 NNotiil CMiu= City of , . zo s. a�:4.1 -/ a:. -. R, — aaa-�:: W .._. ntty Pitt 6i6eky o,41, 6 N11 66.St Nikki 13.5 P _ a„ .. _rear Le3lbe Pitk Ple6it 131 Wit biik off 'Akio Pitk City of Nikki 16:5 Y L*J6un6 Golf C0ut36 1462 NN Si Ave City of Nikkei 146.0 0 is , -tL WNW Pitt NW 3 St 4.0. Rivet Dr City of NUM 7.0 0 2E 1600 Niffibiii Park N of NW 36 St eh 61s- eiyna, Aiieiyhe bay City of Mini 2.0 D Nanot Coeasihlty Park NW 14 AO 6 50 St City bf Nikki 26.4 0 + 1 • 1 a 2 a 1t� a 4 1 4600 •S00 worn Pros Park N. eayahore br between it let i 26 St City of Miami 12.6 D � - -`-- -.- --•--- Naftali Patk NW 36 St 6 i Ave City of Mimi 0.6 D Melrose Park (Mighbt.) NM 30 St.25 Ave City Of Mimi 1.5 D 1 --- Nettie Chtl6teat Neigh, Clty of--- borhood Patk LlJeuee Nd•Batbatosa St Mimi 5.6 D 1 1 1 Nikki Spriest Golf Outs 650 Curtis Patkwy City of Mimi 209.0 D 14 I I f Miami baseball Stadium NM 10 Ave and 24 St City of Mimi 1.--- 14.0 D • 1 5 10000 Mini -Park 41 5M 3 St 6 SS Ave City of Miami 1.0 P III Moore Community Park NM 7 Ave 6 36 St City of Nisei 19.f 0 2 1 • 10 • 4 • . 2 1 1 3200 Morningside Community Pk NE 55 Ter 6 7 Ave City of 33.7 0 1 4 2 2 1 3000 4400 B 25 15 Morntngstde Park Picnic Islands. 3 spoil banks offsh. at Park-2600 N. Tuttle Cvy,S000 Tutt,Csy CttY 04 Mimi 6.8 ~� _ +- __ North Bay vista Tot Lot NM 6 Ave 6 45/49 St City of Mimi 0.5 P 1 f- Old Port of Miml McArthur Cry to NE 9 5t City of Mimi 30.0 U j ""' MOTES • Lighted Areas or r.etlities 1. Do not respond. 2. List appropriate letter. 'D' • Developed; 'P' • Paraly Dev1np•4; `U•• Un4•valrq,•4, •T" • 1A0M4,01, Th0e10, 3. List appropriate letter: 'S' • Stadium; 'II" • landshell; 'A" • Aulttnrlon, tt AtAIRIN.. ACftAtV,,iNVAN'tott dAAt AAAAS yN, : SPECIATOW FACILITIES. o' (sweating'capactty) O• t ARING 146 PckiNd PtZitt ...�_ .. 11610Mfd _._. .. , . _, _. n WORK g bV ..,... 01RL66_' Ma t... U . (btu.5 , . r TOTS= ptA, EJP AR(no:l` GOtt. COURSE (na.Wotes)' RECREALIO* ACTIVITe BUILDING- (sg;: ft.)F 'MeV �IF ORGANIZED GROUP. CAMP W _(sleeping) capacity); . ! 9 iv OfgNr 2 PicwIC t.A pAVILIof' (wa. L ASS Mt1FtRs i .BOAT HANDLING': DEVICE F tlsk S i I POW 3 mH o R Y I w bt tstil y� . ' . - w e� %- g v "p fir Y i ii m% A% o �1 i e : w V a A. 63 22- N Oft Y N i 1 a i N 1 bADE eOUN `4 env OP M1ARt ._ ,... ........ ..... _. , :.. ....._ �. ° a+ 1 1 c ? 1 H p G&171H x 1 Nt d 1 W g w l E• lac NANA 1 tb ei& omit bdmi Stadium NV 16 Av1•I St AWN. Ac€ACV City of Milli AREA. (Ad) 41.1 sA N -�+ 6 6 0i•14e bowl T6Sting Stk= tioh Pik NY 1! Ave-3 St City of Mil 2.9 U Pact Park Piehte !stench 2 spoil bnks-offsh. At Pica Pk, 2300 5 J.Tutt1! toy, tot N Venet. Csy City of Nikki 3.5 U P1hts Heights Park NW 16 St•SAV9/1Ct City of MIMI .3 U Pulttan Mihi Perk _ SWIM Ave.01 49 St City of Mitzi 1 P S6 Ave! Park SW l Ave 6 3 St City of Miui 3.5 b 1 2= -� Robert king High Park M Flakier 1 Nw 69 Ave City of Miami 17 b 1 2 1 1 •600 100 SO S S Sevell Park M of NM 17 Ave on Midi R City of Nisal 110 0 10 _ Shenandoah Community Pk. SM 22 Ave-1l St City of Miami 10 0 1 1 i 2 2 1 430 ,..._? I 000 _ Siapson Park S Miami Ave-1S Rd City of Miami 3.S 0 2000 1 401 S. bay Vista Tot Los NW 6 Ave 1 46/47 5t City of Miami 0.2 U Southslde Neigh. Perk NW 11 St•1 Ave City of Mimi 2.2 0 1 1 1 2200 Steatns,Park S of NE 31 St.6 Ave City of Miami 1.1 D - Triangle Neigh. Park SW 15 Rd 1 11 St City of Miami 0.5 D Virginia Key 6 of Ritkenbseker Cwv City of Masi 1359 U 5 6531 Wainwright Park Dixie Hwy 1 brlokell Ave City of Was! 19 U ----+ _� Matson Island Park McArthur Csy City of Miami 6S D 3000 25 / 240 Vest End Community Pk SW 3 St 1 60 St City of Nisei 9.3 0 2 ' 2 2 • 2 1 1430 3000 MOILS, • Lighted Areas or Facilities 1. Do not respond. P. y Developed, Psrtl • • 2. Ltet appropriate letters •D' w Develapedt +peds 'U.. Undeveloped; T' Outdoor Th 3. List appropriate letters 'S' w Stadiums 'B' w Bandshells 'A' • Auditorium, 190 .... .. ...... .... GAME ArtAS *' d e.., §NI014tAc Pilot cFNhtAo VicNtcttoo :: pj} K O i o �� (Z� �} yi b— t'Arti'§ — . roirtoo g k Y� !!F"' K. 60 Ori �y`�Y M wp O1 mt — 3;_iI11iI!1h1 cTUp — —... 4 REC)tEAT bN 1AcfitTY tNV1N ONY Ftrio§ tnd.) "owls Ob.) .. u ° S FSIt`Flt 1 _oc cI ": g tr m i ia m i n 6Abit lOUN C1tY of Y M1ARi Ml+lt 1ulhi vista ids iota NW 11/41 St' 11 01, ii ct city or Miiii I U 1 2 2 2 i iloo NyReodd Nliih. rick Nli 31 St 1 1 Ave City or Miiii 3 1,0 1 4 i L_ .i ." MOTES' • Lighted Areas or Facilities 1. Co not respond. 2. List appropriate letter' "D" • Developed' "P" Partly Developed. "U'• Undeveloped' "T" • Outdoor Theatat 1: List appropriate letter' "S. • Stadium' 'a" • iandahell' 'A" • AuditoriuW, 191 CB INDEX TO CULTURAL FACILITIES Key Map: Environmental Resources Map Map Key Nurmbet Naftr e,andAddr st 1 Bayfroht Bandshell 499 Biscayne Boulevard 1.1 Miami Municipal Auditorium Bayfront Park 2 Country Club of Coral Gables 997 North Greeway Drive 3 Dade County Auditorium 2901 W. Flagler 4 Grove Playhouse 3500 Main Highway 5 Las Mascaras Drama School 3058 S.W. 8th Street 6 Marine Stadium Rickenbacker Causeway 7 Players Theatre 3280 South Miami Avenue 8 Ring Theatre, University of Miami 9 Upstage, 3356 Virginia Street 10 Theatre of Afro -Arts 630 N.W. 71st Street 11 Merry -Go -Round 235 Alcazar Ave., Coral Gables 12 Opera Guild of Greater Miami Ed cational Center, 1200 Coral Way 13 Lowe Art Museum, Un. of Miami 14 Miami Museum of Modern Art 381 N.E. 20th Street 15 Museum of Science, Planetarium 3280 South Miami Avenue 16 Vizcaya 3251 South Miami Avenue „typal 0tPatiformances _ Concerts, recitals Seating Capacity_ 3500 300-400 AM types -shows 2501 Legitimate Theatre -Local productions 1240 Plays in Spanish Recitals, concerts Resident professional children's theatre University drama groups and visiting Local groups Local groups, students performing works of Black culture Children's theatre u- Small operatic productions Art and sculpture Modern art Planetarium House and art collection of James Deering 17 Art Institute of Miami 7808 N.E. 2nd Avenue 18 Bacardi Gallery, 2100 Biscayne Blvd. 19 Baker Galiery, 3096 fuller Street 20 Beaux-Arts Sales and Rental Gallery Lowe Art Museum, University of Miami 21 Bill Clemrner's Gallery, 2881 Florida Avenue 22 Dimensions Gallery, 3195 Commodore Plaza 23 Gables Gallery, 1430 Ponce de Leon, Coral Gables 24 Gallery 5, 3361 S.W. 3rd Street 25 Gallery 1, 3065 Fuller Street 26 Gloria Luria Gallery, 980 S.W. 1st Street 76 6538 300 286 120 100 198 190 Open to public Open to public Open to public 193 INDEX TO CULTURAL FACILITIES (Continued) Map Key Number. ,.