HomeMy WebLinkAboutSubmittal-JB Diederich-Email to Andres Viglucci-Herald Article on Wood Frame Residence Historic Preservation in the Coconut Grove Negro DistrictFriday, July 20, 2018 at 10:37:08 PM Eastern Daylight Time
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Dear Andres;
Herald Article on Wood Frame Residence Historic Preservation in the Coconut Grove Negro
District
Wednesday, July 18, 2018 at 8:20:24 PM Eastern Daylight Time
Frank Schnidman <schnidmanf@earthlink.net>
Andres Viglucci <aviglucci@miamiherald.com>
'nhmitted into the public
on record T1/1.(�. t1s) 5City Clerk
Andrew Rasken <andrewrasken@gmail.com>, J. B. Diedrich <tvoptions@aol.com>, Kathy
Parks <roccoparks24@gmail.com>, Chris Alger <Chris278429@gmail.com>, Jackie Rose
<jackieandalrose@att.net>, Rhonda Rose <rhonda@roserealtymiami.com>, Mike March
<michaelgmarch@hotmail.com>, Guillermo de la Paz <gdelapaz2@gmail.com>, mike
<mikeabbassi@efhuttonrealty.com>, Frank Schnidman <schnidmanf@earthlink.net>
Viglucci-Old Homes Now Historic 7.17.18.docx, Preparing for the New Polandl.pdf, Exploring
JV Opportunities in Polandl.pdf
Thank you for the time and effort to prepare your article on the old, humble and made of wood buildings that
somehow are now historic structures.
If one were to actually tour all the selected structures, seeing it for yourself may raise questions about how
these could be considered historic. (NOTE: the two properties that J.B. Diederich is fixing up are not shotgun
homes. Your article said they were shotgun homes. They are simply old wooden duplex rental properties built
in 1937 and 1938, long after the "early 20th Century" Bahamian and African -American period that was the
focus of the preservation effort.)
And, please do go back to the Designation Report to revisit the idea that there were "strict criteria for
inclusion." Within a defined area of the Village West, built between 1911 and 1941, old and wooden, without
major modification, that may have had Bahamian or African -American tenants or owner. By historic
preservation standards, I am not sure these would be described as "strict criteria for inclusion."
But as I said in a previous e-mail, the City Code was amended in 2017 to provide for Multiple Property
Designations and for "Thematically -Related. A group of Historic Resources related by a common theme." Even
the HEPB was concerned by what "Thematically -Related" meant when it was proposed. But this was all
initially to protect about 20 existing shotgun homes. How and why did it expand to more than 50 to include
so many structures built 1935-1941, well past the early 20th Century that was to be the focus of the effort?
Note also that your statement that "Though it does not force owners to undertake repairs or renovations..."
differs from the explicit language of the Code.
Chapter 23, the Historic Preservation section of the Code clearly mentions the affirmative maintenance
requirements and the penalties for non-compliance.
Below are selected sections of the Code. You will see there can be significant costs associated with
designation —and as maintenance is required, it may require going to the HEPB for review and approval.
There are also significant enforcement and penalty provisions. Given the current condition of many of these
designated properties, many of the owners may actually be required to make repairs rather soon.
Selected sections to consider:
Sec. 23-5 (a) Certificates of appropriateness, when required.
A certificate of appropriateness shall be required for any new construction, alteration,
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relocation, or demolition within a designated historic site or histor1dis is b rtPficatE Clerk
appropriateness shall be required for any ground disturbing activity within a designated
archeological site or archeological zone or within an archeological conservation area. All
certificates of appropriateness shall be subject to the applicable criteria in section 23-5(c) and
any other applicable criteria specified in this chapter, as amended. No permits
shall be issued by the building department for any work requiring a certificate of
appropriateness unless such work is in conformance with such certificate.
23-5(c) Guidelines for issuing certificates of appropriateness.
(1) Alteration of existing structures, new construction.
Generally, for applications relating to alterations or new construction as required in section 23-
5(a), the proposed work shall not adversely affect the historic, architectural, or aesthetic
character of the subject structure or the relationship and congruity between the subject
structure and its neighboring structures and surroundings, including but not limited to form,
spacing, height, yards, materials, color, or rhythm and pattern of window and door openings in
building facades; nor shall the proposed work adversely affect the special character or special
historic, architectural or aesthetic interest or value of the overall historic site or historic district.
