HomeMy WebLinkAboutExhibit AFLORIDA DEPARTMENT Of STATE
RICK SCOTT
Governor
November 17, 2017
Mr. Warren Adams
Historic Preservation Officer
City of Miami Planning Department
444 Southwest 2nd Avenue, 3rd Floor
Miami, Florida 33130
KEN DETZNER
secretary of State
Re: Coconut Grove Playhouse (DA01070), 3500 Main Highway, Miami, FL 33133
Miami Marine Stadium (DA11451), 3501 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149
Dear Mr. Adams:
Florida National Register Nomination Proposals for the above referenced properties have been
prepared by the State Historic Preservation Office. We solicit your review and recommendation
concerning eligibility in accordance with the procedures established by the National Historic
Preservation Act [Title 1, Section 101 (16 U.S.C. 470a) (c)(2)] which created the basis for the
participation of Certified Local Governments in the Florida National Register of Historic Places
nomination process.
According to the Act, before properties within the jurisdiction of the certified local government
may be considered by the State to be nominated for inclusion on the National Register, the State
Historic Preservation Officer shall notify the owners, the applicable chief local elected official,
and the local historic preservation commission. The commission, after reasonable opportunity
for public comment, shall prepare a report as to whether or not such properties meets the
eligibility criteria. Within sixty days of the notice from the State Historic Preservation Officer,
the chief local elected official shall transmit the report of the commission and his
recommendation to the State Historic Preservation Officer. If no such report and
recommendation are received within sixty days, the State shall proceed with the nomination
process.
If either the preservation agency or the chief local elected official supports the nomination of the
properties, the proposals will be scheduled for consideration by the Florida National Register
Review Board. The nominations for the above properties are tentatively scheduled for
Division of Historical Resources
R.A. Gray Building • 50o South Bronough Street* Tallahassee, Florida 32399
850.245.630o • 850.245.6436 (Fax) • FLHeritage.com
ITT
Adams
November 17, 2017
Page Two
consideration by the Florida National Register Review Board, meeting on February 8, 2018, at
1:30 p.m. at the R.A. Gray Building, Tallahassee, Florida.
If both the commission and the chief local elected official recommend that a property not be
nominated to the National Register, the State Historic Preservation Officer shall take no further
action, unless within thirty days of the receipt of such recommendation by the State Historic
Preservation Officer an appeal is filed with the State. Any party may file an appeal with the
State Historic Preservation Officer. If the State Historic Preservation Officer, after hearing the
appeal, determines that the property is eligible, he shall proceed with the nomination process.
The State Historic Preservation Officer shall include any reports and recommendations from any
party along with the nomination submitted to the Keeper of the Register.
We look forward to your recommendation and comments regarding these properties. If we can
be of any further assistance to you, please do not hesitate to contact me at
ruben.acosta@dos.myflorida.com or 850-245-6364.
Sincerely,
Ruben A. Acosta
Survey and Registration Supervisor
Bureau of Historic Preservation
RAAlraa
Enclosure
NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018
(Rev. 10-90
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES
REGISTRATION FORM
This form is for use in nominating or requesting determinations for individual properties and districts. See instructions in How to Complete the National
Register of Historic Places Registration Form (National Register Bulletin 16A). Complete each item by marking "x" in the appropriate box or by entering
the information requested. If any item does not apply to the property being documented, enter "NIA'" for not applicable." For functions, architectural
classification, materials, and areas of significance, enter only categories and subcategories from the instructions. Place additional entries and narrative
items on continuation sheets (NPS Form 10-900a). Use a typewriter, word processor, or computer, to complete all items.
1. Name of Property
historic name Miami Marine Stadium
other names/site number Commodore Ralph Middleton Monroe Miami Marine Stadium; FMSF DA11451
2. Location
street & number 3501 Rickenbacker Causeway
city or town Miami
state Florida
code
❑ not for publication
❑ vicinity
FL county Dade code 025 zip code 33149
3. State/Federal Agency Certification
As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended, I hereby certify that this El nomination
❑ request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of
Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60. In my opinion, the property
(21 meets 0 does not meet the National Register criteria. I recommend that this property be considered significant
❑ nationally ❑ statewide ® locally. (0 See continuation sheet for additional comments.)
Signature of certifying official/Title
Date
State Historic Preservation Officer, Division of Historical Resources
State or Federal agency and bureau
In my opinion, the property 0 meets 0 does not meet the National Register criteria. (❑See continuation sheet for additional
comments.)
Signature of certifying official/Title
Date
State or Federal agency and bureau
4 National Park Service Certification
I hereby certify that the property is:
O entered in the National Register
O See continuation sheet
❑ determined eligible for the
National Register
O See continuation sheet.
❑ determined not eligible for the
National Register
0 See continuation sheet.
O removed from the National
Register.
O other, (explain)
Signature of the Keeper
Date of Action
Miami Marine Stadium Miami -Dade County, FL
Name of Property
County and State
5. Classification
Ownership of Property Category of Property
(Check as many boxes as apply) (Check only one box)
❑ private ❑ buildings
® public -local ❑ district
❑ public -State ❑ site
❑ public -Federal ►5 structure
❑ object
Name of related multiple property listings
(Enter "NIA" if property is not part of a multiple property listing.)
N/A
Number of Resources within Property
(Do not include any previously listed resources in the count)
Contributing
Noncontributing
1 0 buildings
0 o sites
? 0 structures
0 0 objects
3 0 total
Number of contributing resources previously
listed in the National Register
6. Function or Use
Historic Functions
(Enter categories from instructions)
RECREATION AND CULTURE/Sports Facility
RECREATION AND CULTURE/Outdoor Recreation
RECREATION AND CULTURE/Music Facility
LANDSCAPE
Current Functions
(Enter categories from instructions)
VACANT/NOT IN USE
RECREATION AND CULTURE/Outdoor Recreation (Basin)
7. Description
Architectural Classification
(Enter categories from instructions)
MODERN MOVEMENT/Brutalism
Materials
(Enter categories from instructions)
foundation Concrete
walls Concrete
rnnf Concrete
ether
Narrative Description
(Describe the historic and current condition of the property on one or more continuation sheets.)
Miami Marine Stadium Miami -Dade County, FL
Name of Property County and State
8. Statement of Significance
Applicable National Register Criteria
(Mark "x" in one or more boxes for the criteria qualifying the property
for National Register listing.)
® A Property is associated with events that have made
a significant contribution to the broad patterns of
our history.
❑ B Property is associated with the lives of persons
significant in our past.
C Property embodies the distinctive characteristics
of a type, period, or method of construction or
represents the work of a master, or possesses
high artistic values, or represents a significant and
distinguishable entity whose components lack
individual distinction.
❑ D Property has yielded, or is likely to yield
information important in prehistory or history.
Criteria Considerations
(Mark "x" in all the boxes that apply.)
Property is:
A owned by a religious institution or used for
religious purposes.
❑ B removed from its original location.
❑ C a birthplace or grave,
❑ D a cemetery.
❑ E a reconstructed building, object, or structure.
❑ F a commemorative property.
❑ G less than 50 years of age or achieved significance
within the past 50 years
Narrative Statement of Significance
(Explain the significance of the property on one or more continuation sheets.)
Areas of Significance
(Enter categories from instructions)
ARCHITECTURE
ENTERTAINMENT/RECREATION
Period of Significance
1963
1963-1967
Significant Dates
1963
Significant Person
N/A
Cultural Affiliation
N/A
Architect/Builder
Arch: Candela. Hilario; Ferendino, Andrew
9. Major Bibliographical References
Bibliography
Cite the books, articles, and other sources used in preparing this form on one
Previous documentation on file (NPS):
0 preliminary determination of individual listing (36
CFR 36) has been requested
❑ previously listed in the National Register
❑ previously determined eligible by the National
Register
❑ designated a National Historic Landmark
❑ recorded by Historic American Buildings Survey
recorded by Historic American Engineering Record
or more continuation sheets.)
Primary location of additional data:
❑ State Historic Preservation Office
❑ Other State Agency
❑ Federal agency
❑ Local government
❑ University
❑ Other
Name of Repository
Miami Marine Stadium Miami -Dade County. FL
Name of Property County and State
10. Geographical Data
Acreage of Property
UTM References
(Place additionalreferences on a continuation sheet.)
111171 [518131215191 12181417141718]
rle
Eastin North
2111i1 I IIing III
Verbal Boundary Description
(Describe the boundaries of the property on a continuation sheet.)
Boundary Justification
(Explain why the boundaries were selected on a continuation sheet.)
3111 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11111
Zone Eastin Northing
411 11f11111111111
El See continuation sheet
11. Form Prepared By
name/title Max Adriel Imberman. Historic Preservationist; Karen Nickless. National Trust for Historic Preservation
organization Bureau of Historic Preservation date August 24, 2017
street & number 500 South Bronough Street telephone (850) 245-6333
city or town Tallahassee
state Florida zip code 32399-0250
Additional Documentation
Submit the following items with the completed form:
Continuation Sheets
Maps
A USGS map (7.5 or 15 minute series) indicating the property's location.
A Sketch map for historic districts and properties having large acreage or numerous resources.
Photographs
Representative black and white photographs of the property.
Additional items
(check with the SHPO or FPO for any additional items)
Property Owner
(Complete this item at the request of SHPO or FPO.)
name City of Miami
street & number 3500 Pan American Drive
city or town Miami
telephone 888-311-3233
state Florida zip code 33133
Paperwork Reduction Act Statement: This information is being collected for applications to the Na1onal Register of Historic Places to nominate properties for listing or determine eligibility for listing, to
list propenies, and amend listings. Response to this request is required to obtain a benefit in accordance with the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended (16 U.S.C. 470 of seq.),.
Estimated Burden Statement: Public reporting harden for this form is estimated to average 18.1 hours per response including time for reviewing instructions, gathering and maintaining data, and
completing and reviewing the farm. Direct comments regarding this burden estimate sr any aspect of this form to the Chief, Administrative Services Division, National Park Service, P.O. Box 37127,
Washington, DC 20013-7127; and the Office or Management and Budget, Paperwork Reductions Projects (1024-0018), Washington, DC 20503.
NPS Form 10-900-a OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
(8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES
CONTINUATION SHEET
Section number 7 Page 1 MIAMI MARINE STADIUM
MIAMI, MIAMI-DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA
DESCRIPTION
SUMMARY
Miami Marine Stadium was constructed in 1963 to provide various forms of entertainment in an aquatic setting,
ranging from concerts to boat races. It was the only stadium in the world built explicitly and especially for the
enjoyment of powerboat racing. The stadium has three contributing resources: a grandstand, a basin, and a small
ticket booth. The grandstand structure is complemented by a large man-made engineered tidal basin in the shape
of an elongated oval, based upon the Circus Maximus in Ancient Rome and dredged to allow for races in the
water. This water basin, measuring 6,000 by 1,400 feet, is positioned directly to the north side of the structure
and is a contributing historic element. The grandstand itself is an extraordinary example of Brutalist design. The
stadium is located on Virginia Key (an island connected by the Rickenbacker Causeway bridge to the mainland
of Downtown Miami), and its associated basin feeds into Biscayne Bay and the Intracoastal Waterway. The
grandstand structure is the focal point of the landscape and waterscape. Surrounded by paved parking lots,
vegetative landscaping is minimal, although invasive vegetation has grown up around the stadium. A paved
drive approaches the stadium from the south off of the Rickenbacker Causeway. A small building in front of the
stadium served as a ticket booth. Miami Marine Stadium retains a high degree of integrity.