�...Namu.ur 1.Addre i 27 Granville Gallery, 3920 Ponce de Leon, Coral Gables 28 Icarus, 2821 Florida Avenue 20 Mirell 'Gallery, 3426 Main Highway 30 Pariwood Gallery, 3480 Main Highway 31 Playhouse Gallery, 3500 Main Highway (Coconut Grove Playhouse) 32 Robinson Galleries, 627 South Miami Avenue 33 Rudolph Gallery, 3157 Commodore Plaza 34 Scarnavacca Gallery, 3157 Commodore Plaza 35 Village Corner Gallery, 1136 South Dixie Highway 36 Walkup Gallery, 140 N.E. 40th Street 37 Whitten Memorial, University of Miami, Coral Gables Source: Dade County Cultural Facilities and Activities Plan, 1973 194 INDEX TO HISTORICAL STRUCTURES AND SITES Key Map: Environmental Resources Map Map Key Number _Narne.and,Addregs__,_ 1 John B. McKenzie Residence, 2200 N.W, 7th Street 2 McKenzie Residence, 2300 N.W. 7th Street 3 Mrs. Lewis Moore Residence, 628 N.W. 23rd Avenue 4 — , 3260 N.W. 7th Street 5 Coppinger House (relocated), 1121 N.W. 18th Place 6 Tatum Residence, 50 N.W. South River Drive 7 Waddell Building, 24-36 North Miami Avenue 8 Salvation Army Citadel, 17 N.W. 5th Street 1923 9 Cassell Residence (Wagner Homestead), 1145 N.W. 8th Avenue 1866 10 Halisee Hall, 1700 N.W. 1Oth Avenue 1910-16 11 Villa Paula (?), 580 North Miami Avenue 1931 12 Arlequin Apartments, 1825 Biscayne Boulevard 1926 13 Priscilla Apartments, 1845 Biscayne Boulevard 1926 14 Miramar Hotel, 1744 North Bayshore Drive 1924 15 Kramer Residence, 1757 Bayshore Drive 1920* 16 Hotel Villa D'Este, 249 N.E. 8th Street 17 Toledo Hotel, 204 Biscayne Boulevard 1923 18 McAllister Hotel, 10 Biscayne Boulevard 1919 19 *Miami Women's Blub, 1737 North Bayshore Drive 1927 20 Freedom Tower (Daily News) ENDANGERED; 600 Biscayne Boulevard 1925 21 BPOE Headquarters Building, 15 N,E. 3rd Avenue 1910 22 *Gesu School, Church Rectory, 140 N.W. 2nd Street 1922 23 U.S. Post Office and Courthouse, 300 N.E. 1st Avenue 1931 24 Lindsay Hopkins Building, 1410 N.E. 2nd Avenue 1926 25 First Federal Savings and Loan Building, 100 N.E. 1st Avenue 1912 26 Capital National Bank Miami, 117 N.E. 13t Avenue 1920 27 The Marion (Price Estate), 227 N.E. 3rd Street 1910 28 Saragossa Hotel, 221 N.E. 3rd Street 1930 29 Connecticut Hotel, 120 N.E. 3rd Street 1930 30 Trinity First Methodist Church, 401 N.E. 1st Avenue 1915 31 Trinity Episcopal Church, 464 N.E. 16th Street 1924 32 Central Baptist Church, 500 N.E. 1st Avenue 1921 33 Roncoli Residence, 235 N.E. 17th Street 1924 34 Brunelli Residence, 1797 N.E. 2nd Court 1922 35 Causeway Apartment Hotel, 333 N.E. 13th Street 1920 36 Monuments in Bayfront Park 37 Demolished 38 U.S. Border Patrol Building, 525 N.E. 30th Street 39 DuPont House (Sangreal), 711 N.E. 27th Street 1920 40 Robertson Memorial 1st Evangelical Church, 261 N.E. 23rd Street 1925 41 Miami Psychiatrics Association, 319 N.E. 23rd Street 1925 Cute 1913 1924 1923 pre 1925 1920 ? 1900 195 INDEX TO HISTORICAL. STRUCTURES AND SITES (C int fiued) Map ley Name end Address 42 Collective House (?), 135 S.E. 14th Street 43 United Methodist Church Retirement Home, 3224-27 Biscayne Boulevard 1926 44 Ye Olde Mantle Shop, 3800 N.E. 2nd Avenue 1926 45 Jewish Horne Aged Annex, N.E. 52nd Street and 2nd Avenue 46 Chancery Annex, Diocesan Council Catholic Women, 625 N.E. 63rd Street 47 Gilbert Manor, 104 S.W. South River Drive 1920 48 Warner Residence, 111 S.W. 5th Avenue 1912 49 Dade County Courthouse, 73 West Flagler Street 1927 50 Thompson Residence, 678 S.W. 1st Street 51 Villa Tanner, 229 S.W, 1st Street 1920 52 Elon Apartments, 629 S.W. 10th Avenue 53 Reed Residence, 4210 S.W. 4th Street 54 The Corner Court Apartments, 55 S.W. 21 st Avenue 55 St. Michael's Catholic Church Rectory, 2987 W. Flagler Street 56 Golzalez Residence, 2366 S.W. 8th Street 57 Nolan Residence, 1584 Brickell Avenue 1925 58 Petit Duoy, 1500 Brickell Avenue 1931 59 Villa Serena (Wm. J. Bryan), 3115 Brickell Avenue 1916 60 Ingraham Building, 25 S.E. 2nd Avenue 1927 61 Dallas Park Hotel, 227 S.W. 1st Avenue 1925 62 Olympia Theatre (Gusman Hall), 174 East Flagler Street 1926 63 Columbia Building, 112 S.E. 1st Street 1919 64 Jackson's Bryon's Building, 51 East Flagler Street 1913 65 Ponce de Leon Hotel, 225-239 East Flagler Street 1923-4 66 Raymond W. Butler Insurance Co., 134 S.E. 2nd Street (ENDANGERED) 1896 67 Bulmer Apartments, 185 S.E. 8th Street 1925 68 Whitehall (Carl Fisher), 1301 Brickell Avenue 1900. 69 Highleyman Residence, 1402 South Bayshore Drive 1916 70 Haralambides Residence, 240 S.E. 14th Street 71 Baute Residence, 153 S.E. 15th Street 72 Hanna Apartments, 848 Brickell Avenue 1920 73 Preston Residence, 624 Brickell Avenue 1907 74 Ferris Residence, 59 S.E. 6th Street 1910 75 Wickenheiser Residence, 28 S.E. 6th Street 76 Stafford Residence, 36 S.E. 7th Street 1910 77 Levitan Residence, 10 S.E. 6th Street 1910 78 Dr. Jackson's Office (ENDANGERED), 190 S.E. 12th Terrace pre 1907 79 Pan American Terminal Building, 3500 Pan American Drive 1928 80 The Ransom School Pagoda, 3575 Main Highway, Coconut Grove 1902 81 Plymouth Congregational Church, 3429 Devon Road, Coconut Grove 1897 82 Trapp Residence, 2521 South Bayshore Drive, Coconut Grove 1889 196 Da INDEX TO "HISTORICAL STRUCTURES AND SITES (Continued) Map Kay Number Namtkand.Address... _. .,�ti., .__ _ ___, . __, ...w_. y_ 83 Carrollton School for Girls -El Jardin, 3747 Main Highway, Coconut Grove 84 Peacock Residence, 2983 Mac Farlane Road, Coconut Grove 85 Curry Residence, 3564 Royal Palm Avenue, Coconut Grove 86 Coconut Grove Housekeeper's Club, 2985 South Bayshore Dr., Coconut Grove 87 The Kampong (Fairchild Estate), 4013 Douglas Road, Coconut Grove 88 First Public School Building, 3429 Devon Road, Coconut Grove 89 Ryder Truck Line Building, 3434 Main Highway, Coconut Grove 90 Callahan Building, 3035 Grand Avenue 91 Raffenel Residence (Matheson), 3753 Matheson Avenue 92 Hogg Residence, 3813 Matheson Avenue 93 Coconut Grove Arts Center, Main Highway 94 Kirk Munroe, 3551 Main Highway 95 De Hdeouville, 3495 Main Highway (ENDANGERED) 96 Gifford House, 2937 Aviation 97 Trapp (Access Street ?), 2520 Tigertail 98 Tea Chest, 3532 Main Highway 99 Dr. Simmon's Office, 4013 Main Highway 100 Day House (demolished) 101 Coconut Grove Bank Building, 3430 Main Highway 102 Stirrup House, 3242 Charles Avenue 103 Charles Street Historic District, Charles Avenue/Douglas to Main Highway 104 First Telephone Exchange, 3489 Devon Road 105 Sunshine Real Estate Office, 3936 Main Highway 106 Gifford House, 3672 Bayview Road (2) 107 Haden Residence 108 Greenwood House, 3340 Cornelia Drive 109 Wagner Residence, 3484 Main Highway 110 Biscayne Bay Yacht Club, 3939 Hardie Avenue 111 De Garmo Residence 112 Tequesta, Bayfront Park at Flagler 113 Tuttle Homesite 114 Pan American Field, 5300 N.W. 36th Street 115 James Deering Estate, Vizcaya 116 Grace Methodist Church, 6501 North Miami Avenue 117 Historical Museum of Southern Florida, 3280 S. Miami Avenue, Building B 118 Peacock Inn, Coconut Grove Bayfront Park 119 Lemon City Library, N.E. 62nd Street and 4th Court 120 First Telephone Exchange, N.E. 2nd Street 121 Coconut Grove Library, 2875 Mac Farlane Road 122 Historical Association of Southern Florida, 3280 South Miami Avenue 123 Douaglas Entrance, Coral Gables 124 Biltmore Hotel, Coral Gables 1018 1899 1925 1900 1928 1897 1891 1898? 