Except where special standards and guidelines have been specified in the designation of a
particular historic site or historic district, or where the board has subsequently adopted
additional standards and guidelines for a particular designated historic site or historic district,
decisions relating to alterations or new construction shall be guided by the U.S. Secretary of
the Interior's "Standards for
Rehabilitation and Guidelines for Rehabilitating Historic Buildings."
(Question: Given this language, how could any Accessory Dwelling Unit on the historic site be
approved?)
(6) Unreasonable or undue economic hardship.
a. Where strict enforcement of the provisions of this section would result in an unreasonable
or undue economic hardship to the applicant, the board shall have the power to vary or modify
the provisions of this section, including adopted guidelines. The fact that compliance would
result in some increase in costs shall not be considered unreasonable or undue economic
hardship if the use of the property is still economically viable.
(Question: If the property is homesteaded, the owner gets viable economic value from living
there. Does that mean that "some increase in costs" would therefore NOT be an unreasonable
or undue economic hardship?)
Sec. 23-6(b) Enforcement of maintenance and repair provisions.
When the board or preservation officer determines that any designated property is
endangered by lack of maintenance and repair, or that any other property
in visual proximity to a designated property lacks maintenance and repair to such an extent as
to detract from the character of the designated property, the board or officer may request
appropriate officials or agencies of the city to require correction of such deficiencies under
authority of applicable laws and regulations. (Emphasis by italics added. Note also the
language about "any other property in visual proximity to a designated property... ")
Sec. 23-6 (i) Demolition by neglect.
(1) Demolition by neglect prohibited; affirmative maintenance required . The owner(s) of a
property designated historic pursuant to this chapter, which includes a property either
Submitted into the public
on recopr rd
11 ki(l e`��
CitY Clerk
individually designated, or designated as a contributing property within a historic district,
(2017 amendment adds: or designated as a Thematically -Related Historic Resource within a
Multiple Property Designation) as defined by this chapter, shall comply with all applicable
codes, laws, and regulations governing the maintenance of the property. It is the intention of
this section to preserve from deliberate negligence, or inadvertent neglect the exterior
features of property designated historic and the interior portions thereof when maintenance is
necessary to prevent deterioration and decay of the property. All such properties shall be
preserved against such decay and deterioration and shall be free from structural defects
through prompt corrections of any of the following defects: (Emphasis by italics added.)
Please do review the entire Chapter 23. It will be a learning experience. And given the generous additional
incentives being provided to even INVESTORS in the MiMo historic district at the July 26 Commission
meeting (the TDD proposal), it is even harder to understand how the "Wood Frame Vernacular Residences of
Coconut Grove Village West" went forward without any real plan for "what now" or incentives either to
homesteaded properties or to investors. Somewhat of an Equal Protection issue, and perhaps raising to a
"disparate impact" issue (See: https://www.justice.gov/crt/fcs/T6Manual7 ) given the different
treatment of the owner and investor demographic in MiMo as opposed to the owner and investor
demographic in Village West.
When I reflect on what is happening, I am reminded of redevelopment work I did in Poland for the
Rockefeller Brothers Fund and the Knowledge Fund of the British Government in the late 1980s and early
1990s, just before and just after the fall of Communism. When I met with the Chief Architect of Cracow, he
took me to some of the projects he was truly proud to have completed. A number of them were restored
Jewish Synagogues. When we walked up the stairs of the most impressive one in the Kasimeriez District, I
saw a plaque on the wall that he translated as "Museum to the Jews." Inside it was magnificent —down to
every last detail an orthodox Jew would find 'authentic'. The only problem was there were no Jews, no
services, no Rabbi. Just a museum to the Jews. Note that I was so impressed by this Catholic architect, that
when we had a research team planning meeting at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, I convinced my
Rabbi at Fort Lauderdale's Bat Yam to invite him to lecture —and he came and impressed everyone that this
Catholic architect was more knowledgeable about Jewish Synagogues then even our Rabbi. Please see the
attached articles and do check out what I consider the "Museum to the Jews" website for the Kasimeriez
District: https://www.krakow.pl/english/visit_krakow/6316,artykul,jewish kazimierz.html This web
site is worth reviewing just to reflect on what it says and how it may relate to Village West.
By not focusing on the needs of the people in Village West, just the buildings, I wonder if we ultimately will
have no Blacks in Village West. Just Museums to the Blacks.