SETTING
Miami Marine Stadium is located in Miami, Florida, the county seat of Miami -Dade County. The city, located
in the state's southeast region, has the second largest population in the state. Within the city, it is located on
Virginia Key, a barrier island. Miami Marine Stadium's setting has been altered little from when it opened to
the public on December 27, 1963. As built, there was minimal landscaping —a grassy ellipse with circular drive
served as a focal point to the entrance. Palm trees surrounded all but the water -facing side of the stadium. Most
of the surrounding area was paved parking lot. Beyond the parking lot, to the northwest, is a marina. To the
southeast is the Miami Rowing Club as well as Marine and Science Technology (MAST) Academy, a public
magnet high school. State Road 913, or the Rickenbacker Causeway, a six -lane highway which connects the
two barrier islands of Virginia Key and Key Biscayne to the Miami mainland, runs parallel to the stadium and
its parking lot. The stadium was designed and placed to offer its visitors a pleasing natural panoramic view of a
tropical vista from its seats. Since the stadium's closure in 1992, very little has changed. Over the decades,
street artists have gradually covered both the interior and exterior of the stadium with graffiti. The tidal basin
remains unaltered. Both the basin and Miami Marine Stadium retain their physical integrity and that of their
setting, with only minor alterations and losses, even with 25 years of abandonment.
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION
There are three contributing resources on the site: the grandstand structure, the tidal basin, and the ticket booth.
Historically, there was a fourth component, a floating stage, which is no longer extant.
NPS Form 10-900-a OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
(8-86)
United States Department of the interior
National Park Service
NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES
CONTINUATION SHEET
Section number 7 Page 2
MIAMI MARINE STADIUM
MIAMI, MIAMI-DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA
DESCRIPTION
Grandstand
The grandstand (Photo 1), designed by Hilario Candela, is built entirely of poured -in -place concrete, and
measures 326 feet long east to west and 126 feet north to south. It is rectangular in plan, and is oriented
northwest to southeast, along the coastline of the man-made engineered basin. Patrons approach the grandstand
from the rear, where a one-story ticket booth (a separate building) is centrally located. Above the concrete
grandstands, the roof consists of eight V-shaped thin shelled reinforced concrete elements shaped as folded
planes with a 65-foot cantilever. The grandstand is centered on the southern shore of the aquatic basin, facing
and extending into the basin. On the north side (Photo 2), the structure opens to the sky and sea as lower rows of
seats project over the waters of the basin.
The roof of the grandstand is a thin shell of cantilevered concrete. The folded planes of the roof structure are
formed by hyperbolic paraboloids and appear to float over the over-6,500 seats in the stands below. The top of
the barrel vaults of the interior are flattened into V-shapes, which creates a distinctive sawtooth look. The roof
was created with a matrix of galvanized steel rods with concrete spread on. Many of the roof slabs were only
three inches thick. When Miami Marine Stadium was built, its roof was the longest span of cantilevered
concrete in the world.' The cantilevered folded plane roof is supported by a complex concrete set of tilted
columns divided into two repetitive segments, the first being a set of eight beams placed at the center of each V-
shape at the roof level. These beams pass through the structure and are anchored into the ground. Each meets at
the ground level with two other beams, which each support a side of each V-shape. Each V-shape at the roof
level thus has its own full architectural support at its base (Photo 3), which has three beams connecting it to the
roof, one in the center projecting from the interior of the grandstand, and two coming from the back end of the
roof. According to Hilaro Candela, architect of Miami Marine Stadium, "The concrete structure was cast in
successive short layers for strength and quality control purposes. The folded planes of the thin shelled
cantilevered roof display a modern means of construction where a structural expressionism is the intent of the
artistic, constructive, and material qualities of the building."'
The stadium's grandstand is accessed from the southwest side of the structure, by two short mirrored staircases
which are evenly spaced from the ticket booth. The staircases and the ticket booth, if viewed from the parking
lot, seem to divide the structure into four nearly -symmetrical sections. The structure's rear consists of seven
bays, each defined by the fall and rise of the triangular support structure, with a rising half -bay on each side of
the grandstand structure. The staircases take up the entirety of the second and fourth triangular bays, and the
ticket booth is centrally -located in front of the fourth bag. Each staircase's width is equal to one -eighth of the
entire structure's width, and the staircases together make up one-fourth of the stadium's width. Ramps lead up
Carlos Harrison, "Miami Romance: Saving Architect Hilario Candela's Beloved Stadium," Preservation, Spring 2013, 29.
2 Correspondence with Miami Marine Stadium architect Hilario Candela, August 17, 2017, located at Florida Division of Historical
Resources.
N PS Form 1 Q-900-a OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
(8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES
CONTINUATION SHEET
Section number 7 Page 3
MIAMI MARINE STADIUM
MIAMI, MIAMI-DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA
DESCRIPTION
to the second floor balcony (Photo 4), which hosted the concessionaires, as well as two large open entrances to
the grandstand seating area (Photo 5), which are aligned with the entry staircases from the parking lot, and are
exactly as wide. At this level, on each side of the grandstand structure, a concrete staircase leads down to the
ground level (Photo 6). Below the wide entrances, the bottom third of seating is supported by a foundation made
up of concrete columns and a seawall, extending downward to five feet above the water level. A large
percentage of the seats have been removed in the years since the stadium closed. The core structure of the
grandstand is perfectly symmetrical. A technical booth, suspended from the roof, was accessible by a catwalk,
which was located slightly west of the center of the structure, from the level of the highest seats (Photo 7). The
catwalk has been removed, but the technical booth still remains. The stadium is covered with layers of graffiti,
both inside and out, on the concrete and stucco of the structure, and on the remaining seats.
Basin
The tidal basin is surrounded by land on its north, south and east sides. Opposite the stadium, the northern shore
is a narrow spit of land planted with a windbreak of Australian Pines. The trees extend around the eastern curve
of the basin, edging a pedestrian trail 12 feet wide. The west side opens to a view of the skyline of Miami. A
small island was left along the central axis of the stadium racecourse in line with the northwestern end of
Virginia Key, to be used as a race marker. In addition, a small inlet was carved into the land to the northwest of
the grandstand to serve as a pit area, marked by another small island.' According to Miami Marine Stadium
architect Hilario Candela, "The dredging of the Basin recalls the manner in which the City was developed and
Biscayne Bay became navigable."' The original floating stage, which was used for performances and connected
to the grandstand by a gangplank, is not extant. The pedestrian path and basin are still in recreational use.
Ticket Booth
The ticket booth (Photo 8), centered on the southwestern elevation of the stadium, is original to the stadium's
design. It is comprised of a freestanding concrete building situated over a smaller, functional wooden booth.
The concrete building consists of eight simple columns (four on the east and four on the west side) supporting a
flat roof. Under this covering is a wooden ticket booth with vertical paneling enclosing the bottom half. The top
half consists of movable louvered windows.
ALTERATIONS, DAMAGE, VANDALISM, GRAFFITI
3 Jean -Francois Lejeune, "Miami's Marine Stadium," Miami Modern Metropolis: Paradise and Paradox in MidcentutyArchitecture
and Planning, (Balcony Media, Inc., 2009), 353.
4 Correspondence with Miami Marine Stadium architect Hilario Candela, August 17, 2017, located at Florida Division of Historical
Resources.
NPS Form 10-900-a OMB Approval No. 1029-0018
(8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES
CONTINUATION SHEET
Section number 7 Page 4
MIAMI MARINE STADIUM
MIAMI, MIAMI-DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA
DESCRIPTION
In the wake of Hurricane Andrew's August 1992 destructive landfall, Miami Marine Stadium was declared an
unsafe building under the City of Miami's building code. It was shuttered by the City of Miami on September
18, 1992. An engineering study conducted in 1993 demonstrated that the structure was sound and not
significantly damaged by the hurricane, but it remained closed to the public nonetheless. A thorough
examination of the building uncovered a series of cracks in the cantilevered roof. The engineering study,
conducted by Simpson Gumpertz & Heger Inc. (SGH), determined that the cracking had occurred before the
storm. The study also found that the concrete structure of Miami Marine Stadium had experienced a great deal
of corrosion in Miami's maritime climate. In 2009, after 17 years of disuse, SGH did a second engineering
study, and found further severe deterioration due to climate and water exposure. Some of the structural concrete
slabs on the mezzanine level had experienced spalling due to the corrosion of embedded steel reinforcement.
Overall, SGH found that Miami Marine Stadium's condition had not experienced significant increases in the
cantilever roof cracking, or the deterioration and spalling of the concrete, though new damage had appeared in
some places. SGH determined that fixing and protecting the concrete structure would be expensive, but
"technically feasible," with a cost ranging from $5.5-8.5 million.' In the intervening years, the original floating
stage has been lost.
Since the closure of Miami Marine Stadium, it has become a haven for vandals, graffiti artists and taggers. The
graffiti are so pervasive that it has become a character -defining feature of the stadium itself, leading many
admirers to encourage its preservation as part of the structure's new character and context. Graffiti has
accumulated over the decades, with generations of taggers breaking into the abandoned structure, crawling
among its foundations and sneaking onto its roof, spray -painting the concrete and seating and treating the
stadium as a sort of canvas.6 Despite the graffiti having potential artistic or cultural merit, it still required
trespassing and vandalism to be created. Because of this, the City of Miami has removed the catwalk which led
to the raised technical booth, as vandals used it to get to the roof level. At the same time, the graffiti have been
determined to be deleterious to the long-term life of the structure's concrete features.?
INTEGRITY
Miami Marine Stadium retains a high level of integrity. The effects of Hurricane Andrew's 1992 landfall
rendered the building legally unusable, but the overall structure was barely affected. While some of the built
surroundings of Miami Marine Stadium have changed over the decades, it retains its location and setting where
the land and water meet, with the same view of Virginia Key's natural surroundings around the basin, as well as
S Michael L. Brainerd, J. Gustavo Tumialan, and Matthew B. Bronski, "Evaluating Current Conditions of Miami Marine Stadium,"
Concrete International, February 2011, 44-49.
6 "Grafitti Gives Abandoned Miami Stadium a Second Life," PBS.org. http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/graffiti-art-gives-abandoned-
miami-stadium-second-life (accessed July 11, 2017).
"Miami Marine Stadium Restoration Phase 1 Executive Summary," Prepared by RJ Heisenbottle Architects P.A., Coral Gables,
2017, 1.
NPS Form 10-900-a OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
(8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES
CONTINUATION SHEET
Section number 7 Page 5
MIAMI MARINE STADIUM
MIAMI, MIAMI-DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA
DESCRIPTION
the view of Miami's city skyline across Biscayne Bay. Miami Marine Stadium is currently considered unsafe,
but intact. While the structure's original unpainted concrete has been covered with graffiti, this does not
significantly affect its integrity. Miami Marine Stadium retains its integrity of location, design, setting,
materials, workmanship, feeling, and association to a high degree.
NPS Form 10-900-a OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
(8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES
CONTINUATION SHEET
Section number 8 Page 1
MIAMI MARINE STADIUM
MIAMI, MIAMI-DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA
SIGNIFICANCE
SUMMARY
Miami Marine Stadium is significant at the local level under Criterion A in the area of
Entertainment/Recreation. It was built primarily for boat racing but was soon adapted to host a wide variety of
entertainment, including concerts, opera, and wrestling matches. The period of significance for Criterion A is
1963 to 1967. The stadium's use as a boat -racing and performance space continued beyond that year, and future
amendments to this nomination could very well justifiably extend the period of significance up until 1992, when
the stadium was shut down by the city of Miami in the wake of Hurricane Andrew. It is also crucial to the
historical context of the development of Miami into an international city. Miami Marine Stadium is also
significant at the local level under Criterion C in the area of Architecture. The period of significance for
Criterion C is 1963, the year the stadium was constructed, when it represented and epitomized the modernity of
a growing city and the international cultural influences that helped shape it. Miami Marine Stadium is a
significant example of the Modernist architecture characteristic of the mid-1960s in the city of Miami, as a
Brutalist building designed for public consurnption and enjoyment. The building was a result of a partnership
between architect Hilario Candela and engineer Jack Meyer. Constructed primarily of concrete, the structure's
design is evocative of its waterfront location, with shapes that reflect nautical themes. The stadium's waterfront
grandstand is a distinctive and remarkable work of engineering, with a very large nontrussed cantilevered
roofspan as well as an overall design which reflects and capitalizes on the meeting of land and water. The
manmade engineered water basin associated with Miami Marine Stadium is characteristic of the work which
had to be done to make much of Greater Miami's waterfronts livable and usable for human activity, dredging
swamp and mangrove into a veritable racecourse.