1925 1872 c. 1920 1923 1898 1890-1910 1917 1910 c. 1920 1897 1896 1895 c. 1910 1912 1859 1925 1893 197 INDEX TO HISTORICAL STRUCTURES AND SITES (Continued) Map Key N >m dd 125 Merrick Manor, 907 Coral Way, Coral Gables 126 Three Score and ten Club, 243 N.E. 4th Street 127 Parker Art Printing Company Building, 303 Alcazar Avenue, Coral Gables 128 Venetian Pool, Toledo Street/Sevilla Avenue/DeSoto Road, Coral Gables 129 Vizcaya, 3251 South Miami Avenue 130 The Barnacle, 3485 Main Highway 131 Grand Concourse Apartments, 421 N.E. Grand Concourse 132 Glade View Inn (Demolished 1973), 7495 S.W. 8th Street 133 White Belt Dairy, 6000 N.W. 32nd Avenue 134 Howard Backus Residence, 137 N.E. 92nd Street, Miami Shores 135 Anton J. Ceimak Stone, 1 Biscayne Boulevard 136 Coco Plum Women's Club, 1315 Sunset Drive, Coral Gables 137 Coral Gables Lighthouse, Coral Gables (Alhambra Circle and Greenway Court) 138 DeSoto Plaza Fountain, Coral Gables (DeSoto Road and Sevilla and Granada Boulevards) 139 Heermance House, 111 Fairway Drive, Miami Springs 140 Normal House, 4620 Santa Maria, Coral Gables 141 Stobe's Residence, 2709 Columbus Boulevard, Coral Gables 142 Thorpe House, 8812 N.E. 1 oth Avenue 143 W.C. Tindell Residence, 6132 Coral Way 144 Tuckerman House, 161 Sunrise Avenue 145 Hansford Tyler House, 431 N.E. 94th Street 146 University Professional Building, 2506 Ponce de Leon, Coral Gables 147 Vinton House, 112 N.E. 88th Street, Miami Shores 148 Orr Home, 6491 Sunset Drive 148.1 Palmer Residence, 145 N.W. 25th Avenue 149 Parrott Home, 1219 N.E. 102nd Street 150 Peabody House, 2616 DeSoto, Coral Gables 151 Pilgrim Residence, 2715 Alhambra, Coral Gables 152 Professional Building, 216 N.E. 2nd Avenue 153 RBC Lumber Company, 664 N.E. 96th Street, Miami Shores 154 Renuart Residence, 501 N.E. 94th Street, Miami Shores 155 C.E. Rheney, Joseph Daoud House, 280 N.E. 91st Street, Miami Shores 156 Richardson House, 912 N.E. 95th Street, Miami Shores 157 Riviera Residence, 1209 Brickell Avenue, Miami 158 San Sebastian Apartments, 333 University Avenue, Coral Gables 159 Satchell Home, 8900 N.E. First Avenue 160 Scottish Rite Masonic Temple, North River Drive and N.W. 3rd Street 161 Sevilla Hotel, 166 Alcazar, Coral Gables 162 Jefferson Bell House, 3630 N.E. lst Court 163 Kent Horne, 1036 N.E. 89th Street 164 Kreidt Residence, 1032 Coral Way, Coral Gables 165 Hotel Le Palma, 116 Alhambra Circle 198 INDEX TO HISTORICAL STRUCTURES AND SITES (r + ntinued) Map trey Number ..Narrr&and.Addrese. a _, . Gate: 166 Lemon City Drug Store, 6045 N.E. 2nd Avenue 167 Little Flower Rectory, 1270 Anastasia, Coral Gables 168 Maxwell Residence, 840 Coral Way, Coral Gables 169 Miami Senior High Schoo, 2450 S.W. 1st Street 170 Miami Shore Community Church, 9823 N.E. 4th Avenue 171 Alexander Home, 262 N.E. 96th Street, Miami Shores 172 Baile Residence, 61 N.E. 86th Street 173 Bird Villa, 5880 S.W. 2.2nd Street 174 Boake Building, 2701 Ponce de Leon, Coral Gables 175 Emily Brion House, 6 N.E. 89th Street 175.1 Casa Loma Hotel (Demolished 1973), 1220 Anastasia, Coral Gables 176 Cassell House (Wm. Wagner Homestead), 1145 N.W. 8th Street ENDANGERED 1870 177 Clay's House, 937 Coral Way, Coral Gables 178 Coral Gables Colisseum, 1500 Douglas Road, Coral Gables 179 Coral Gables Congregational Church, 3010 DeSoto Boulevard, Coral Gables 180 Coral Gables Country Club, N. Greenway Court and Granada, Coral. Gables 181 Coral Gables Elementary School, 105 Minorca Avenue, Coral Gables 182 Davis House, 1044 Coral Way, Coral Gables 183 Elroy Decker Residence, 1069 N.E. 91st Terrace, Miami Shores 184 Dorn House, 4550 Sunset Drive 185 Duff House, 100 N.E. 88th Street, Miami Shores 186 Florida National Bank, Miracle Mile, Coral Gables 187 French Provincial Village, LeJeune Road and Vizcaya, Coral Gables 188 Hastings House, 1217 Granada, Coral Gables 189 Coral Gables City Hall, 405 Biltmore Way, Coral Gables 190 Brickell Trading Post Site, 501 Brickell Avenue 191 Old Camp, V4mile southwest of Rickenbacker toll gate in City Park Source. Dade County Historical Association and State Division of Archives The above listed historical sites represent a County -wide effort by the State Division of Archives, History and Records Management to identify sites and structures considered historic. To date, few of the sites have been surveyed in detail to provide the information needed to definitively classify them as worthy of local historic register status. Funds to pro- vide this research have been applied for through County C.D. funds. There are 20 sites in Dade County that have been extensively researched and are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. 199 6.7 Inc SCHOOLS LOCATED WITHIN CITY LIMITS OF Narie_t:.Adolit Ai a�a'tt&h Aieatntaty 4700 N,W, 12th Awe. +,above k8ciA1 `school School `1bolo* Compo8itioh. Site S.tfuctui8 Capaei:Ey E0E 118t8itE. dap.8city %Whitt %Bldck Atfts 23 1180 1152 17 83 .. 61,765 20.00 Aiiapattah i.NhS. 8 1499 1455 =3 36 64 104,938 1331 N,W, 46th St, Aubufhdaid 51emehtafy 50 950 920 3 98 2 10,00 51,261 1255 S.W. 6th tit, Buena Vista E1emehtafy 3001. N.W. 2nd Ave, 45 690 422 +39 60 40 2.46 38,375 Carver, George wakhingtoh 15 540 480=20 33 67 31,311 (1973), 238 'Grand Aire.(K=2) 7,26 Carver, Geotg8 Washington 48 857 621 -35 62 38 79,157 .1.H.S., 4901 Lintoln br., Coral Gables Citrus Grove Elementary 14 990 1315 +33 99 1 58,678 2121 N.W. 5th St, 8.61 Citrus Grove .3.H,S. 48 990 1451 +47 67 3371,084 2145 N.W. 5th St, Coconut Grove Elementary 51 555 412 -12 44 56 4.5 44,849 3351 Matilda (k 6) Comstock Eletnehtary 47 1020 1768 +73 72 28 3.72 79,427 2420 N.W. 18th Coral Way Elementary 36 1060 1435 +35 99 1 7.75 61,216 1950 S.W. 13th Ave. bade Elementary 19 650 540 -1 49 51 5.00 51,336 3501 S.W. 28th St.