Frank
Snbmitted into the public 11
record f it/er(s) % . '1
on 1/Z bJ 14, . City Clerk
https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/community/miami-dade/coconut-
grove/article215046640.html
These houses are old, humble and
made of wood. They're also now
historic landmarks.
By Andres Viglucci
aviglucci@miamiherald.com
Nearly four dozen humble "shotgun" and wood -frame homes scattered
across West Coconut Grove have been declared historic landmarks by
Miami's preservation board, capping a controversial city effort to
salvage some last remnants of the imperiled historically black
neighborhood.
The board's approval of multiple historic designations represents a win for
preservationists, some West Grove activists and City of Miami
Commissioner Ken Russell, who represents the neighborhood and
championed the move to slow ongoing gentrification.
But it may not be the final word on some of the houses. At least several
owners indicated they will appeal the designation of their properties to the
city commission. Others urged the city to come up with ways to help
owners of newly designated houses, many of them elderly or poor, pay for
maintenance and renovations.
The roster of homes that ended up with historic designation was shorter
than the original list of more than 50 proposed by the city preservation
office.
In a hearing that lasted about seven hours, preservation officials and the
board dropped about a dozen houses from an initial list proposed for
protection after concluding the structures did not meet strict criteria for
inclusion.
1
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A board majority, though, found that many more did meet the criteria. The
designation now bars demolition of the homes. Though it does not force
owners to undertake repairs or renovations, designation does require that
exterior changes or additions be architecturally and historically congruent
with the original structure.
Some preservationists and Grove residents have long argued for protecting
the neighborhood's wood -frame homes as a way of salvaging its historic
legacy, but only a handful were designated landmarks until now. Saving the
homes took on new urgency as developers began buying and demolishing
them to build new modernist homes few in the West Grove can afford.
The simple wooden houses on the protected list, some a century old,
harken to the West Grove's early years. Miami's oldest surviving black
neighborhood, it was once legally segregated from the wealthier white
village of Coconut Grove to its south and east.
The West Grove was originally settled by Bahamian immigrants who were
later joined by blacks migrating from the American South. Both groups
brought their building traditions to the West Grove. The newly designated
houses include bungalows, cottages and so-called shotguns — long, narrow
houses in which rooms are lined up front to back.
Preservationists say designation will help residents and owners because
historic homes and buildings tend to rise significantly in value. They point
to examples in other areas of Miami where historic districts have helped
turn around depressed areas, including Morningside, the city's first.
But the proposed designations split the neighborhood, with some property
owners and residents bitterly objecting to designation. Some complained
that the houses are hard and expensive to maintain, repair and insure.
Longtime residents, as well as some investors who bought wood -frame
homes to rent or redevelop, complained that designation would unfairly
deprive them of the chance to sell for the highest possible price as
teardowns.
2
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"They're going to kill the value of our houses," said J.B. Diederich, an
investor who is fixing up two shotgun houses in the West Grove, in an
interview after the hearing, which concluded around 1:30 a.m. Tuesday.
Diederich said he has no intention of demolishing the houses but worries
about the additional burden of meeting strict historic preservation rules
and the difficulty in selling properties that have been designated historic,
especially without incentives in place to help property owners.
The city is considering several programs that could help West Grove
homeowners financially, including a zoning revamp that would allow some
owners of wood -frame homes to build separate rental units in the back
yard, and creation of a tax district that could generate money for
renovation grants and loans.
Because the houses are scattered, it wasn't possible to create a unified
historic district, like Morningside or South Beach. The city commission
approved an idea for the creation of "thematic" groups of designations that
would cover a particular architectural style or type of construction. Such
thematic designations have been used in other cities, including neighboring
Coral Gables.
3
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City Clerk
INTERNATIONAL SERIES
PREPARING FOR THE NEW POLAND
by
Frank Schnidman
BACKGROUND
On April 5, 1989, after weeks of "Round
Table Talks" between Solidarity and the gov-
ernment, both signed a historic agreement,
which legalized opposition to the Communist
government, and set the stage for the June 4,
1989, national elections. The elections resulted
in Solidarity party members being elected to 99
of the 100 seats in the Senate (the freely elected
upper house of Parliament) and 161 of the 460
seats in the Sejm (the lower house, where by
the April 5th agreement, 35 percent or 161 seats
could be contested by noncommunists). This
sweeping win by Solidarity was just a prelude
to what was to occur next over all of Eastern
Europe and Russia as dissatisfaction with Com-
munism and a desire for democracy fueled
reform after reform.