HISTORIC CONTEXT
Miami Marine Stadium emerged in 1963 as a symbol of growth and glory for a metropolis on the rise. The
1960s were Miami's second major attempt at making a significant mark on the country's national culture and
becoming a pre-eminent tourism destination for a domestic and international audience. The first attempt had
taken place in the 1910s and 1920s, but ended in economic and infrastructural disaster. Miami teamed from the
mistakes of the first attempt, and instituted changes in strategy and tactics to make the second more lastingly
successful.
Miami's First Rise: The Land Boom and Bust
The city of Miami in the first few decades of the twentieth century experienced a great deal of growth, both in
terms of land mass and population. The city, through the mid-1920s, had pursued an aggressive agenda of
expansion, annexing surrounding communities such as Silver Bluff and Coconut Grove. Attempting to ensure a
larger tax base in a community with rapidly -increasing land value and tourism draw, Miami swallowed up
nearby independent towns and cities to ensure that the city would be large enough to compete on a more even
NPS Form 10-900-a OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
(8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES
CONTINUATION SHEET
Section number 8 Page 2
MIAMI MARINE STADIUM
MIAMI, MIAMI-DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA
SIGNIFICANCE
footing with the country's other destination cities.8 Population in the city also ballooned. The city's population
in 1900 had been 1,681, and increased 225.5 percent by the 1910 Census, growing to 5,471. In the 1910s, the
city's population grew 440.5 percent, increasing to 29,571 residents.9 With Miamians increasingly being able to
tame Miami's tropical wilderness into an area more comfortable for a human population, the city assumed an
almost enchanting reputation in the American consciousness, giving it the nickname "The Magic City."
The Florida Land Boom also drew droves of speculators to the city, with the mass waves of construction
enabling employment and financial opportunity to people from all over the country. The 1920s were a heady
time in the city of Miami, with some land prices increasing at precipitous rates. The city was seen as an
American paradise, with warm weather and a vast swath of unused land, ripe for new construction. The
increasing population drew new business to Miami, with corporations and hotels setting up shop in the city to
take advantage of the city's growth. Miami's newspapers were filled to the brim with advertisements, dwarfing
all other newspapers in the country in size and length. New developments in the Greater Miami area spread at a
breakneck pace, with rapid land price increases creating a real estate bubble.10
By 1925, the Florida Land Boom bubble began to burst in the wake of a wave of negative economic forces,
accidents, and disasters. In that year, the Florida East Coast Railway, overwhelmed by the constant loads of
construction materials for projects in South Florida, raised the cost of shipping items to the city." In January
1926, the Prinz Valdemar, a 241-foot Danish steel -hulled schooner, was turned on its side by a heavy wind,
blocking access to the ship channel. The harbor was closed for a month until the wreck was finally towed to
shore. During that month, 100 ships bearing wood and other building supplies were unable to unload their
cargo. The wood on those ships added up to 45 million feet of boards, At the same time, 32 schooners were
trapped inside the harbor. With Miami's chief economic engine, construction, halted by increased rail prices and
a total blockage of sea delivery, many firms and projects failed.'2 In September of 1926, a Category 4 hurricane
struck Miami, causing immense property damage and loss of life. The storm was massively destructive, causing
$105 million in property damage, which would equate to $1.4 billion in 2017 dollars. The city was profoundly
affected by the storm, with flooding, boats tossed ashore into city streets, extensive building damage. The Ioss
of life was also enormous, with 114 Miami residents being drowned or killed by flying debris. Many Miamians
'For more information on Miami's annexation attempts of the 1920s and earlier, read Grant Livingston, "The Annexation of the City
of Coconut Grove," Tequesta: The Journal of the Historical Association of Southern Florida, (Miami, Historical Association of
Southern Florida, Number LX), 2000.
9 Miami -Dade County Department of Planning & Zoning, Miami -Dade County Facts, 4.
'° F. Page Wilson, "Miami: From Frontier to Metropolis: An Appraisal," Tequesta: The Journal of the Historical Association of
Southern Florida, (Miami, Historical Association of Southern Florida, Number XIV), 1954, 38-39.
" F. Page Wilson, "Miami: From Frontier to Metropolis: An Appraisal," Tequesta: The Journal of the Historical Association of
Southern Florida, (Miami, Historical Association of Southern Florida, Number XIV), 1954, 39.
'Z "Aerial View of the "Prinz Valdemar" Overturned in the Ship Channel," Floridamentory.com,
https://www.floridamemory.com/items/show/35982 (Accessed July 12, 2017).
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MIAMI MARINE STADIUM
MIAMI, MIAMI-DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA
SIGNIFICANCE
were new to the area, arriving during the Land Boom, and were unaware that the eye of the storm was a brief
period of deceptive tranquility. People who left their homes to survey the damage of the first half of the storm
were caught by surprise when the storm winds quickly returned with a vengeance.13 The economic, physical,
and infrastructural devastation caused by embargo, sunken ship, and hurricane, killed the Florida Land Boom,
injuring the perception of Miami as an up-and-coming coastal paradise.
The events of 1925 and 1926 showed that Miami's economy and infrastructure had been like a house of cards.
Decades of unchecked growth in the tropical climate had been aided by great luck, with no great storms striking
the city since 1906. The city's dependence on outside trade had left it vulnerable to the effects of the Florida
East Coast railway embargo and the random happenstance of the sinking of the Prinz Valdemar. With paradise
being revealed to have its own tragic downsides, Miami's reputation on the national stage took a hit. The end of
the Land Boom bubble had the impact of tempering America's voracious appetite for South Florida. For a city
that was billed in popular culture as a perfect place to live in or visit, a wave of economic and natural disaster
was a difficult public relations challenge to overcome. A few years after the hurricane had devastated the city,
the 1929 stock market crash threw yet another wrench into a city economy that had just managed to scrabble
itself back together. Of the two Miami banks to survive the land boom and hurricane, one collapsed with the
stock market and the resulting Great Depression. Miami's 1920s were characterized by a dramatic rise and
fall.
14
A New Miami: Industry and the Second World War
In spite of all of the difficulties of the second half of the 1920s, Miami still experienced extraordinary growth in
that decade. By 1930, the population had grown to 110,637, a percentage increase of 274.15 During the Great
Depression, Miami's attractiveness as tourism destination rebounded, with much lower prices than during the
height of the land boom. Miami also began to authorize and encourage pari-mutuel gambling during this period,
especially horse -racing, dog -racing, and jai -alai. The ability to host these types of racing and sporting events
during the winter months was quite a draw for tourists to Miami. By 1933, construction had recommenced in
earnest, and prices began to climb once more to near where they had been during the land boom. Miami also
had learned to not be entirely dependent upon outside production and shipping in order to obtain supplies, in
turn establishing local industrial manufacturing. Production focused on domestic products, such as food,
clothing, and sporting goods.l6
13 "1926 — Great Miami Hurricane," Hurricanescience.org, http://www.hurricanescience.org/history/stormsl1920s/GreatMiami/
(Accessed July 12, 2017).
14 F. Page Wilson, "Miami: From Frontier to Metropolis: An Appraisal," Tequesta: The Journal of the Historical Association of
Southern Florida, (Miami, Historical Association of Southern Florida, Number XIV), 1954, 42.
15 Miami -Dade County Department of Planning & Zoning, Miami -Dade County Facts, 4.
16 F. Page Wilson, "Miami: From Frontier to Metropolis: An Appraisal," Tequesta: The Journal of the Historical Association of
Southern Florida, (Miami, Historical Association of Southern Florida, Number XIV), 1954, 43.
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SIGNIFICANCE
American involvement in the Second World War had an enormous impact upon the redevelopment of Miami
during its second rise. The United States military used Miami extensively as a training ground for its recruits in
the massive war effort. As Florida's attractiveness to tourists waned in the wake of the Pearl Harbor attack, the
United States military filled Miami -area hotels with recruits and used local civic and cultural institutions as
training facilities. The recruits spent their leisure time patronizing local establishments.' After the war ended,
in the era of the G.1. bill and the onset of the United States' mid-century rise to global prominence, many of the
veterans who had been trained in Miami returned to the warm, sunny city, which many held in fondness.'8 The
emergence of cheap domestic and commercial air-conditioning units also facilitated year-round tourism and
comfortable living in an environment that tended to get hot and muggy during the summer months. Many of the
people who visited Miami during the war found it to be an attractive place, and technological improvements
made it even easier to enjoy.14
The Second World War also contributed to the development of Miami's commercial aviation industry, which
provided manifold benefits for the tourism -centered city. Four major airlines were heavily invested in the city:
Pan American World Airways, Eastern Airlines, National Airlines, and Delta Air Lines. These companies flew
nationally and internationally out of Miami's airport, serving as a conduit for tourism. These airlines hired over
15,000 workers in Dade County by the early 1960s, with a payroll of over 75 million dollars. Eastern Airlines
was the largest employer in the county, hiring over 7,000 Miami residents.2° These international airlines were a
conduit for travelers and businesspeople to Miami.
Miami's post-war era spurred another building boom, to meet the demands of the reinvigorated tourism
economy. The decade after the Second World War had a boom of new hotel construction. Although population
growth slowed down in the city of Miami, having spread to other parts of Dade County, the city nonetheless
grew in response to the re-emergent tourist market and increasing wealth in the American economy.21 Miami's
manufacturing industries, which had originally been centralized in the city of Miami, began to spread to the
suburbs, as international trade and banking organizations found homes in Miami. The city's geographic
17 Tracy J. Revels, Sunshine Paradise: A History of Florida Tourism, (University Press of Florida, Gainesville, 2011), 86-87.
18 F. Page Wilson, "Miami: From Frontier to Metropolis: An Appraisal," Tequesta: The Journal of the Historical Association of
Southern Florida, (Miami, Historical Association of Southern Florida, Number XIV), I954, 44.
19 Gary R. Mormino, "Midas Returns: Miami Goes to War, 1941-1945," Tequesta: The Journal of the Historical Association of
Southern Florida, (Miami, Historical Association of Southern Florida, Number LVII), 1997, 41-42.
z° Aurora E. David, "The Development of the Major Commerical Airlines in Dade County, Florida: 1945-1970," Tequesta: The
Journal of the Historical Association of Southern Florida, (Miami, Historical Association of Southern Florida, Number XXXII), 1972,
10.
21 Raymond A. Mohl, "Changing Economic Patterns in the Miami Metropolitan Area, 1940-1980," Tequesta: The Journal of the
Historical Association of Southern Florida, (Miami, Historical Association of Southern Florida, Number XLII), 1982, 65-66.
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SIGNIFICANCE
location, bilingual nature, and position as an aeronautical hub encouraged increased engagement with Latin
American individuals and companies.22
Modern Miami on the World Stage: Interama and the Dream of Pan -Americanism
Miami's unique collection of geographic, cultural, and economic factors made it seem like a perfect location for
enhanced engagement with Latin America. Actors at the local, state, and national level enthusiastically pursued
the creation of institutions that would facilitate these connections. Economic and political interests pursued the
creation of stunning venues to attract tourism and trade, host entertainment and educate the populace. Florida
leaders had pursued the creation of an international trade center in Miami since the 1910s, and generations of
state and federal -level politicians viewed the project as having immense economic potential, as well as being a
statement about American supremacy on the western continents, a Monroe Doctrine-esque assertion of New
World unity and cooperation against the Old World. Miami's mid-century civic and infrastructural boom, which
included Miami Marine Stadium, included elements of trade, entertainment, and architectural imagination.