(K 4-6) Douglas Elementary 19 1245 1104 -11 33 67 2.56 57,506 ow 314 N.W. 12th St. Dunbar Elementary 50 1305 783 -40 37 63 8.00 98,000 505 N.W. 20th St. Edison Park Elementary 22 1130 1033 -9 42 58 3.16 57,535 500 N.W. 67th St, Fairlawn Elementary 20 890 837 -6 100 0 2.17 46,292 444 S.W. 60th Ave. Flagler Elementary 16 650 755 +16 99 1 4.20 42,045 5222 N.W. 1st St. Holmes Elementary 18 945 637 -33 6 94 5.35 65,664 1175 N.W. 67th St. Kensington Park Elementary 21 1300 1236 -5 99 1 12.20 67,681 711 N.W. 30th Ave. Kinlock Park Elementary 47 695 715 +7 99 1 4.00 44,072 4275 N.W. 1st St, Kinlock Park 1.H,S. 37 1422 1631 +13 99 1 10.00 90,937 4340 N.W. 3rd St. Lee, Robert E. J.H.S. 48 1096 990 -10 43 57 3.63 88,014 3100 N,W, 5th Ave. 201 Nake 6 wAAAte.s§. A4e Caligci,t+y thr:t 11ih6h' labo4e Racial School. 6choa,1 tb81uW COMpeAitioh Site Structure apacit,y %white %Black Aci es Little lover fleiMehtary 4A ti55 1656 a8 34 66 6.42 71,878 514 N,W, 97th St, Hettitt, Ada .7.H,6, 48 791 1114 +40 64 36 1,71 74, 01 660 8'.W, ltd St, Mi&Mi Sehior High 45 3266 4632 +42 96 4 9,88 268,249 2456 S.W. 1st S. Miami Edison ..H.S, 58 1263 1256 0 44 56 4,00 79,421 6100 N.W. 2hd Ave, Meet Edison Senior High 45 1086 2137 +2 59 41 17.50 117,12i 6101 N.W. 2nd Ave, Mia1Mi Jackson 47 2205 989 -52 64 36 13,04 206)375 1751 N.W. 36th St, Miramar Elementary 48 495 458 -7 52 48 1,50 38,030 109 N.E. 19th St. Norningside Elementary 41 575 463 -19 99 1 2.50 32,424 6620 N.E. 5th Ave. Northwestern Senior High 17 1953 2232 +14 0 100 27.90 276,693 7007 N.W. 12th Ave. Orchard Villa Elementary 34 1425 1226 -14 0 100 6,00 77,462 5720 N.W. lath Ave; Primary School C 4 360 294 -18 34 66 2.60 36,588 757 N.W. 66th St. Riverside Elementary 50 825 1735 +110 58 42 3.25 45,873 221 S.W. 12th Ave. Santa tiara Elementary 47 710 661 -7 29 71 4.00 38,729 1051 N.W. 29th Terr. Shadowlawn Elementary 47 680 836 +23 34 66 3.50 46,443 149 N.W. 49th St. Shenandoah Elementary 46 780 1038 +33 99 1 5.00 46,740 1023 S.W. 21st Ave. Shenandoah J.H.S. 32 1687 1747 +4 99 1 7.60 112,617 1950 S.W. 19th St. Silver Bluff Elementary 47 780 705 -9 99 1 3.00 42,720 2609 S.W. 25th Ave. (K-6) Southside Elementary 47 360 361 0 99 1 1.88 20,700 45 S.W. 13th'St. Tucker, Francis Elementary 12 870 499 -32 16 84 4.13 46,612 3500 Douglas Rd. (K-3) Booker T. Washington J.H.S. 48 2205 989 -52 64 36 3.47 124,784 1200 N.W. 6th Ave. West Dunbar Elementary 9 870 758 -13 40 60 10.00 51,282 750 N.W. 20th St. Wheatly, Phyllis Elementary 20 1050 874 -17 40 60 5.00 57,904 1801 N.W. 1st Place Source: A 1971 CIP Profile of Community Conditions and Needs 202 0 f-r � 8.8 LIST OF NE FIAKIND DAPS PHASE I .CITSMIDt 'EMPHASIS 1. Regional Activity Cehters 2. Population Dynarnics Synthesis 3. Housing Submarkets 4. Building Activity 1970-1975 5. Housing Dynamics 6. 1974 Daily Traffic Volumes 7. Sanitary Sewer System Status 8. Community Facilities 9. Recreation and Open Space 10. Environmental Resources 11. Environmental Hazards 12. Urban Design Framework 13. Inventory of Past and Present Plans 14. Generalized Zoning 15. Generalized Land Use 16. Topography 17. Inventory of Current Programs 18. Housing Problems 19. Problem Synthesis 20. Opportunity Areas 21. City-wide Concept Plan PHASE II -PLANNING DISTRICT AND NEIGHBORHOOD EMPHASIS Planning District A: Northeast 1. R.O.W. Conditions --Sanitary Sewers 2. R.O.W. Conditions --Lighting 3. R.O.W. Conditions --Curbs and Gutters 4. R.O.W. Conditions -Sidewalks 5. R.O.W. Conditions -Roadway 6. Tax Exempt and Railroad Properties 7. Existing Land Use 8. Economiv Conditions and Trends 9. Growth Capacity 10. Neighborhood Profiles 11. Problems and Opportunities 12. Park Deficiencies 13. Traffic and Transportation Problems and Opportunities 14. Neighborhood Development Program 15. Economic Development Program 16. Future Land Use Concept Plan 17. 1975-1985 Proposed Land Use Changes 18. Regulatory Program Development 19. Transportation Concept Plan 20. Community Facilities Concept Plan 21. Community Design Element Planning District tl. 'Downtown, Colmar, Stickel! Wynwwod 1. Tax Exempt and Railroad Properties 2. Existing Land Use 3. Economic Conditions and Trends 4. Neighborhood Profiles 5. R.O.W. Conditions -Sanitary Sewers 6. R.O.W. Conditions -Lighting 7. R.O.W. Conditions -Curbs and Gutters 8. R.O.W. Conditions -Sidewalks 9. R.O.W. Conditions -Roadway 10. Problems and Opportunities 11. Future Land Use Concept Plan 12. Proposed Land Use Changes 13. Regulatory Program Development 14. Economic Development Program 15. Neighborhood Development Program 16. Community Design Element 17. Transportation Concept Plan 18. Community Facilities Concept Plan Planning District C: Coconut Grove, Shenandoah 1. Existing Land Use 2. Neighborhood Profiles 3. Tax Exempt and Railroad Properties 4. R.D.W. Conditions -Sanitary Sewers 5. R.O.W. Conditions -Lighting 6. R.O.W. Conditions -Curbs and Gutters 7. R.O.W. Conditions -Sidewalks 8. R.O.W. Conditions -Roadway 9. Economic Conditions and Trends 10. Problems and Opportunities 11. Future Land Use Concept Plan 12. Land Use Changes 1975-1985 13. Regulatory Program Development 14. Neighborhood Development Program 15. Economic Development Program 16. Community Facilities Concept Plan 17. Community Design Element Planning District D: Little Havana 1. Tax Exempt Properties 2. Existing Land Use 3. Future Land Use Concept Plan 4. Regulatory Program Development 5. R.O.W. Conditions -Roadway 6. R.O.W. Conditions -Sanitary Sewers 7. R.O.W. Conditions -Lighting 8. R.O.W. Conditions -Curbs and Gutters 9. R.O.W. Conditions -Sidewalks 10. Potential Growth Areas 11. Little Havana Problems and Opportunities 204 12. 1975-1985 Proposed Land Use Changes 13, Economic Development Program 14. Neighborhood Development Program 15. Transportation Concept Plan 16. Community Facilities Concept Plan 17. Economic Conditions and Trends 18. Neighborhood Profiles 19. Circulation Problems and Opportunities 20. Neighborhood Park Deficiencies with In- creased Utilization of Public and Semi -Public Facilities 21. Neighborhood Park Deficiencies 22. Drainage Problems and Opportunities 23. Community Design Panning District E Plagati 1. Neighborhood Profiles 2. R.O.W. Conditions -Roadway 3. R.O.W. Conditions --Lighting 4. R.O.W. Conditions Curbs and Gutters 5. R.O.W. Conditions •Sidewalks 6. R.O.W. Conditions Sanitary Sewers 7. Growth Capacity 8. Existing Land Use 9. Tax Exempt and Railroad Properties 10. Recreation/Park Needs 11. Flagami Problems and Opportunities 12. Economic Conditions and Trends 13. Economic Development Program 14. Neighborhood Development Program 15. Regulatory Program Development 16. Future Land Use Concept Plan 17. Community Facilities Concept Plan Planning District F: Allapattah 1. Tax Exempt and Railroad Properties 2. Existing Land Use 1975 3. Future Land Use Concept Plan 4. Regulatory Program Development 5. Economic Development Program 6. Neighborhood Development Program 7. Allapattah Problems and Opportunities 8. 