In Poland, the pace of change is difficult to
comprehend. The goal is to have a new, de-
centralized, governmental structure in opera-
tion along with nationwide local elections, well
before the end of 1990. As Dr. Adam Kowale-
ski, Deputy Minister of the Ministry of Physi-
cal Planning and Construction, stated during a
February 1990 trip to the United States, "We
have no time to wait. We must implement re-
forms now, knowing there will be mistakes,
but there is no option if progress is our goal."
The new environmental, land use and eco-
nomic development challenges facing Poland
are substantial, and there are few experienced
professionals available to address these needs.
The recently formed Polish Foundation in
Support for Local Democracy is a figurehead
organization working for the immediate estab-
lishment of 14 Local Self -Government Train-
ing Schools. The first responsibility of these
schools will be to educate the new local gov-
ernment officials elected in this summer's elec-
tions. There has been no local government ex-
perience in 45 years, and this fall, new laws
and new officials will attempt to implement the
radical changes in government structure now
moving through Parliament.
THE CURRENT NEED
These recent historic events have introduced
a democratic mechanism into a state apparatus
bureaucratized for decades. The political
changes that produced these results have opened
opportunities to address a host of critical ques-
Frank Schnidman, Esq., visiting professor at the FAUI
FIU Joint Center for Environmental and Urban Prob-
lems, is an internationally recognized expert on land use
and growth management issues. and a member of the
Board of Directors of the International New Town Asso-
ciation. He made two trips to Poland in 1989, working
first with academics to prepare for the transition in
government, then assisting in the review of comparative
economic and land use planning structures. Schnidman
is a member of the research team described in this article.
22 SPRING 1990
Submitted into the public
record fpr iteli (s)
on 1 / 1 1 City Clerk
Professor Schnldman (center) reviews an outline of proposed local government
reforms with Senator Jerzy Regulski, Undersecretary of State for Local Govern-
ment Reform (left), and Dr. Adam Kowalewski, Deputy Minister of the Ministry
of Physical Planning and Construction (right). In 1988, Senator Regulski lectured
at FAU on the past, present and future of planning and local government in
Poland.
tions in the Polish economy and society in new
and creative ways.
Inflation, and the dangers of recession and
unemployment as attempts are made to bring it
under control; the urgent need for housing
construction, but no immediate means of financ-
ing it; foreign debt of $39 billion —over $1,000
per Pole, or roughly the annual median income
of a Polish worker; and the tension between the
need for economic development and the need
to improve the quality of the physical environ-
ment: all these concerns must be addressed
immediately, and the choices will be difficult
to make.
Poland may have the most serious environ-
mental problems of any country in Europe.
More than one-third of the population live in
regions with dangerous levels of environmental
pollution. In some regions, a significant part of
the country's agricultural produce is unsafe for
human consumption because of soil polluted
by toxic materials. Air pollution is damaging
buildings in Cracow. The overall life expec-
ENVIRONMENTAL AND URBAN ISSUES
tancy of Poland's population
has been declining for a
generation.
The Polish reform pro-
gram seeks to modernize the
obsolete and rigid planning
system and transform it into
a new model of modern eco-
nomic, environmental and ur-
ban decision -making. Based
on the Round Table negotia-
tions earlier last year, a ma-
jor goal of modernization will
be to decentralize decision -
making in the Polish econ-
omy and society. This will
vest more authority in the
hands of enterprises and lo-
cal officials, who now have
virtually no input in the deci-
sion -making process. This
change requires significant
departures from existing practices and proce-
dures and new ways of thinking about environ-
mental, land use and economic issues on the
part of personnel at all levels in the system.
Unfortunately, the limited Polish experience
over the last 40 years with anything other than
a centrally planned economy stands in the way
of reform. The 1930s generation of decision -
makers in Poland had experience with market
mechanisms and decentralized policy -making,
but much of that experience has been lost. Thus,
the new opportunities in Poland could end up
frustrated, not so much by the hostility of op-
ponents as by the inexperience and lack of
knowledge on the part of those who will be
called upon to implement the reforms. In ad-
dition, the current infatuation with Western
models could lead to their uncritical adoption
and inattention to their Polish context. The
research and education project described below
will help provide future decision -makers with
the training they need to address the nation's
emerging challenges successfully.