By 1950, the project had been planned in earnest, with a vision that reached Congress, who issued a joint
declaration in support of the proposed Inter -American Cultural and Trade Center (Interama for short). Congress
viewed trade with Central and South America as crucial, and saw Miami as a perfect location for a trade center
"because it is the natural gateway of the United States to Latin America and possesses the additional advantages
of moderate climate, ample hotel and recreational facilities, and long acquaintance with the people of Latin
America."23 The State of Florida and city of Miami donated land and money for the project, which entailed a
"permanent year-round nonprofit self-sustaining enterprise for the development of improved relations and
increased trade with the republics of Latin America."24 In 1952, President Harry S. Truman issued a
proclamation in support of the endeavor, demonstrating that the nation's government, interested in preserving
and expanding American influence in the Western Hemisphere, saw Miami as critical to that goal.25
Interama was an ambitious project. According to a 1965 fact sheet distributed by its planners, it was intended to
be "the first permanent international exhibition. INTERAMA will contain the outstanding features of
Disneyland, a world's fair, and a trade fair, yet be entirely different by presenting unique features of its own...
INTERAMA will portray the AMERICAN WAY OF LIFE — PROGRESS WITH FREEDOM... INTERAMA
22 Raymond A. Mohl, "Changing Economic Patterns in the Miami Metropolitan Area, 1940-1980," Tequesta, The Journal of the
Historical Association of Southern Florida, (Miami, Historical Association of Southern Florida, Number XLII), 1982, 67.
23 United States Cong. Providing for recognition and endorsement of the Inter -American Cultural and Trade Center. 81" Cong. H.J.
Res 511.64 Stat. 1075 (1950).
24 United States Cong. Providing for recognition and endorsement of the Inter -American Cultural and Trade Center. 81" Cong. H.J.
Res 511. 64 Stat. 1075 (1950),
25 Harry S. Truman, "Proclamation 2962—Inter-American Cultural and Trade Center," Presidency.ucsb.edu,
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=87316 (Accessed July 13, 2017).
Figure 1: 1965 Preliminary Sketch of Interama's International
Area. Note the Tower of Freedom in the background, designed to
be the centerpiece of the park and eventually a world monument.
Interama was to be feature Modernist spin on the various cultures
of the Americas. Source: What's Interama? A Fair and More
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SIGNIFICANCE
will bring together, under freedom, the governments and industries of the Americas in a spirit of good will."26
Interama's design was intended to highlight industry, culture, and diplomacy, giving opportunities for United
States -subsidized pavilions for countries from throughout the New World. The Interama planners had hired
prominent Modernist architects to design buildings
throughout the park, including Marcel Breuer, Harry
Weese, Jose Luis Seri, Louis Kahn, Paul Rudolph, and
Edward Durrell Stone. Perhaps the most striking
building was to be the Tower of Freedom, which was
designed by Minoru Yamasaki, who later designed the
World Trade Center in New York City. It was planned
to be 1,000 feet tall, and to be, according to a 1967
Interama Fact Sheet, "the physical and spiritual symbol
of Interama. The Tower of Freedom will take its place
among the other major monuments of the world,
illustrating man's desire to reach ever upward in
intellectual, spiritual, and physical freedom."27 The
Tower of Freedom was designed to rise out of a man-
made lagoon at the center of the park, and to be
accessible by an underwater walking tunnel. The
Tower consisted of three very thin structures with
elevators carrying guests to observation decks and a
restaurant.28 The site was even intended to contain an
amphibious amphitheater, situated in the middle of the
planned Bahia de las Americas lagoon, viewable from
seats on the land or boats in the water.29 The Modem
architecture in the park was intended to stand in direct
contrast to Miami's classic Spanish-American
influenced Mission Revival and Mediterranean Revival
buildings, which were seen as fundamental to the city's
character in the 1920s, during the land boom. A new
Miami sought to show a new brand of built character.
26 State of Florida Inter -American Center Authority, Interama Fact Sheet No.5, (Miami, 1965), 1.
21 State of Florida Inter -American Center Authority, Interama Fact Sheet, (Miami, 1967), 2-3.
'8 "Interama: Miami and the Pan-American Dream," Historymiami.org,
http://www.historymiami.org/fastspot/museum/exhibitions/details/interama/index.html (Accessed July 13, 2017).
29 "Floating Stage Envisioned: Art to Play a Key Role," What's Interama? A Fair and More, (Reprinted from The North Dade
Journal, February 25, 1965), 13.
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SIGNIFICANCE
Interama's futuristic built environment was to have stood in the midst of a massive infrastructural endeavor.
Even though the park never opened, its operators still managed to pave the way for it by dredging 5,800,000
cubic yards of material out of Biscayne Bay.3° The site was intended to be reached by road, highway, or boat,
accommodating local resident and tourist alike. Interama was to be the culmination of Miami's ascendance,
being a triumph over nature. In the process of construction, its designers and planners would have overcome
Miami's natural fauna, climate, and ecosystem. With the park originally intended to be opened in the late 1960s,
Miami was attempting to signal that, in just over 70 years, the city had gone from an untamed swamp to the host
of world -class architecture and planning, the site of a marvel demonstrating American leadership in a
prosperous and cooperative Western Hemisphere. The project never was completed due to financial and
political complications, but the ambition behind it, and the mere fact that such an endeavor would be located in
Greater Miami, inspired the city to pursue other projects, such as Miami Marine Stadium, that took advantage of
the area's natural and cultural advantages.
Virginia Key and the Rickenbacker Causeway
Miami's drive to overcome the natural difficulties of the city's swampy ecosystem and aquatic surroundings
extended to the Rickenbacker Causeway, a 5.4-mile-long road that connects Miami to the barrier islands of
Virginia Key and Key Biscayne named after famed fighter pilot Eddie Rickenbacker. Virginia Key had been
attached to the mainland until the ferocious hurricane of 1835 swiped away the connection.31 The island became
notable for being the only Miami beach where Miami's African -Americans were allowed to swim. The island's
Bear Cut had long been a place where Miami's black community gathered for social and religious functions.
Jim Crow laws restricted African -American access to beach locations, and after local black civil rights leaders
challenged the laws by engaging in a swim -in at Baker's Haulover Beach in May 1945, Miami commissioners
made Virginia Key's beach an official city beach, and provided boat and dock access for people to reach the
island, until the Rickenbacker Causeway was developed to connect the island to the mainland.32
By the early 1960s, Miami was in the midst of its second rise, one that was built on a much more solid footing
than that of the 1920s. The city attempted to invest in its own infrastructure, industry, and culture, in addition to
the tourist sites that had always been so characteristic of the city. Miami attempted to position itself as a world
city, as a place that would stand out among America's many metropolises. To accomplish this, the city
embraced its international character, as well as its placement along the coast. Miami circa 1960 would have
been completely unrecognizable to a resident from the era of the city's founding in 1896. Due to improvements
in technology, Miamians were able to tame the swamp and water to carve out more and more usable land and
territory. By 1960, Miami was consciously rejecting the architecture that had been so prominent and
3° State of Florida Inter -American Center Authority, Interama Fact Sheet No.5, (Miami, 1965), 14.
31 Joan Gill Blank, Key Biscayne: A History of Miami's Tropical Island and the Cape Florida Lighthouse, 1996. 30.
32 Kirk Nielsen, "A Historic Dip," Miami New Times, April 8, 1999.
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SIGNIFICANCE
characteristic in the 1920s, embracing a New World. Modernist aesthetic rather than the Old World Spanish-
American Revival styles of past eras. Miami Marine Stadium encapsulated and exemplified all of these trends,
being an ambitious attempt for the city to create something new and unprecedented, something distinctly
"Miami."
HISTORIC SIGNIFICANCE
Miami Marine Stadium is significant at the local level under Criterion A in the area of
Entertainment/Recreation. The structure hosted sporting and entertainment events, including powerboat
races, concerts, boxing matches, religious ceremonies, and political events for almost three decades, until
it was closed in the wake of Hurricane Andrew in 1992. The stadium's events were not always popular or
successful, but the structure evinces an attempt by the city of Miami to capitalize on its unique resources.
Miami Marine Stadium was designed specifically to host powerboat racing, creating an aquatic version of
a more traditional stadium racetrack. Using Virginia Key's natural surroundings as a backdrop, the
stadium encapsulates the natural and cultural entertainment opportunities that civic boosters hoped to
emphasize about the city. Miami Marine Stadium was also envisioned as a tourist attraction, in a city that
traditionally depended upon the tourism industry as an income source.
In the early 1960s, looking to capitalize on the city's post -Second -World -War success as a tourism mecca
noted for sunny weather and sandy beaches, the Miami City Commission pursued projects that would
increase the luster of Miami's civic and architectural offerings. The Orange Bowl Committee, who, in
addition to organizing and operating the annual Orange Bowl college football game, were dedicated to
expanding tourism to South Florida, saw a marine stadium in Miami as a potential global capital for
unlimited hydroplane racing, a powerboat racing format with fewer limitations on size and power of
boats, drawing in global visitors.33 At the same time, an organization made up of Miami residents
attempted to garner public support and funding for a marine stadium on Virginia Key. This organization
believed that the stadium could draw up to five million tourists and residents every year, and that it would
be a self-supporting project that would bring money and prestige to the city.34
In 1962, the City Commission agreed to the project, aiming to make Miami "the boat racing capital of the
world." Miami, conscious of its status as a metropolis on the verge of global distinction, eagerly sought
greater prominence in a field that would be attractive to tourists. In order to accomplish this, they hired
Chicago architect Ralph H. Burke, who had been involved in the planning of the city's Chicago O'Hare
33 "Lester Johnson Memory," If Seats Could Talk, Collection of Donald Worth.
34 "Huge Marine Stadium Proposed for Miami," The Miami Herald, November 11, 1961.
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SIGNIFICANCE
Airport, to develop a plan for the marine stadium.' Virginia Key at that time contained the Virginia Key
Beach Park, the city's only public beach accessible to African -Americans, as well as the Miami
Seaquarium and a public sewage treatment plant.36 The project's location, on land belonging to the city,
made the prospect even more tantalizing for the city commission who backed it. If the project was
profitable and successful, most of the benefits and rewards would go to the city itself.
The Miami Marine Stadium project had two
main aspects: the dredging of a basin into a
workable aquatic racecourse based on the
shape of the Circus Maximus (a very
culturally -relevant reference in the wake of
the 1959 film Ben-Hur's popularity), and a
grandstand built alongside the water for
viewing events in the basin. Both had rich
collections of predecessors in the Greater
Miami area. Miami, in the course of the 20th
century, had a tradition of dredging usable,
aesthetically -pleasing landmasses and
waterways out of the area's swampland and
mangroves. In the 1920s, Miamians created
a collection of islands, including the upscale
Star, Hibiscus, and Palm Islands out of the
Biscayne Bay. In addition, the planning of
the massive uncompleted Interama project
entailed the dredging of the northern reaches
of Biscayne Bay in order to transform
swampland into a usable fairground. Waterside entertainment was also a cultural staple of the community.
Early Miami Beach developer Carl Fisher built grandstands along Biscayne Bay and attempted to host
speedboat races, inviting globally -renowned racers to the area to compete. When Miami's commission
initiated the plan to make Miami the global center of powerboat racing, they did so with awareness of a
history that pointed to potential success in that endeavor. The community had experience in the
transformative process of dredging swamp and mangrove. Miami Marine Stadium would be the first
Figure 2: Ralph H. Burke's original 1962 plan for Miami Marine Stadium.
Note the many similarities to the final Hilario Candela product. The basin is
the same shape, and the grandstand has a cantilevered roof The original
plan's use of glass clearly distinguishes it from the final product, however.
Source: Master Plan and Feasibility Study of Miami Marine Stadium
Paul Burley , "Ralph H. Burke: Early Innovator of Chicago 0' Hare International Airport," Northwestern.edu,
httpa/www.library.northwestem.eduilibraries-collections/transportation/collection/o-hare-at-50/research-materials/ral p h-h-hurke.html
(Accessed July 26, 2017).
36 Jean -Francois Lejeune, "Miami's Marine Stadium," Miami Modern Metropolis: Paradise and Paradox in Midcentury Architecture
and Planning, (Balcony Media, Inc., 2009), 353.