1975-1985 Proposed Land Use Changes 9. Economic Conditions and Trends 10. Neighborhood Profiles 11. Transit Problems and Opportunities 12. Neighborhood Park Deficiencies 13. Community Facilities Concept Plan 14. Community Design Element 15. R.O.W. Conditions -Roadway 16. R.O.W. Conditions -Lighting 17. R.O.W. Conditions -Curbs and Gutters 18. R.O.W. Conditions -Sidewalks 19. R.O.W. Conditions --Sanitary Sewers 6.9 GLOSSARY Activity eeritet§ Activity centers are concentrations of similar or re- ►ated uses which have a marked impact on adjoining land use, transportation facilities and services. Al- though different uses might be present, such as busi- ness offices and industrial uses, residential areas, ed- ucational or medical facilities and shopping areas, these diversified activity centers are usually char- acterized by physical cohesiveness and intensive land use. Bikeways The term is used to define all facilities that explic- itly provide for bicycle travel. Bikeways, then, can be anything from fully grade -separated facilities to simple signed streets. Bonus An incentive in the form of an increased floor area above that allowed by the zoning ordinance in re- turn for the provision of amenities or specific uses by the developer. CBD Refers to the central business district originally de- fined as a reporting area by the Census Bureau for the study of the "Central City." It is commonly called the Downtown area of a city; an area of concentrated commercial activity. Cluster Development A cluster development is one in which a number of dwelling units are grouped, leaving some land un- divided for common use. It may mean grouping the same number of units allowed in a given subdivision or zoned area on smaller than usual or minimum lot, with the remainder of land available as a common area —the density remains the same, but some larger pieces of land, hopefully with some interesting na- tural features, left undivided and uninvaded and open for common use. Cluster development will be found increasingly in use and may become the dominant pattern of residential development. Com- mon open space is the key element. This may be a recreation core or a park -like natural area. Collector Street System Provides for traffic movement between major ar- terials and local streets, and direct access to abutting property. Community Development Grant Program Community Development is the HUD special revenue sharing program. Funds previously earmarked by 205 Congress for Model Cities, Neighborhood Devel- _ opment, Open Space, Water and Sewers, Code En- forcement, and Neighborhood Facilities were com- bined into Community Development Block Grants. Under the legislation, the Housing and Community Development Act of 1974, metropolitan cities and urban counties receive funds based on a formula that includes population, low income, and over- crowded housing. In Dade County, the City of Miami, Miami Beach, and Hialeah receive funds as Metropolitan cities, and Metropolitan Dade County receives funds as an urban county. Comprehensive Plan A Comprehensive Plan is a legal public document adopted by a local government as a policy guide to decisions about the physical development of the community. It indicates, in a general way, how the leaders of the government want the community to develop in the next ten to thirty years. District A portion of the territory of the City of Miami where certain uniform regulations and require- ments or various combinations thereof apply under the provisions of the Comprehensive Zoning Ordi- nance. "Element" A portion of the Comprehensive Plan which deals with the analysis and recommendations related to a specific urban system such as open space, trans- portation, housing, etc. Expressway System (Including Freeways and Parkways) Provides for expeditious movement of large volumes of through traffic between areas and across the City, and not intended to provide land access service. Floor Area Ratio (F.A.R.) The total floor area of the building or building on a lot, divided by the area of the lot. The total floor area for this purpose is the gross horizontal area of the several floors of all buildings on the lot. Housing Finance Agency The proposed Florida Housing Finance Agency, through the sale of bonds, would make funds avail- able to private enterprise. These monies would be used for the development of housing, in coopera- tion with the Federal Government, for low, moder- ate and middle income Floridians. To date more 206 than thirty-nine states have established housing fi- nance agencies, including nine southern states (West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Louisiana and Maryland). Land Use Plan (Cenerali2ed) The plan indicating the functional relationship of areas of the community, intended for use as a guide in the development of the City. Little HUD "Little HUD" is the Dade County Department of Housing and Urban Development. This Department is responsible for administering the various housing and renewal programs being utilized by Dade County. Local Street System Provides for direct access to abutting land, and for local traffic movements. Major Arterial System Provides for the through traffic movement between areas and across the City, and direct access to abut- ting property; subject to necessary control of en- trances, exits, and curb use. Non -Conforming Use Use of any property or premises in any manner which does not comply with the regulations pro- vided for the district in which the property or pre- mises are situated, if such use was originally legally establ ished. One Hundred Year Flood The 100 year flood is a standard which refers to a flood of a magnitude to occur once every 100 years. A 100 year floodplain is that area adjacent to a waterbody that is likely to be inundated once in 100 years. Overcrowding of Housing A unit containing more than one person per room excluding bathrooms, hallways and entrance halls. Overlay District A traditional zoning tool where a zoning district