23
Submitted into the public
record fpr it s) 54v
on `-]%h / 1\I . City Clerk
ADDRESSING THE NEED
Governmental and private sector financial
aid and technical assistance offers from all over
the world are currently being reviewed by the
new Polish government. One ongoing effort at
training and technical assistance, of which the
Joint Center is currently playing a role, is a
cooperative project organized on the United
States side by the Johns Hopkins University
Institute for Policy Studies in Baltimore, and
on the Polish side, by the Regional Economics
Section of the Polish Academy of Sciences in
Warsaw and the University of Lodz. The
Rockefeller Brothers Fund is providing finan-
cial support.
The project concept originated in the spring
of 1988 with a proposal from Dr. Jerzy Reg-
ulski of the Polish Academy of Sciences. The
purpose of the project is to create a cooperative
undertaking to equip a significant cadre of
environmental, land use planning and economic
development specialists in Poland with a basic
knowledge of American environmental, urban
planning and economic development practices.
The idea gained momentum, and an initial
conference took place in Poland in May 1989.
The election of Dr. Regulski to the Polish
Senate on June 4, 1989, the subsequent accel-
eration of the pace of internal change, and the
In December 1989 the
Institute of Regional Poli-
cies of the University of
Lodz hosted a group of
foreign experts from
England, Sweden, Austra-
lia and the United States
to review and analyze ef-
forts at restructuring the
economy and industry.
Here, University of Lodz
Professor of Political Ge-
ography Koter Marek de-
scribes the importance of
the Lodz region. His
classroom is the Lodz
town center on a sub -zero
degree afternoon.
24
appointment of two Polish team members to
significant positions in the Ministry of Physical
Planning and Construction, not only intensify
the need for this cooperative effort, but also
significantly increase the likelihood that the
project will have important practical effects.
ELEMENTS OF THE PROJECT
As currently conceived, the project will
provide a key group of Polish experts a clear
understanding of American experience in three
policy areas now under active review in Po-
land: environmental and land use policy, eco-
nomic development policy, and decentralized
decision -making. As a first step, nine Polish
experts in these fields will work with a counter-
part American group to formulate two sets of
working papers describing American experience
in these three fields and assessing their applica-
bility to Polish circumstances.
The first set of papers will focus on the
American experience in these areas. Each of
these papers will have an American lead author
and a Polish coauthor. The lead author will
identify elements of the American experience
likely to be relevant to the Polish situation,
suggest readings on these elements for the Polish
counterpart, discuss these materials with the
Polish coauthor, and develop an outline and
SPRING 1990
ultimately a draft paper. The Polish coauthor
will review the materials provided by the
American lead author, identify key issues that
need to be addressed in the paper, and make
suggestions for changes to the draft.
The second set of papers will focus on
practical recommendations for Polish policy.
Each paper will have a Polish lead author and
an American coauthor. The Polish lead author
will develop an outline of proposals flowing
from the American experience outlined in the
first paper, in each field. The American coau-
thor will review these to ensure that the por-
trayal of the American experience is correct and
that the proposed application is consistent with
actual experience. Both sets of papers will be
published in book form in English and Polish.
Such a team approach links experts in
American environmental, land use planning,
economic development and intergovernmental
policies and practices with a group of special-
ists with similar interests, who are experts on
Polish policy and institutional arrangements. An
added advantage of this approach is that the
Polish specialists are also actively involved in
current political and institutional reform efforts
in Poland, so that there is an immediate policy
application for the work.
In addition to this effort, and in order to
deepen understanding on the part of both the
Polish and American participants, a series of
field visits and working conferences will also
take place. Finally, the rapid development of
the concept of 14 Local Self -Government Train-
ing Schools has led to discussion of the imme-
diate need for a curriculum and for training ma-
terials. As these discussions progress, the joint
research team will be brought in to assist in
organization and implementation of training
programs and training materials.
PROJECT BENEFITS
The project promises to yield a number of
important benefits. In particular, it will:
• improve Polish policy in the areas of eco-
ENVIRONMENTAL AND URBAN ISSUES
omnitted into the public
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City Clerk
nomic development, land use planning,
environmental protection and institu-
tional restructuring at a time of histori-
cally unique opportunities;
• significantly enrich the professional
knowledge of a key group of Polish spe-
cialists;
• strengthen American understanding of the
institutional setting and important proc-
esses of change in Eastern Europe;
• make available to a broader audience new
insights into environmental and economic
development policy and planning and de-
centralized decision -making that should
interest scholars and practitioners in East-
ern Europe and elsewhere.