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SIGNIFICANCE
project to combine these two initiatives, however, as the first stadium to be created through the systematic
excavation of nature, with an associated grandstand that could be utilized for a variety of event types.37
Ralph H. Burke's report stated that Miami Marine Stadium would be the first structure of its kind in the
entire world, and that Miami's unique characteristics, both cultural and historical, would likely make the
project a success. Burke points out that the stadium would add to the profitability of the boat racing
industry in Miami, and would be a perfect place to host the annual Orange Bowl Regatta.38 The Orange
Bowl Regatta was a part of Miami's annual Orange Bowl festival, which celebrates the yearly Orange
Bowl college football game, held in late December or early January every year since 1935. Miami hosted
multiple annual events surrounding the football game, including a parade (from 1936 to 2001) and the
Orange Bowl Regatta (from 1945 to 1970). The Regatta was orchestrated by Alex Balfe, who was a
business owner who acted as chairman of the Miami Chamber of Commerce.39 The regatta was started to
give sailing snowbirds visiting Miami an opportunity to race during the winter months.40 In the master
plan, Burke points out that a structure like Miami Marine Stadium would be necessary for the city, in
order to "provide a large and varied number of tourist attractions compatible with fiscal soundness in
order to retain and to attract tourist business."41 In order to retain its position as a global tourism capital,
Miami had to adapt and evolve, expanding its offerings, while retaining its tropical maritime branding. To
accomplish these two goals, an ambitious marine stadium fit the bill.
Burke's master plan presents a great deal of detail as to what the optimal location of a marine stadium
would be in Miami, as well as offering explanations for design elements of the basin racecourse and
grandstand. The report includes maps measuring the overall direction of strong winds at Virginia Key (on
most days, the strongest winds come from the south and east)42, and the context of Miami Marine Stadium
among the great Miami development projects planned in the 1960s, most notably Interama to the north
and a planned Key Largo Causeway connecting Miami Beach to Key Largo along the Atlantic coastline.
This highway, which was never built, would have served as an eastern connective road leading to the
stadium from Miami Beach, with the Rickenbacker Causeway connecting Virginia Key and Miami
Marine Stadium to mainland Miami. The map also evaluates the potential competition for Miami Marine
Stadium in terms of tourist attractions, including auditoriums, sports venues, and race tracks. Within
Miami's city limits, there were three other auditoriums and two other sports stadiums, with more
37 Jean -Francois Lejeune, "Miami's Marine Stadium," Miami Modern Metropolis_ Paradise and Paradox in Midcentury Architecture
and Planning, (Balcony Media, Inc., 2009), 353.
38 Ralph H. Burke, Master Plan and Feasibility Study of Miami Marine Stadium, (Ralph H. Burke Inc., Chicago, 1962), i.
ss "Southward Ho!" Motor Boating: The Yachtsmen's Magazine, July 1946, 68.
40 "2016 Orange Bowl Sponsorship Brochure," Issuu.com
https://issuu.com/karolmarsden/dots/2016_orange_bowl_sponsorship_brochu (Accessed July 14, 2017)
41 Ralph H. Burke, Master Plan and Feasibility Study of Miami Marine Stadium, (Ralph H. Burke Inc., Chicago, 1962), i.
42 Ralph H. Burke, Master Plan and Feasibility Study of Miami Marine Stadium, (Ralph H. Burke Inc., Chicago, 1962), Figure 1.
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MIAMI MARINE STADIUM
MIAMI, MIAMI-DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA
SIGNIFICANCE
competition just outside city limits, including three race tracks.43 Miami Marine Stadium was guaranteed
a great deal of competitors for many of the various event types it would attempt to host, making the
design, location, and novelty of the structure crucial to its success or failure.
Burke was especially cognizant of the threat that the
Interama project presented to the Marine Stadium as
a competing location for marine entertainment
and events. Burke wrote that "a proposed
floating stage at the Interama may seriously
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Figure 3: Ralph H. Burke's sketch of the plan for Miami Marine
Stadium and its environs. The structure was at its heart designed
for boat racing, as shown here, and was originally intended to wrap
around the basin. Source: Master Plan and Feasibility Study of
Miami Marine Stadium
curtain entertainment performances at the
Marine Stadium, and if the rumored 1500 foot
boat race course is constructed this latter item
would constitute a definite hardship to
operation of the Marine Stadium."44 Miami
Marine Stadium's backers were well -aware that
a competing project was being developed, one
which would duplicate many of the marine
stadium's amenities, and perhaps improve upon
them. Interama's stadium would have been in
the midst of an ambitious theme park,
surrounded by innovations in modern
architecture, supported by federal, state, local,
and international money, with numerous other
entertainment and dining amenities surrounding
it. Even though Interama was never completed,
at the time of Miami Marine Stadium's
construction, Interama's eventual failure was
not seen as inevitable. Planning for the stadium
structure, in terms both of design and
programming choice, had to anticipate the
future competition coming from Interama.
Burke's master plan document stringently
studied the exact specifications needed to fit the
stadium's many intended uses. Burke's plan
was designed to fit the requirements for all race
a3 Ralph H. Burke, Master Plan and Feasibility Study of Miami Marine Stadium, (Ralph H. Burke Inc., Chicago, 1962), Figure 2.
44 Ralph H. Burke, Master Plan and Feasibility Study of Miami Marine Stadium, (Ralph H. Burke Inc., Chicago, 1962), 8.
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types listed in the Pleasure Craft Racing Rules and Official Rule Book of the American Power Boat
Association. Burke also examined the boat races traditional to Greater Miami, and determined that the
stadium would be likely to schedule at least 25 sanctioned racing days a year, with at least 15 days of
open races on top. Each of these events was projected to draw 5,000 to 8,000 visitors to the stadium.45 On
top of races, Burke projected many instances of water shows, including aqua spectaculars, water skiing
events, and stage shows (which would have received some competition from Interama). The stadium,
under Burke's plan, would also be the site of Miami Boat Show events and demonstrations, with a
potential annual usage of six days per year, with visitors spending money to enter and supporting
adjoining stores and restaurants.'
Burke's plan was not intended to be set in stone once constructed; the site was supposed to continuously
evolve and expand. While the initial grandstand was intended to have a seating capacity of around 8,000,
Burke's projections for five years after construction indicate that the seating would expand to 10,000 by
then. While the stadium's initial construction would cover the stadium's initial uses, including the
development of a host of floating structures for various event types, as well as a storage area for these
structures, Burke had an eye on expanding what was available at the site. The parking lot, with over 4,000
parking spaces to start, would have eventually been expanded to include a drive-in movie theater. The site
also featured a walking path around the basin, allowing for event viewing from multiple angles apart from
the grandstand.47 These developments never occurred in the final developed project, with the grandstand
remaining the primary location for watching Marine Stadium events. Although the stadium's final design
maintained the large parking lot, the drive-in theater was never developed.
Burke's original master plan for Miami Marine Stadium set the stage for the eventual design, by
determining the location and orientation of the basin as well as the grandstand. The specifics of the
grandstand design were not set in stone from the Burke plan, and the City of Miami hired a local
engineering firm to lead the design process, as was standard in municipal projects at the time:" The
project was not entirely unprecedented, with a similar basin having been constructed in Long Beach,
California, for the 1932 Olympics, and a waterside grandstand having been constructed at Jones Beach
Theater in Wantagh, New York in 1952. Miami Marine Stadium would be the first project to combine the
two concepts, however.49 The city hired a local firm, Norman Dignum Associates, who put Jack Meyer in
45 Ralph H. Burke, Master Plan and Feasibility Study of Miami Marine Stadium, (Ralph H. Burke Inc., Chicago, 1962), 9.
46 Ralph H. Burke, Master Plan and Feasibility Study of Miami Marine Stadium, (Ralph H. Burke Inc., Chicago, 1962), 11.
a7 Ralph H. Burke, Master Plan and Feasibility Study of Miami Marine Stadium, (Ralph H. Burke Inc., Chicago, 1962), 14.
46 Rosa Lowiger, John Fidler, Marjorie Lynch, and Kelly Ciociola, "MMS-CONSOL: Concrete Solutions," Getty Foundation Keeping
it Modern Initiative, 2016, 3.
49 Nathan Brown, "Form, Use, and Sustainability: A Geometric and Structural Feasibility Study of Hypar Shells," (bachelor's thesis,
Princeton University, 2012), 96.
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charge of designing the project. The engineers hired the architectural firm of Pancoast Ferendino,
Grafton, Skeels, and Burnham, with whom they had worked on recent projects at Dade Junior College, to
partner with them on the endeavor. The firm selected young architect Hilario Candela to take the lead on
the Miami Marine Stadium project.50 Meyer and Candela, being two professionals with differing training,
interests, and approaches, had to cooperate and compromise.
Hilario Candela, a Cuban -born architect, received his
architectural education at the Georgia Institute of
Techology. While at Georgia Tech, he was influenced by
his mentors. He worked with Pierre Luigi Nervi - designer
of Rome's Olympic stadium, Eduardo Torrojo,- architect
of the Zarzuela Hippodrome in Madrid, and Felix Candela
— who was quite prolific and innovative in his use of thin
reinforced concrete shell. Candela's work and philosophy
were rooted in modernism and influenced by his
professional and cultural ties to the Caribbean, where he
had held a summer internship with architect Max Borges —
designer of the Tropicana Nightclub. Candela left Cuba in
1961, after which he joined the firm of Pancoast,
Ferendino, Grafton, Skeels, and Burnham. He was part of
the mass migration of professionals from Cuba to Miami
in the wake of the Cuban Revolution, a phenomenon that
dynamically altered the city of Miami demographically
and culturally.51
Figure 4: Architect Hilario Candela in front of Miami Marine
Stadium during its construction. At this time, the roof had not
yet been started. Source: Pancoast Ferendino Skeels and
Burnham/Hilario Candela
From the very onset of the project, Hilario Candela's design ethos, which prioritized beauty over
simplicity, complicated matters. Burke's original master plan plotted a grandstand structure with a
traditional metal truss roof, much like that of a baseball field. Candela was unimpressed by this prospect,
and refused to work with metal, preferring the architectural potential of concrete. He was concerned that
the salt water and salty air would degrade the steel too quickly.52 Candela had been impressed by the
potential of concrete shell during his time working in Cuba, and was especially inspired by the design of
5o "Interview with Jack Meyer — Engineer of Miami Marine Stadium," 2010, Collection of Donald Worth.
5' Correspondence with Miami Marine Stadium architect Hilario Candela, August 17, 2017, located at Florida Division of Historical
Resources
52 Richard Morgan, "Q&A: The Miami Marine Stadium's Architect on Its Past and Future," Metropolismag.com,
http:f/www.metropolismag.com/architecture/qa-the-miami-marine-stadiums-architect-on-its-past-and-future/ (Accessed July 17,
2017).
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the main terminal at Dulles Airport in Washington D.C., which featured concrete columns and a sloped
roof. Candela's original plan for Miami Marine Stadium, submitted to Norman Dignam Associates in
1962, was intended to be cheap as well as beautiful. City officials had threatened Candela that if his
concrete design could not be built for under one million dollars, the city would force his firm to redesign
the structure in a more traditional way without paying for it. Candela sought to prove the potential
economy of his philosophy of viewing structure, as he stated in a 2011 interview: "not as a tool to support
a building, but as a visible architectonic expression."53 Candela was attempting to push the envelope with
concrete design, to create something monumental.