specifically addresses either a requirement for use, bulk, height, minimum lot size, etc. This tool had been abandoned for single district systems com- bining all these elements. In recent years, overlay` districts have been utilized to supplement the exist- ing single district system. • Pinned tinit Developffittrit Planned unit development is a broader concept than cluster. It may apply to commercial and in- dustrial as well as residential development areas. In some cases a mixture of uses —one or more resi- dential types of residence plus commercial-- is al- lowed. A major difference between planned unit development and cluster is that the specific condi- tion under which the development Will be allowed are general in nature for planned unit development, and frequently not applied until actual plans are proposed. In this case, much is left to the discre- tion of the administrator, the review board, or other controlling authority. Similar to cluster development, it seeks a more flexible approach to permit development of large areas as a whole. Public Housing Housing units owned or leased by either the Metro- politan Dade County Department of Housing and Urban Development or by one of the local munici- pal housing authorities. Public Land Banking Public Land Banking is a system whereby a govern- mental entity acquires land available for future de- velopment for the purpose of controlling the pace and direction of urban growth. By acquiring or leas- ing land in the path of urban expansion, and hence immunizing it from premature development, the land bank entity can observe market forces and then develop or dispose of the land at a propitious time for development and with use restrictions con- sonant with a publicly -adopted plan for the area. - . Publicly Subsidized Housing Publicly subsidized housing is privately owned and privately financed. However, an interest subsidy on the mortgage, provided by FHA, enables moderate income families to rent or own a housing unit. Redevelopment Redevelopment involves the removal of existing structures and, potentially, a reconfiguration of ownership patterns and changes in land use. Such extreme measures can be of great benefit to an area by removing slums and creating more com- patible land use, However, care has to be taken to make provision for those displaced by the clearance and to ensure that tl re new development does not overburden existing facilities and services. Redlining Redlining is the vivid term used to describe the supposition that lenders draw a line on a map around a neighborhood they consider to be on the decline and, therefore, a risky place in which to make a home mortgage loan. Whether lenders do, or ever did, wield red pencils is not known, Probably they did not. But it is known that the practice has be- come policy with some lending institutions. Regulatory Framework Refers to legal governmental controls which affect land use and development, such as zoning, require- ments for developments of regional impact, environ- mental quality standards and so forth. Rehabilitation The upgrading of environmental quality through improvement of existing residential or commercial areas. Rehabilitation is a type of renewal treatment which may be appropriate for restoration of deter- iorating residential or non-residential areas which are basically sound and worth conserving and in which the existing buildings, public facilities, and improvements can be economically repaired to a long-term sound condition. This treatment may also include spot clearance to remove dwelling units in- feasible for rehabilitation. Residential Any lot, parcel or piece of land, or any building used exclusively for family dwelling purposes. Residential Density The number of people per residential acre in the City. Density is given by census tract and was deter- mined by dividing the number of people in each tract by the number of residential acres in each tract. Right -of -Way Refers to shoulders, median and all other areas of a street segment not considered to be premises of residential properties or vacant Jots. Section 8: Housing Assistance Payments Program Section 8 is a subsidy program where HUD will provide housing assistance payments on behalf of eligible lower income families (i.e., families whose income does not exceed 80 percent of median in- come for the locality) occupying newly constructed, substantially rehabilitated or existing housing. This payment will make up the difference between the approved rent for the unit and the amount the family 207 rs r ttluirucl to pay which is not less than 15 percunt nor snore than 25 percent of the family's adjusted income, Setback The minimurn distance between the zoned street line, rear or side lot lines, and the front line, rear line, or side line of the building projection thereof, excluding projections specifically permitted. SMSA Refers to Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area. The SMSA is a unit of analysis which was defined so that a wide variety of statistical data might be presented on a uniform basis, The Miarni SMSA includes all of Dade County. Specialized Activity Centers Although specialized activity centers may contain more than one activity, these additional uses are usually supporting activities. Both the Medical and Design Centers are good examples of specialized activity centers. Special Public Interest District (SPI) A district established to preserve, protect or en- hance an area which is of a special interest to a community (i.e., ecological preservation, historic preservation, floodplain, airport, etc.). The regula- tions forming part of a given district would sup- plant or modify existing zoning controls. There is usually greater public planning input into private planning within an SPI. Strip Land Use A narrow strip of like development whose length varies from several blocks to several miles. Swale A 6 to 12 foot wide grassy area within the public _ right-of-way, located between the shoulder of the street and the sidewalk or adjacent private property if there is no sidewalk. The Swale area acts as a col- lector of storm water runoff from paved surfaces along the public right-of-way. Tax Abatement Missouri has used Tax Abatement as an incentive tool for private investors (owners) to carry out specified public development (improvement) ob- jectives. This incentive can be granted to existing buildings, new construction, a particular age group (over 65) or other criteria established by