Massive changes are underway or in pros-
pect in Poland. New opportunities exist to alter
established policies and procedures in ways that
give promise of vastly improving the quality of
life and opening the way to significant institu-
tional restructuring.
The development of new approaches to
environmental policy and economic planning,
and the establishment of decentralized decision -
making structures are critical aspects of this
entire process of change. For such changes to
proceed effectively, however, it is crucial that
Polish experts have the information they need
to evaluate the alternative models available for
their country. The present project is designed
to address this critical need. It responds to a
request that originated on the Polish side. It
involves a key group of Polish planners and
decision -makers. It establishes a workable proc-
ess tied closely to ongoing Polish reforms. It
promises tangible results in areas that the re-
form movement itself has targeted as central to
the new Poland.
As the project progresses, the Joint Center
will continue to play a role in the land use
planning and economic development aspects,
and, as significant milestones in the project are
reached, update reports will be presented in En-
vironmental and Urban Issues.
25
EXPLORING JOINT
VENTURE
OPPORTUNITIES
IN POLAND
What opportunities exist for real
estate joint ventures in Poland? Arc
there enough of them to make an ex-
ploratory trip worthwhile? How can
developers, investors, and others
make the necessary contacts? The fol-
lowing list provides a start.
Step One: Contact Krzysztof Loth,
Programme Director, United Nations
Industrial Development Organiza-
28 June 91/ RRITTri
Lnrun
tion, Stawki 2, 00-950 Warsaw, Poland
(telephone 635-71-12; fax 635-12-60;
telex 817916).
Ask for a computer printout of the
Polish companies or individuals seek-
ing joint venture opportunities under
the International Standard Industrial
Code (ISIC) for real estate (code 83).
This material is being collected under
IDO's Foreign Cooperation Promo-
tion Programme.
Step Two: Contact Edgar D.'ulton,
Commercial Attache, U.S. Foreign
Commercial Service, US. Trade Devel-
opment Center, ul. Wiejska 20, War-
saw, Poland (telephone 48-22-21.45-
15; fax 48-22-21-63-27; telex 81-39-34).
Ask for U.S. and FCS Gold Key
Service information. This is a program
custom-tailored to ensure that an
American's visit to Warsaw or else-
where in Poland is spent in the most
productive way possible. This U.S. De-
partment of Commerce program is
operated out of the U.S. embassy,
which has trade specialists available to
help evaluate prospective joint ven-
tures, arrange appointments, provide
translators, and so forth. Program spc-
Submitted into the public
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cialists also can help identify possible
contacts. Fees for the program are
very reasonable. For example, the fee
for identifying up to six key contacts is
$250. For each day of appointments
(with a maximum of four appoint-
ments per day), the charge is $150.
The program will provide someone to
accompany you to meetings if you de-
sire. There is an additional charge for
translators.
Step Three: Contact the Informa-
tion Officer, Overseas Private Invest-
ment Corporation, 1615 M Street,
N.W., Washington, D.C. 20527 (tele-
phone 1-800424-7642).
Ask for information about OPIC's
programs of investment insurance
against certain political risks and
about their financing of projects
through direct loans and/or loan
guarantees. Also, order OPIC's In-
vestor Information Service individual
kit on Poland for $25.
Step Four. Order "Eastern Europe
Business Bulletin" from the Eastern
Europe Business Information Center,
International Trade Administration,
Room 6043, U.S. Department of Com-
merce, Washington, D.C. 20230 (tele-
phone 202-377 2645; fax 202-377-4473).
Step Five: Contact a travel agent
and plan your exploratory trip.
Private enterprise and joint venture
projects in Poland are still in their
infancy, however, now is the time to
examine the array of opportunities
and to assess the risk/reward ratio in
relation to individual expectations. It
will be a memorable experience —one
that not only will give you a perspec-
tive on the transformation of the Pol-
ish economy, but also will provide an
appreciation of the U.S. land use plan-
ning and regulatory process. ■
Frank Schnidman
Frank Schnidman is a visiting professor at
the Joint Center for Environmental and 1
Urban Problems at Florida Atlantic Univer-
sity/Florida International University. He is
a member of the US. team working on a
Rockefeller Brothers Fund -supported joint
research project to assist the Polish govern-
ment in decentralizing regulatory author-
ity to local government and in training
newly elected local government officials.