Candela's design discouraged most of the engineers at Norman Dignam Associates, but lead engineer
Jack Meyer accepted the challenge. He had developed some experience working with concrete in the
years before picking up the Miami Marine Stadium project. While most of his work with Norman Dignam
Associates had been on churches and schools, he had had some experience designing and engineering
folded -plate roofs like the one the Miami Marine Stadium plan called for, mostly on bowling alleys.54 In a
2012 interview, Meyer commented on his original perception of Candela's design, saying "Hilario was a
very skilled artist who wanted his roof to float on top of basically nothing, and he wanted holes in the
seating area around the columns big enough to throw a cow through."55 Meyer attempted to tone down
some of the effusiveness of Candela's design, returning a more conservative altered plan. Candela refused
to budge, and Meyer had to make the seemingly -impossible possible.56
With Miami Marine Stadium having a nontrussed cantilevered roof, being made out of concrete rather
than the more traditional steel, placed in an environment where salt corrosion would be constant and
inevitable, the engineers had to ensure that the structure would be safe. Meyer's attempt to engineer a
realistic solution to create Candela's vision required extensive calculation and innovation. The Norman
Dignam Associates engineers determined the dimensions of the structure's elements, including the roof,
while Meyer was forced to embrace new ways of using old materials, such as bending structural rebar to
follow the folded roof of the stadium, rather than simply fusing two rebars together at the points. He also
used a lightweight concrete in the cantilevered roof to ensure that it was balanced and would not tip
53 Nathan Brown, "Form, Use, and Sustainability: A Geometric and Structural Feasibility Study of Hypar Shells," (bachelor's thesis,
Princeton University, 2012), 97-98.
sa Rob Jordan, "Preserving the Miami Marine Stadium," Dwell.com, https://www.dwell.com/collection preserving-the-miami-marine-
stadium-19715133 (Accessed July 20, 2017).
55 Nathan Brown, "Form, Use, and Sustainability: A Geometric and Structural Feasibility Study of Hypar Shells," (bachelor's thesis,
Princeton University, 2012), 99.
Nathan Brown, "Form, Use, and Sustainability: A Geometric and Structural Feasibility Study ofHypar Shells," (bachelor's thesis,
Princeton University, 2012), 99.
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forward.s7 In the end, Meyer ended up producing an engineering plan for the building that made
Candela's dream into a reality, while being inexpensive enough for the city to support it.
Miami Marine Stadium's construction process faced some difficulties, as the city had a tough time
determining how best to run the stadium's programming. While the structure was slated to open in
December of 1963, in July of that year, the city hadn't yet started to develop the necessary programming
infrastructure, including the stages where events such as concerts would be held.58 By December, the
stadium was essentially ready to open, but the grandstand still was not complete. At that time, City
Manager M. L. Reese said that it would take an additional year to truly finalize the structure's features,
even though the overall design was complete by that point.59 By opening night, Miami Marine Stadium
was an unfinished project - one with great potential, but without the infrastructure to allow its operators to
do all they intended to do.
Miami Marine Stadium opened on December 27, 1963, named after Commodore Ralph Munroe, a
Coconut Grove founder and yacht designer who contributed heavily to Miami's boating culture in the
city's early years. He designed many yachts over the course of his lifetime, and founded the Biscayne Bay
Yacht Club, a social and sporting association of which he was the first Commodore. Opening night was
marked by an aquatic extravaganza, aimed at displaying the various types of events that could be possible
using the basin and grandstand. Opening night was coordinated by Earnie Seiler, president and founder of
the Orange Bowl stadium, who had a lot of experience organizing performances in locations intended for
sporting. The night opened up with a performance of the second act of Johann Strauss II's opera Die
Fliedermaus. While dramatic and concert performances would happen on a specially -crafted floating
platform in future years, the opera on the first night was borne upon barges pulled into the basin.6° After
the operatic performance was an impressive, explosive, and tragic event. Aiming to impress the audience
with the sheer variety capable of being hosted in the basin at Virginia Key, event organizers had a
simultaneous symphony of action in the water and sky. Water-skiers and powerboat racers sped up and
down the racecourse, impressing the audience with their roars and the spray of water behind them, while
men parachuted into the basin and fireworks ignited the night. Unfortunately, one of the powerboat racers,
a man named James Tapp, died in a crash in the midst of the opening night performance.61 The events of
opening night showed the crowd that the stadium had a lot of potential. It could host many different types
of events, offering elegant entertainment as well as loud raucous explosive fun. At the same time,
powerboat racing, which was intended to be the bulk of the stadium's offerings, was shown to be a high-
' Nathan Brown, "Form, Use, and Sustainability: A Geometric and Structural Feasibility Study of Hypar Shells," (bachelor's thesis,
Princeton University, 2012), 100.
ss Juanita Greene, "Marine Stadium Showdown Slated," The Miami Herald, July 22, 1963.
" Dick Knight, "It's Smooth Sailing for Sea Stadium," The Miami Herald, December 10, 1963.
�0 "Water Show Wows 4,000," The Miami Herald, December 28, 1963.
61 Carlos Harrison, "Miami Romance: Saving Architect Hilario Candela's Beloved Stadium," Preservation, Spring 2013, 25.
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MIAMI MARINE STADIUM
MIAMI, MIAMI-DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA
SIGNIFICANCE
risk endeavor, with the potential for danger and injury perhaps adding to the potential excitement of the
audience. All of this happened in the midst of an environment that, while man-made, highlighted Virginia
Key's flora and the broad aquatic expanse of Biscayne Bay, with the Miami skyline glistening to the
Northwest.
Figure 5: Photograph of a powerboat racing event held at Miami
Marine Stadium. The grandstand was packed full, and the cranes in
the background were used to carry the racing boats into the water.
Source: Collection of Donald Worth
The stadium's early years were complicated
by its incomplete and unpolished nature.
While the city was quickly able to find leasers
to host events there, the grandstand missing
implements to host non -boating event types
added an additional wrinkle to the operating
budget. One of the first to attempt to host
non -boat -racing events was showman and
booking agent Lou. Walters (father of
broadcast journalist Barbara Walters), who
hosted a 14-week series of water -bound
shows in the summer of 1964. His shows,
following the model of the marine stadium's
opening night, featured a combination of
water-skiers, fireworks, and variety
entertainers. Walters ran the event six days a
week, with fourteen shows a week being held divided between daytime and nighttime. Tickets ranged
from 75 cents to $2, and the city projected their intake adding up to around $1,000 per week.62 At the
same time, the grandstand structure began to crack and leak almost immediately, with projected repair
costs in 1964 being up to $30,000. Miami's Public Works Director, W.T. Eefting, stressed that the
damage was not structural, but the stadium's ambitious roof design certainly had its complications, both
financially and in terms of public perception.63 This initial setback also began the grandstand structure's
long history of non-structural cracking, creating somewhat of a public and governmental perception of the
stadium as a damaged place even before it was eventually shut down in 1992.
Miami Marine Stadium was designed and built to be the world capital for powerboat racing. The basin
itself was designed to be the perfect location to hold a powerboat race, with a shape matching the
speedways used in automobile racing, and dredged islands and inlets designed and intended to serve as
lap markers and pit areas for quick repairs. Unlimited hydroplane powerboats are fast and loud, and the
sights and sounds of the boat races were intended to stand out against the natural backdrops of Virginia
62 Dick Knight, "Shownman Lou Walters Wins Miami Marine Stadium Lease," The Miami Herald, May 1, 1964.
63 Dick Knight, "`Noble Experiment' Costs City $30,000," The Miami Herald, May 12, 1964.
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Key's beaches and trees, as well as the city of Miami skyline, and were amplified by the clam -shaped
design of the stadium. The stadium was built explicitly to host the annual Orange Bowl Regatta, but over
the years it accumulated other traditions, including the annual national championships of the American
Power Boat Association, which governed and regulated powerboat racing in the United States.
Races at Miami Marine Stadium either went for a set distance or for a
length of time. One prominent recurring race at Miami Marine
Stadium was the Mike Gordon 100, named after a successful Miami -
area racer and restaurateur. The race was 100 miles long, and
generally lasted around 80 minutes.64 The prizes for the Mike Gordon
100 ran in the tens of thousands of dollars, with the 1981 iteration
having a prize of $30,000.65 The stadium also often featured
endurance races, some running for up to nine hours, usually featuring
two pilots per boat. These competitions were as much about tenacity
as they were about speed, ending with racers being sore for days and
being bruised or worse.66
Miami Marine Stadium, in addition to hosting powerboat races, also
developed a rich culture surrounding the races and boating in general.
During a race, the area between the grandstand and the pit area came
to be known as "Has Been Point," where the former star racers who
had fallen out of competitiveness would congregate.67 The stadium
also served as a place where corporations would introduce innovations
in the powerboating design field. The grandstand and basin allowed
for press gathering and demonstration. For instance, Outboard Marine
Corporation introduced an outboard motor version of the Wankel
Rotary Engine at Miami Marine Stadium.b8 With the stadium being
designed to be the center of a global brand of sporting event, and assuming an important role in the
sport's yearly traditions, it assumed a legendary status within the powerboating community in the almost -
three decades it was open.
Figure 6: Performer Jimmy Buffett leaping
into the waters of the Marine Stadium's basin
prior to a 1985 performance at Miami Marine
Stadium (turned into the 1986 recording Live
by the Bay). The boats surrounding Buffett had
paid a ticket fee to gain access to the basin.
Source: Coral Gables Museum
64 "Duff Daily Memory," If Seats Could Talk, Collection of Donald Worth.
65 John Crouse, "Duct -Taped Duff Does it Again in Miami .... Overcomes Crazy Horse and Ground Gears," Powerboat, March
1981,62.
66 "Bob Halstead Memory," If Seats Could Talk, Collection of Donald Worth.
67 "Earle Hall Memory," If Seats Could Talk, Collection of Donald Worth
68 "Charles Strang Memory," If Seats Could Talk, Collection of Donald Worth.
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Miami Marine Stadium was also a prolific venue for musical performances, ranging from ja77, to folk, to
rock and roll. The stadium featured acts by Lauded performers Dave Brubeck and Cab Calloway, a concert
by Peter, Paul, and Mary, and performances by The Who, Queen, Kansas, Jimmy Buffett, Gloria Estefan
and the Miami Sound machine, and many more.69 Concerts could be viewed from the grandstand or from
private boats. Both methods required the purchase of tickets, with boats paying prices based upon their
length. Boat ticket prices went as high as $40 for a craft 15 feet or larger, but there was no limit as to how
many people could be on board.' Boats viewing the concert would attempt to get as close to the floating
stage as possible, and sometimes visitors would hop in the water to watch the performance from directly
next to the stage. Some concert -goers would even attempt to climb onto the stage from the water.' The
design of the performance space at Miami Marine Stadium, with performers playing from a floating stage
close to the grandstand, surrounded by boats and paddlers, created an atmosphere of intimacy and
intensit
Figure 7: Annual Easter Sunrise services were held at Miami Marine
Stadium until 1992. The services brought in speakers from all around
the world, welcoming people of all denominations. Source: Collection
of Owen Blauman
Aside from powerboat races and concerts,
assorted other event types were held at Miami
Marine Stadium. From the mid-1960s until
the stadium closed in 1992, the stadium held
an annual Easter Sunrise Service, an
interdenominational event which packed the
grandstand and brought in boat visitors, much
like a concert. The event usually featured
prominent speakers, such as boxer George
Forman, or Moishe Rosen, founder of the
non-profit. Jews for Jesus. The event would
start at 6:00 A.M., before sunrise, and would
usually have a packed house.72 The stadium
also hosted wrestling events, including an
appearance by the famous WWE wrestler
Dusty Rhodes, who was thrown into the
water from the performance float.73 In 1968,
69 Marine Stadium Events with City Input [Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet], Collection of Donald Worth.
70 "Bob Smith Memory," If Seats Could Talk, Collection of Donald Worth.
71 "The Immensity of Intensity: 1976 — Lynyrd Skynyrd at Miami Marine Stadium, by Neil Harden," If Seats Could Talk, Collection
of Donald Worth.
7z "Dr. Frank Jacobs Memory," If Seats Could Talk, Collection of Donald Worth.
13 "Frank Mercado -Valdes Memory," If Seats Could Talk, Collection of Donald Worth.