law. This 208 method provides the incentive directly to the uWn er or developer by abating the taxes on new con- struction or renovations, provided that the improve- ment is in accordance with a public plan approved by the local government. This method provides for abatement of all taxes on the increased valua- tion (new construction or renovations; excluding land value or original building) for a period of 15 years; from year 15 to year 25 the owner pays taxes on 50% of land and the increased value of improve- ments, after the 25th year the owner pays full taxes on the total development. This method can and should accommodate tax abatement to encourage major renovations, restorations, preservation of his- torical sites, the elderly and any other criteria authorized by the Constitution and legislation. In each of these cases, all existing taxing jurisdiction continues to receive taxes on all land values (and the original buildings in the case of renovation) during the period of tax abatement. Tax Increment Financing California has developed, and successfully tested in their courts, a method of Tax Increment Financing with which they finance the acquisition, planning, improvement, relocation and, in the case of hous- ing, construction of new developments. This meth- od uses the sale of Tax increment Notes, which are repaid by the increase in local taxes caused by the new development. All existing taxing jurisdictions continue to receive the same local taxes levied prior to redevelopment, during the life of the project. This method provides the local government with the necessary funds to: 1. Acquire and prepare land for resale to interested developers (including write -down when approp- riate and necessary). 2. Prepare land for housing, construct the housing and then sell the housing, based on the ability to pay, as identified by public policy and the redevelopment plan. 3. Assemble land through eminent domain powers to accomplish the public plan (purpose) ob- jective. Under this method, land developers always pay full taxes, and the public agency obtains funds for its financial obligations from the increase in local taxes, created by the new development. Transfer of Development Rights Transfer of Development Rights (TDR) is a proposed innovative land use management tool which can be used by a governmental body for greater police power control of development. Simply explained, conservation zones are established Where develop- ment is restricted, and the development potential (as determined by the zoning at the time of the parcel's designation as a conservation zone) is "severed" from the land. Transfer zones are also created where a certain density bonus will be al- lowed if development rights are purchased. The idea is that through the purchase of development rights, the conservation zone landowners will be equitably compensated for the governmental re- strictions placed upon their land without the ex- penditure of public funds. The use of TDR has been proposed for historic preservation, open space pre- servation, and as an alternative to traditional zon- ing. Urban Renewal Urban renewal is an older community redevelopment program. It operates under a single funding system which may include a work program of several years. There is one urban renewal area in Dade County (Florida R-10 in Central Miami). Usable Open Space An outdoor are, excluding parking and other service areas, which is utilized for outdoor living, recrea- tion or landscaping, and which is open and unob- structed from physical barriers. Vertical Zoning A bulk restriction which gradually controls floor area coverage at different levels above the ground floor level in order to avoid canyon effects from high rise structures side by side. In addition, it encourages the possibility for above ground malls and promenades. 209 6.10 B1BL1OGRAPHY INVENTORY OP PAST ANb PRESENT PLANS The following plans and planning documents were reviewed as a basis for this planning study. 1. Metro Dade Comprehensive Development Plan, 1975 By: Metro Dade County Planning Department 2. Northeast Community Comprehensive Planning Study, 1972/1975 By: City of Miami Planning Department 3. The Little River Commercial Center, 1975 By: City of Miami Planning Department 4. Jackson Memorial Hospital, 1975 By: Smith, Korach, Hayst, Haynie Partnership 5. Downtown Miami 1973 1985: An Urban De- velopment and Zoning Plan, 1973 By: Wallace, McHarg, Roberts and Todd 6. The Proposed Model City Comprehensive Plan, 1975 By: Metro Dade County Human Resources Administration 7. Downtown Government Center Milestone Report Two, 1976 By: Connell, Metcalf and Eddy 8. Latin Community Study, 1974 By: City of Miami Planning Department 9. A Planning Study for Coconut Grove, 1974 By: City of Miami Planning Department 10. Dinner Key Master Plan, 1972 By: Russell -Melton Associates 11. Master Plan for Development, New Port of Miami, 1969 By: Tippetts Abbett-McCarthy-Stratton 12. Biscayne Bay and Its Environs, 1975 By: Thomas W. Bilhorn 13. Claughton Island, A Dynamic Addition to Downtown, 1974 By: Edward Claughton; Frates Properties, Inc. 14. Downtown Miami: A Conceptual Transporta- tion Plan, 1973 By: Beiswenger-Hoch 15. Plaza Venetia Study, 1972 By: City of Miami Planning Department 16. Miami Riverfront Development, 1972 By: Connell, Pierce, Garland and Friedman 17. Controversial Corridors Review Recommended Transportation Alternatives, 1974 By: Network Revision Sub -Committee of MUATS 18. Five -Year Construction Plan for Partially Meet- ing Capital Requirements, 1975 By: Dade County Board of Public Instruction 211 19. Edison Park NDP 2, 1971 By: City of Miami Planning Department 20. Central Miami NDP 3, 1971 By: Candeub, Fleissig, and Associates 21. Coconut Grove NDP 4, 1971 By: Marcou, O'Leary and Associates, Inc. 22. brickell : A Planning Zoning Study, 1970 By: City of Miami Planking Department 23. Virginia Key Plan, 1969 By: City of Miami Planning Department 24. R-10 Renewal Plan, 1973 By: City of Miami Planning Department 25. Miami Design Plaza, 1974 By: City of Miami Planning Department 26. Community Shelter Plan, 1970 By: Wilbur Smith and Associates 27. Open Space and Recreation Proposed Master Plan, 1969 By: Metro Dade County Parks and Recreation Department 28. Recommended Bikeways Plan for Metro Dade County, 1974 By: Metro Dade County Planning Department 29. Parks for People Bond Program, 1972 By City of Miami Planning Department 30. Cultural Facilities and Activities Plan, 1973 By: Metro Dade County Planning Department 31. Dade County Art Museum, 1975 By: Harold Lewis Malt and Associates 32. Water Quality Management Plan, 1973 By: Harold Lewis Malt and Associates 33. Miami International Airport Compatibility Study, 1971 By: Dade County and City of Miami Planning Departments 34, Metro Dade County Transit Improvement Program, 1974 By: Kaiser Engineers FOOTNOTES Land Use 1. Douglas, Marjorie Stoneman, The Everglades, River of Grass (1947). 