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SIGNIFICANCE
during a statewide teachers' strike, Miami's striking teachers held a rally at Miami Marine Stadium, and
packed the house.74 In 1969, poet Allen Ginsberg performed at Miami Marine Stadium, with his
microphone being shut off by City of Miami Police in response to his criticism of the police force,
comparing them to the oppressiveness of Soviet law enforcement. He
was eventually granted a free new performance by a Federal judge, after
the judge decided that Ginsberg's first amendment rights had been
abridged.75 In 1972, a year when both the Democratic and Republican
National Conventions were held in Miami Beach, Richard Nixon
attended a youth rally at Miami Marine Stadium, and was introduced
and hugged by performer Sammy Davis, Jr.76 In 1985, in the wake of
riots in Overtown, the city of Miami's historic black community,
members of University of Miami's Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity
petitioned the city for a grant application to host a Miss Collegiate Black
America contest, which was held at Miami Marine Stadium.77 Miami
Marine Stadium was one of many performance venues in the Greater
Miami area, but the sheer variety of events it hosted, as well as the
prominence of some of them, demonstrate that it was one of the premier
options in the city at the time. Even though the stadium was shut down
in the wake of Hurricane Andrew in 1992, its uniqueness and the open
feel of its performance space grant it a special feeling in the memories
of older Miamians.
ARCHITECTURAL SIGNIFICANCE
Miami Marine Stadium is significant at the local level under Criterion C in the area of Architecture. The
lead architect on the project, Hilario Candela, and the lead engineer, Jack Meyer, collaborated on the
stadium, which is a locally significant example of the Brutalist design philosophy and aesthetics. The
Candela/Meyer partnership spawned a grandstand structure characterized by its long soaring cantilevered
roof, a project defined by its use of poured concrete as its primary
material. As a design intended to respond to Miami's maritime history Figure 8: Shot from the 1961 Brutalist-
and culture, built along the shore of a man-made engineered basin, Campus' Williamred Miami -Dade College North
CamPawley Center, designed
responding to the constant barrage of salt in the air and water, Miami by Hilario Candela. Candela loved to work
with concrete, as he would later do with
74 "Patricia Jennings Braynon MMS Memory," If Seats Could Talk, Collection of Donald Miami Marine Stadium. Source: Miami
75 "Jerry Powers Memory," If Seats Could Talk, Collection of Don Worth. Brutaiism Tumblr
7e Lauren Walser. "If Seats Could Talk: Richard Nixon and Sammy David Jr. Share the Stage at Miami Marine Stadium,"
Savingplaces.org , https://savingplaces.org/stories/if-seats-could-talk-richard-nixon-and-sammy-davis jr-share-the-stage-at-miami-
marine-stadium (Accessed July 19, 2017).
77 "Frank Mercado -Valdes Memory," If Seats Could Talk, Collection of Donald Worth.
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SIGNIFICANCE
Marine Stadium encapsulates a mid-century ethos of imagination and ambition, as well as echoing the
unpolished concrete appearance of many structures and buildings from the era.
Brutalism Context
Miami Marine Stadium follows the basic tenets of Brutalist architecture. The Brutalist movement, which
was extremely prolific in institutional architecture from the mid-1950s to the 1970s, is characterized by its
use of concrete, a simple inexpensive material that is free of pretension and adornment. The name of the
movement derives from the French term beton brut, meaning "raw concrete," coined by Swiss -French
architect Le Corbusier. Brutalism, as an architectural movement, was expressed internationally, generally
in large projects, such as office and apartment buildings. Brutalism also was common in college
architecture in the mid-century period, including in South Florida. In the Miami area, mid-century
Brutalist architecture is very common, including the 1968 Hialeah City Hall designed by Hernando
Acosta, the 1961 Miami -Dade College North campus designed by Hilario Candela, and the 1980s
Metrorail stations. Brutalism is defined primarily by the use of concrete as a material, repetitive patterned
geometric forms, and transparency and exposure of structural elements.78
Miami Marine Stadium as a Brutalist Structure
Candela's design for Miami Marine Stadium is intended to communicate to a viewer or visitor its
purpose, both in the context of it being a waterside entertainment venue, and in terms of it being
characteristic of Miami's mid-century aspirations. Candela described the stadium as "an architecture for
that place where the land and the sea kiss."79 Symbolic of Miami's position as a tropical waterside
community, the sentiment shown through Miami Marine Stadium's architecture expresses the tone of the
marine without being explicitly designed in a programmatic manner. The repetitive rise and fall of the
roof, situated symmetrically throughout the grandstand, resembles ocean waves. The impression of the
grandstand's cantilevered roof and seating area descending to the waterline resembles an opened clam
shell. The span of the cantilevered roof, stretching out over the water unsupported, tethered only by its
base at the back end of the structure, gives the impression of a kite gliding through the air. The naked
concrete of the structure, demonstrating a Brutalist philosophy, connotes a lack of pretension, an honesty,
with all of the structural elements of the grandstand being clearly visible.
The effusive projecting concrete cantilever, at the time the longest in the world, demonstrates the mid-
century aesthetic of attempting to break barriers and prove that more and more things were becoming
7B `Brutalist Architecture," Saylor.org, https://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/05Brutalist-architecture.pdf(Accessed
July 27, 2017).
79 Jorge L. Hernandez, "The Fruits of Hemispheric Stewardship," Preservation Today, 2009, 33.
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possible.8° The concrete construction of the structure took advantage of one of Brutalism's signature
materials, one which could be poured into any shape. The roof's hyperbolic paraboloids toward the end of
the cantilever, made out of concrete shell, were an imaginative expression of a common shape in MiMo
architecture, while the folded concrete planes showed strength and solidness. Miami Marine Stadium is a
triumphant example of monumental Miami architecture, demonstrating the philosophy of Brutalism in a
location designed for both sporting and artistic entertainment.
Miami Marine Stadium has received recognition from DoCoMoMo,81 the World Monuments Fund,82 the
National Trust for Historic Preservation,83 and the Getty Foundation84 as an outstanding example of mid-
century design.
8° Rosa Lowiger, John Fidler, Marjorie Lynch, and Kelly Ciociola, "MMS-CONSOL: Concrete Solutions," Getty Foundation Keeping
it Modern Initiative, 2016, 3.
'Jean -Francois Lejeune, "Preserving the Miami Marine Stadium (1962-1964): Tropical Brutalism, Society of Leisure, and Ethnic
Identity," Docomomo-us.org, http://docomomo-us.org/news/preserving-the-miami-marine-stadium-1962-64-tropiical-brutalism-
society-of-leisure-and-ethnic-identity (Accessed August 18, 2017).
82 "A Closer Look: Miami Marine Stadium," Wmforg, https://www.wmforg/project/miami-marine-stadium (Accessed August 18,
2017).
83 "National Treasures: Miami Marine Stadium," Savingplaces.org, https://savingplaces.org/places/miami-marine-stadium#.WZcef-
mQxhE (August 18, 2017).
84 "Keeping it Modern: 2014 Grants Awarded," Getty.edu,
http://www.getty.edu/foundation/initiatives/currentfkeeping_it_modern/grants_awarded.html (Accessed August 18, 2017),
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MAJOR BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
"1926 — Great Miami Hurricane," Hurricanescience.org,
http://www.hurricanescience.org/history/storms/1920s/GreatMiami/ (Accessed July 12, 2017).
"2016 Orange Bowl Sponsorship Brochure," Issuu.com
https://issuu.com/karolmarsden/does/2016_orange_bowl_sponsorship_brochu (Accessed July 14, 2017)
"A Closer Look: Miami Marine Stadium," Wmf.org, https://www.wmf.org/project/miami-marine-stadium
(Accessed August 18, 2017).
"Aerial View of the "Prinz Valdemar" Overturned in the Ship Channel," Floridamemory.com,
https://www.floridamemory.com/items/show/35982 (Accessed July 12, 2017).
Blank, Joan Gill, Key Biscayne: A History of Miami's Tropical Island and the Cape Florida Lighthouse, 1996.
Brainerd, Michael L, Tumialan, J. Gustavo, and Bronski, Matthew B, "Evaluating Current Conditions of Miami
Marine Stadium," Concrete International, February 2011.
Brown, Nathan, "Form, Use, and Sustainability: A Geometric and Structural Feasibility Study of Hypar Shells,"
(bachelor's thesis, Princeton University, 2012), 97-98.
"Brutalist Architecture," Saylor.org, https://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Brutalist-
architecture.pdf (Accessed July 27, 2017).
Burke, Ralph H, Master Plan and Feasibility Study of Miami Marine Stadium, (Ralph H. Burke Inc., Chicago,
1962).
Burley, Paul, "Ralph H. Burke: Early Innovator of Chicago 0' Hare International Airport," Northwestern.edu,
http://www.li brary.northwestern.edu/l ibraries-col lections/transportation/co llection/o-hare-at-
50/research-materials/ralph-h-burke.html (Accessed July 26, 2017).
Correspondence with Miami Marine Stadium architect Hilario Candela, August 17, 2017, located at Florida
Division of Historical Resources.
Crouse, John, "Duct -Taped Duff Does it Again in Miami .... Overcomes Crazy Horse and Ground Gears,"
Powerboat, March 1981, 62.
NPS Form 1 O-900-a OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
(8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES
CONTINUATION SHEET
Section number 9 Page 2 MIAMI MARINE STADIUM
MIAMI, MIAMI-DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA
MAJOR BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
David, Aurora E, "The Development of the Major Commerical Airlines in Dade County, Florida: 1945-1970,"
Tequesta: The Journal of the Historical Association of Southern Florida, (Miami, Historical Association
of Southern Florida, Number XXXII), 1972.
"Grafitti Gives Abandoned Miami Stadium a Second Life," PBS.org. http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/graffiti-
art-gives-abandoned-miami-stadium-second-life (accessed July 11, 2017).
Greene, Juanita, "Marine Stadium Showdown Slated," The Miami Herald, July 22, 1963.
Harrison, Carlos, "Miami Romance: Saving Architect Hilario Candela's Beloved Stadium," Preservation,
Spring 2013.
Hernandez, Jorge L., "The Fruits of Hemispheric Stewardship," Preservation Today, 2009, 33.
"Huge Marine Stadium Proposed for Miami," The Miami Herald, November 11, 1961.
If Seats Could Talk, Collection of Donald Worth.
"Interama: Miami and the Pan-American Dream," Historymiami.org,
http://www.historymiami.org/fastspot/museum/exhibitions/details/interama/index.html (Accessed July
13, 2017).
"Interview with Jack Meyer — Engineer of Miami Marine Stadium," 2010, Collection of Donald Worth.
Jordan, Rob,"Preserving the Miami Marine Stadium," Dwell.com,
https://www.dwell.comlcollection/preserving-the-miami-marine-stadium-19715133 (Accessed July 20,
2017).
"Keeping it Modem: 2014 Grants Awarded," Getty.edu,
http://www.getty.edu/foundation/initiatives/current/keeping_it modernlgrants_awarded.html (Accessed
August 18, 2017).
Knight, Dick, "It's Smooth Sailing for Sea Stadium," The Miami Herald, December 10, 1963.
Knight, Dick,"`Noble Experiment' Costs City $30,000," The Miami Herald, May 12, 1964.
Knight, Dick, "Showman Lou Walters Wins Miami Marine Stadium Lease," The Miami Herald, May 1, 1964.
NPS Form 10-900-a OMB Approve! No. 1024-0018
(8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES
CONTINUATION SHEET
Section number 9 Page 3 MIAMI MARINE STADIUM
MIAMI, MIAMI-DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA
MAJOR BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
Lejeune, Jean -Francois, "Preserving the Miami Marine Stadium (1962-1964): Tropical Brutalism, Society of
Leisure, and Ethnic Identity," Docomomo-us.org, http://docomomo-us.org/news/preserving-the-miami-
marine-stadium-1962-64-tropical-brutalism-society-of-leisure-and-ethnic-identity (Accessed August 18,
2017).
Lejeune, Jean -Francois, "Miami's Marine Stadium," Miami Modern Metropolis: Paradise and Paradox in
Midcentury Architecture and Planning, (Balcony Press, 2009).