2. Muir, Helen, Miami USA, (1953). 3. Metro Dade County Planning Department, "Land Use Characteristics, 1960-1970, Com- prehensive Development Master Plan, Tech- nical Report Series," (1973). a. City of Miami Planning Department, Zoning Inventory, (1974). 5 National Commission on Urban Problems, Three Land Research Studies, Research Report 12, Wash- 212 ington, D.C., 1968. Housing 1. U.S. Census of Population and Housing, (1970), 2. South Florida Regional Planning Council, "Housing: The Regional View," (1975). 3. Hunter Moss and Company, Housing Needs and Resources Inventory of City. of Miami, (1965 and 1970), 4. Dade County Community Improvement Pro- gram, Office of the County Manager, "Housing Profile," (1970). 5 Dade County Community Improvement Pro- gram, Office of the County Manager, "Profile of Metropolitan Dade County: Conditions and Needs/' (1972). 6. Morton Hoffman and Company, Housing Mar- ket Analysis and Needs of Low and Moderate Income Households. Dade County Florida, 1969-1985, (1970). 7. Dade County Department of Housing and Ur- ban Development, Correspondence with Dan Sourcinelli, "Public and Publicly Assisted Housing Programmed by Dade County for 1976," (1975). Public Services and Facilities 1. Metro Dade County Planning Department, Background Paper for the Advisory Task Force on Services, Comprehensive Development Master Plan, (1973). 2. Dade County Community Improvement Pro- gram, "Neighborhood Facilities Grant Program: Needs and Priorities for Dade County," (1972). 3. Metro Dade County Planning Department, Dade County School Board, Proposed Planning Guidelines for Providing Educational Facilities and Programs for Metropolitan Dade County, Florida (1973). 4 Smith, Korach, Hayst, Haynier Partnerships, Caudill, Rowlett and Scott, James A. Hamilton, Inc., Role and Program Study: Jackson Memor- ial Hospital. 5. Miami Herald, "A Proper Lid on Hospital Beds," (July 19, 1975). 6. Dade County Community Improvement Pro- gram, "Profile of Metro Dade County: Condi- tions and Needs," (1972). 7. Metro Dade County Planning Department, Proposed Cultural Facilities and Activities Plan for Metro Dade County, Florida, (1973). 8 City of Miami, 1974-1975, "Budget Estimate." Connell, Pierce, Garland and Friedman, Mile- stone Report One Downtown Government Center, (1975). 10. Metro Dade County Department of Human Resources, Correspondence, Kay Flynn and Michael Gruber, (1975-1976). 11, Stanford Research 'Institute, Miami Modern Police, First Year. Summary, (1973). 12, Metro Dade County Planning Department, Comprehensive Development Master Plan, Part 3. (1974). 13. Miami Herald, "Crime, Burglars, Robbers Get $30 Million in Dade: Broward Cuts Rate," Roberto Fabricio, (August 27, 1975). 14. Metro Dade County Community Improvement Program, Crime, (1972), 15. McQuade, Walter, ed. Cities Fit to Live In and How We Can Make Them Happen, (1971). 16. Newman, Oscar, Defensible Space, Crime Pre- vention through Urban Design, (1973), 17. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban De- velopment, Neighborhood Preservation. A Catalog of ocal Programs. (1975). Population 1. U.S. Department of Commerce, "Census of Population" (1970). 2. Metro Dade County Planning Department, "Population Projections Dade County, Florida," (1970). 3. Albert Rosen and Associates, Metro Dade County Planning Department, "Mobility Patterns 1964- 1969," (1970). 4. University of Florida Bureau of Economic and Business Research. 5, City of Miami, "Community Renewal Program, Part One," (1965). 6. 1970 U.S. Census. Conservation and Safety 1. Miami Herald, "High Level of Toxics Found in Area Waters/' Mike Toner, (January 29, 1976). 2. Miami Herald, "Dade's Waters Cleaner, But Still Unfit," Mike Toner, (January 12, 1976). 3. Greeley and Hansen, and Connell Associates, Water Quality Management Plan, (1973). Floor Insurance Administration, Federal Flood insurance Program. Study Manual and Maos, (1972). 5 Miami Federal Executive Board, Evacuation of Coastal Residents During Hurricanes, A Pilot Study for Dade County, Florida (1973). 6 South Florida Building Code, (1957). 7. Dade County and City of Miarni Planning De- partments, Miami International Airport Com- patibility Study, (1971). 8. The Man -Made World, Engineering Concepts, McGraw-Hill Book Company, (1970). 9. City of Oakland, Noise: An Element of the Oakland Comprehensive Plan, (1974), 10. Ernest Peterson, "The Problem of Urban Noise," Miami Interaction (June, 1970). 11. Communication with Captain Rehr, Miami City Fire Department, (1976). 12. Carr, Archie and Members of Time -Life Books, The Everglades, (1973). 13. Craighead, Frank, Sr., The Trees of South Flor- ida, The Natural Environments and Their Suc- cession Vol. 1, (1971). 14. Hoffmeister, John Edward, Land From thh Sea: The Geologic Story of South Florida, (1974). 15. Miami Herald, "Its the Best of Time, Autumn in the Tropics," (October 26, 1975). 16. 0ygyay, Victor, Design with Climate Bio- climatic Approach to Architectural Regional- ism, (1973). 17. University of Miami Seagrant Program, Susan Uhl Wilson, Biscayne Bay: Environmental and Social Systems, (1972). 18. University of Miami Seagrant Program, Anitra Thorhaug and AI Volker, editors, Biscayne Bay: Past, Present and Future, (1976). 19. United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Soil Survey Detailed Re- connaissance for Dade County, (1947). 20. United States Department of the interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Topography Maps, (1969). 21. Works Progress Administration, Topography Maps of Dade County, (1939). 22. Communication with Dr. Harold Gerrish, Rosentiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami (1975). 23. Communication with Ms. Dorothy Berga- maschi, South Florida Regional Planning Council, Project Manager, Coastal Zone Man- agement, (1976). 24. Communication with Mr. Robert Usherson, Metro Dade County Planning Department, (1975-76). Transportation 1. Transportation and Utilities Interim Report, EDG, Inc., Phase 1, City-wide Overview, (1975). 213