Livingston, Grant. "The Annexation of the City of Coconut Grove," Tequesta: The Journal of the Historical
Association of Southern Florida, (Miami, Historical Association of Southern Florida, Number LX),
2000.
Lowiger, Rosa; Fidler, John; Lynch, Marjorie; and Ciociola, Kelly, "MMS-CONSOL: Concrete Solutions,"
Getty Foundation Keeping it Modern Initiative, 2016.
Marine Stadium Events with City Input [Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet], Collection of Donald Worth.
Miami -Dade County Department of Planning & Zoning, Miami -Dade County Facts.
"Miami Marine Stadium Restoration Phase 1 Executive Summary," Prepared by RJ Heisenbottle Architects
P.A., Coral Gables, 2017,
Mohl, Raymond A, "Changing Economic Patterns in the Miami Metropolitan Area, 1940-1980," Tequesta: The
Journal of the Historical Association of Southern Florida, (Miami, Historical Association of Southern
Florida, Number XLII), 1982.
Morgan, Richard, "Q&A: The Miami Marine Stadium's Architect on Its Past and Future," Metropolismag.com,
http://www. metropolismag. comlarchitecture/qa-the-miami-marine-stadium s-architect-on-its-past-and-
future/ (Accessed July 17, 2017).
Mormino, Gary R, "Midas Returns: Miami Goes to War, 1941-1945," Tequesta: The Journal of the Historical
Association of Southern Florida, (Miami, Historical Association of Southern Florida, Number LVII),
1997.
"National Treasures: Miami Marine Stadium," Savingplaces.org, https://savingplaces.org/places/miami-marine-
stadium#.WZcef-mQxhE (August 18, 2017).
NPS Form 10-900-a OM8 Approval No. 1024-0018
(8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES
CONTINUATION SHEET
Section number
9
Page 4
MIAMI MARINE STADIUM
MIAMI, MIAMI-DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA
MAJOR BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
Nash, Eric P. & Robinson, Randall C. Jr., MiMo: Miami Modern Revealed, (Chronicle Books, San Francisco,
2004).
Nielsen, Kirk, "A Historic Dip," Miami New Times, April 8, 1999.
Revels, Tracy J, Sunshine Paradise: A History of Florida Tourism, (University Press of Florida, Gainesville,
2011).
"Southward Ho!" Motor Boating: The Yachtsmen's Magazine, July 1946.
State of Florida Inter -American Center Authority, Interama Fact Sheet, (Miami, 1967).
State of Florida Inter -American Center Authority, Interama Fact Sheet No.5, (Miami, 1965).
Truman, Harry S, "Proclamation 2962—Inter-American Cultural and Trade Center," Presidency.ucsb.edu,
http://www.presidency.uesb.edu/ws/?pid=87316 (Accessed July 13, 2017).
United States Cong. Providing for recognition and endorsement of the Inter American Cultural and Trade
Center, 81st Cong. H.J. Res 511.64 Stat. 1075 (1950).
Walser, Lauren, "If Seats Could Talk: Richard Nixon and Sammy David Jr. Share the Stage at Miami Marine
Stadium," Savingplaces.org, https://savingplaces.orglstories/if-seats-could-talk-richard-nixon-and-
sammy-davis jr-share-the-stage-at-miami-marine-stadium (Accessed July 19, 2017).
"Water Show Wows 4,000," The Miami Herald, December 28, 1963.
What's Interama? A Fair and More, (Reprinted from The North Dade Journal, February 25, 1965).
Wilson, F. Page, "Miami: From Frontier to Metropolis: An Appraisal," Tequesta: The Journal of the Historical
Association of Southern Florida, (Miami, Historical Association of Southern Florida, Number XIV),
1954.
NPS Form 10-900-a OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
(8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES
CONTINUATION SHEET
Section number 10 Page 1 MIAMI MARINE STADIUM
MIAMI, MIAMI-DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA
GEOGRAPHICAL DATA
Verbal Boundary Description
1718544228.495ACMIL
BEG 1709.52FTW & 1954.40FTNW OF
SE COR OF SEC TH N 45 DEG W
3075FT S 00 DEG W 650FT 45 DEG
E2620FT N 44 DEG E 460FT TO POB
LESS BEG 1709FTS & 1954.40FTNW OF
To the West 100 ft extending from the Stadium Structure, To the East 100 ft extending from the Stadium
Structure, To the South extending to the north edge of Rickenbacker Causway, To the North comprising the full
perimeter/area of the basin inclusive of the two islands. See attached map.
Boundary Justification
The above property description contains all of the historic resources associated with Miami Marine Stadium.
NPS Form 10-900-a OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
(8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES
CONTINUATION SHEET
Section number Photos Page 1
MIAMI MARINE STADIUM
MIAMI, MIAMI-DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA
PHOTO LIST
LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS
1. Miami Marine Stadium
2. 3501 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami (Miami -Dade County), Florida
3. Pablo Quinones-Cordero
4. April 13, 2017
5. RJ Heisenbottle Architects Archives
6. South -East Elevation, Ground Level Looking Northeast
7. Photo 1 of 8
Numbers 1-2 and 5 are the same for the remaining photographs
3. Juan Alcala
4. January 31, 2017
6. General View of Grandstands from Lower Grandstands, Looking West/Northwest
7. Photo 2 of 8
3. Juan Alcala
4. January 31, 2017
6. Column Detail — Ground Level Looking Southeast
7. Photo 3 of 8
3. Juan Alcala
4. January 31, 2017
6. South -East Grandstand Entrance Ramp & Column Detail — Ground Level Looking East
7. Photo 4 of 8
3. Pablo Quinones-Cordero
4, February 18, 2017
6. South -East Elevation from Water Looking West/Northwest
7. Photo 5 of 8
3. Pablo Quinones-Cordero
4. February 18, 2017
6. South -East Elevation, Ground Level Looking Northeast
7. Photo 6 of 8
NPS Form 10-900-a OMB Approval No. 1024-0018
(8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES
CONTINUATION SHEET
Section number Photos Page 2
MIAMI MARINE STADIUM
MIAMI, MIAMI-DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA
PHOTO LIST
3. Pablo Quinones-Cordero
4. January 31, 2017
6. Upper Grandstands - Looking East/Southeast
7. Photo 7 of 8
3. Pablo Quinones-Cordero
4. April 13, 2017
6. Ticket Booth — Looking North/Northwest
7. Photo 8 of 8
LOCATION MAP Qf MAD INS STAQILIM cr, p MuNl. i
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4,
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MARINE STADIUM
F"I
SITE PLAN AND INDEX
Figure 1: Site Plan
l
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,,, 11 1 ie. I H oy
* w^l Il.e.
idlawk.1 LOW
INDEX OF , DRAWINGS
m+la h.I Iu
C- 1 SITE PLAN AND INDES IOF DRAWINGS
C• 3 SASE BID AND ALTERNATE
ARCh1ITECTU.RAL
A- 1 GROUND FLOOR PLAN - EAST AREA
A- 2 GRO4NO FLOOR PLAN - WEST AREA
•- 3 IEE2ANINE FLOOR PLAN - EAST AREA
A - 4 MEZZANINE FLOOR PLAN • WEST AREA
A- 3 SEATING DECK PLAN
A- 6 TELEVISION PLATFORM DETAILS
A- 7 ELEVATIONS
A- S RAILING LATOUT AND DETAILS
A- 9 CONCESSION BUILDING, ELEVATIONS, PLANS AND DETAILS
A-10 INTERIOR ILEVATIONS - CONCESSION BUILDING, SCNEOULES AND DETAILS
A•II ENTRANCE PAYING AND TICKET RODIN, PLANS AND DETAILS
$.TRUCTURAL
4- l FOUNDATION PLAN AND GENERAL NOTES
S- E 9ROUNO FLOOR FRAYING PLAN
S - 5 MEZZANINE FRAYING PLAN
5- 4 SEATING OECA FRAYING PLAN
D-5 ROOF FRAMING PLAN
5- S STRUCTURAL SECTION - COL. LINE I
9-7 STRUCTURAL SECTION • COL. LINE 1
■• ■ STRUCTURAL SECTION • COL. LINE 14
l• 9 STRUCTURAL SECTION • COL. LINE 7
5.10 FOIINDAT ION SEC T10NS AND DETAILS
i-11 PLAN AND SECTIONS AT LOW VOMITORY'
9-12 PART PLAN OF MEZZ AMINE AT VOMITORY
9-IS STRUCTURAL SECTIONS, GROUND FLOOR AND hi -MANIAC FR AMINO
S-F4 STRUCTURAL LEC710NS • ROOF
1-IS BEAM SCHEDULE
S - IS GIRDER REINFORCING DETAILS
S -17 MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURAL DETAILS
* -IS TYPICAL STRUCTURAL DETAILS
YEC1iAEl1CAL
M- 1 PLUMK,RNS EAST AREA
Y- 2 FL UNe1MG • REST AREA
M• 3 Pimiento. ISOMETRIC AND 817E •LAN r
Y• 4 AM COMER TIIFto. AMA NE.1
QQNRT111TIDN
Y• S PLUBIBINA ►IRO VENTILATION _ CONCESSION 112401R6
ELECTRICAL
E- I IMROLE LINE DI MS, PANELBOARD SCMEDULEN• I- FIN E FIN ST FLOOR ROOM* UNDER STANO, LEGEND
E- 3 RECORD FLOOR ROOMS UNDER STAND. LIGHT INS iierURE 1CFHOULE
E • 4 GRANDSTAND LIGHTING PLAN, ROOF PLAN AND DETAILS
E- S SECTION TNRU GRANDSTAND, PLATFORM UNDER ROOF,
CONCESSION SLOG., TICKET ROOTN AND OE TAILS 1 sE
RteMlFliwa
oX
OIGNUN ASSUL1A2 EA MN. 3"TtI 4'G
2 4. 1 `i k k ,I`T - I UL11RU ENGINEERS =. (i'I *psi W •
TARN a',cI4ST (CRCYUi4D. 6A F161I. 4KEEL! L. &OWL,.
OF DRAWINGSj F.IOrr CONGULTIMG A,*LNITELT4
NIFRI fluYi""
1715c, 37--32-
o}- - - - gF
�t 1
•
O
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Tri
1=-
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— _ .i! •mod _._'-s— rt.IiYI `-'
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v—_....._ - ..ter - u i`-,-r
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__
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Figure 2: Seating Deck Plan
,
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ic.•
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4,1'4
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MARINE STADIUM
ELEVATIONS
L-
'JOIE
A. LI
r.VAI
AIX 1,11e, •
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ilLrr
• I 1“1110110,uun, sum, a avini,aw
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- ENG{ilf..f.W5
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Figure 3: Elevations
Miami Marine Stadium
3501 Rickenbacker Causeway
Miami, Miami -Dade Co.
Florida
Lat./Long. Coordinates:
25.743573-80.171978
UTM:
17R 583259 2847478
Datum: WGS84
Legend
Proposed NR Boundary
Date 8/18/2017 N
11a.aoa
0 425 850 1,700
Feet
Meters
0 105 210 420
Basemap Source Source Esri,
DigitalGlobe. GeoEye. Earthstar
Geographies. CNES/Airbus DS.
USDA, USGS.AEX. Getmapping.
Aerogrid. IGN. IGP, swisstopo.
and the GIS User Community
Miami Marine Stadium
3501 Rickenbacker Causeway
Miami. Miami -Dade Co.
Florida
BISCAYNE I
AQUATIC PRE'
Lat /Long_ Coordinates
25.743573 -80 171978
UTM:
17R 583259 2847478
Datum- WNGS84
Legend
Proposed PJR Boundary
Date 8/18/2017 N
1 10.000
0 425 850
A
1.700
Feet
Meters
0 105 210 420
Basemap Source Source Esri
DigitalGlobe. GeoEye. Earthstar
Geographics. ONES/Airbus DS.
USDA. USGS AEX Getmapping
Aerogrid. IGN.IGP swisstopo.
and the GIS User Community