HomeMy WebLinkAboutActive Design MiamiDESIGN & POLICY STRATEGIES FOR HEALTHIER COMMUNITIES
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ACTIVE DESIGN
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DESIGN & POLICY STRATEGIES FOR HEALTHIER COMMUNITIES
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
5 INTRODUCTIONS
Miami Center For Architecture & Design and
The Miami Chapter of the American Institute of Architects
Florida Department of Health
7 ACTIVE DESIGN MIAMI I AN INTRODUCTION
15 CHAPTER ONE
Community Context & Vision
31 CHAPTER TWO
Parks & Open Space
45 CHAPTER THREE
Development Patterns
58 CHAPTER FOUR
Transportation & Mobility
72 CHAPTER FIVE
Buildings
85 CHAPTER SIX
Case Studies
101 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
104 PHOTOGRAPHY CREDITS
4
INTRODUCTIONS
MIAMI CENTER FOR ARCHITECTURE & DESIGN
AND THE MIAMI CHAPTER OF AMERICAN
INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
On a business trip to New York City in 2008, Cheryl Jacobs, then Director
of Community Relations at Zyscovich Architects, learned of Active
Design Guidelines, that had been developed by the City of New York
and the American Institute of Architects New York. Understanding how
much of an impact design can have on our health and well-being, Ms.
Jacobs was struck by how relevant the work could be in communities
across the country, especially South Florida. That visit proved to be
the catalyst for what would become Active Design Miami.
Through her involvement with the Health & the Built Environment
Committee of the Consortium for a Healthier Miami -Dade and the Fit
City Miami Symposia, an opportunity became available to develop
Miami's version of Active Design and in October 2015, the Florida
Department of Health, funded through a grant from the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, contracted the Miami Center for
Architecture & Design (MCAD) to develop Active Design Miami (ADM).
Work began immediately with a clear first priority: create a
collaborative, open process that would enable the Active Design
Miami team to develop a set of strategies ideally suited to Miami's
context and needs. Following New York's successful model, the Active
Design Miami Advisory Council was organized and included
representation from multiple sectors including urban planning,
architecture and design professions, public health, transportation,
municipal agencies, universities, consultants, foundations, and local
community organizations. The successful development of Active
Design Miami has in large part been due to the insight and experience
contributed by this extensive and diverse group.
Please use these strategies to create special experiences throughout
our communities that bridge health and design!
AIA
Miami
MIAMI CENTER FOR ARCHITECTURE 8 DESIGN
FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
Miami -Dade County has a profound understanding of the need for
improved access to physical activity opportunities among its residents.
Incorporating physical activity into everyday life is a crucial aspect to
helping Miami -Dade County and the State of Florida reach the goal
of becoming the Healthiest State in the Nation. Substantial evidence
demonstrates that having Healthy Community Designs can positively
affect the public's health by encouraging active transportation and
active recreation while providing access to healthy foods.
In an effort to provide improved access to physical activity opportunities,
the Florida Department of Health in Miami -Dade County worked
conjointly with the Miami Center for Architecture & Design and The
Miami Chapter of the American Institute of Architects to develop the
Active Design strategies. Active Design Miami is tailored specifically to
accommodate Miami's unique makeup and diverse population.
The Miami Center for Architecture & Design is partially funded
through the Partnerships to Improve Community Health (PICH) grant,
which allows them to create these guidelines. Active Design Miami
is destined to be utilized by the County, municipalities and communities.
The Consortium for a Healthier Miami-Dade's Health and the Built
Environment committee provided a platform for various partners in
the community to contribute their valuable expertise to this venture.
The Florida Department of Health in Miami -Dade County is committed
to our partners and confident that through partnerships such as
these, we will continue to actively work towards creating an environment
that promotes physical activity and an overall healthier lifestyle by
incorporating active design into current and future projects.
CONSORTIUM
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HAPPEN HEALTH
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6
ACTIVE DESIGN MIAMI I AN INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS ACTIVE DESIGN, AND WHY
IS IT IMPORTANT?
"Design is not just what it looks like and feels like.
Design is how it works."
- STEVE JOBS
Active Design is an approach to shaping communities that leverages
evidence -based urban design and architecture solutions to improve
public health. Active Design recognizes that our buildings, streets and
neighborhoods influence day-to-day behavior, and directly impact
community wellbeing. For example, walkable streets and inviting
parks encourage regular physical activity, while congested corridors
and sprawling development patterns discourage movement on foot.
Origins of Active Design
The concept of Active Design originated in New York City, where a
cross -sector, multi -disciplinary collaboration resulted in the
development of Active Design Guidelines: Promoting Physical Activity
and Health in Design. Published in 2010, the Guidelines translate
health research into design strategies that support a more livable
city, where residents can easily incorporate physical activity and
make healthier choices everyday.' The publication has inspired
communities around the world to elevate design as a crucial tool
for addressing health issues.
"Architects are public health workers... because we have
an influence on America's public health that we're only
now beginning to grasp."
- REAR ADMIRAL BORIS LUSHNIAK
Acting US Surgeon General 2014
Today's global epidemic of chronic diseases is driven by a range of
factors — including the powerful impact of the built environment. To
reverse negative health trends, the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) recommends that communities focus on supporting
healthy eating and active living in a variety of settings.
8
The International Physical Activity and Environment
Network (IPEN) released their findings on an
international study connecting city design to physical
activityand health. IPEN found that residents of
"Activity Friendly" neighborhoods worldwide did 90
minutes more physical activity than their counterparts
in less active neighborhoods.2
Active Design Miami
Miami -Dade County faces a number of challenges that can benefit
from use of Active Design strategies. The region is experiencing many
common health concerns, including rising obesity and chronic disease
rates, and high rates of depression and other mental health issues.
In many areas, single -use development patterns and car -centric street
designs prioritize automobiles over people, neglecting the potential
for shared use of roads by pedestrians, bicyclists, and transit users.
Public parks and plazas are often limited in their effectiveness due
to a lack of accessibility, a limited range of activities, and the absence
of shade, seating, water fountains, and other amenities that support
user comfort. The combined effect of these development patterns
reduces the likelihood of residents engaging in physical activity, while
increasing commute times and social isolation.
Miami -Dade is experiencing significant demographic shifts and a
reorientation toward urban Living. Active Design Miami (ADM)
capitalizes on this surge of attention and collaborative interest
around identifying design solutions to support healthy living. Active
Design Miami builds upon local priorities, needs, and development
contexts to provide a toolkit for both short- and long-term action
to improve community health and wellbeing.
HOW DO WE KNOW THESE STRATEGIES WORK?
The strategies found in Active Design Miami are based on decades
of research and theory connecting design with mental, physical, and
social health outcomes. Strategies were developed with input from
a range of local advisors as well as the Center for Active Design, a
leading non-profit organization using design to foster healthy and
engaged communities. The Center for Active Design drew upon its
extensive research database to ensure each ADM strategy is supported
by evidence, including peer -reviewed journals, expert reports, and
best practices from professional associations. Supporting references
for the strategies can be found at the end of each chapter.
9
HOW SHOULD ACTIVE DESIGN MIAMI BE USED?
Active Design Miami was created with diverse audiences in mind,
recognizing that everyone who influences the design of communities
has the ability to impact health. Active Design Miami can be used by
a wide range of professionals to:
• Inform specific design projects. Architects, health professionals,
planners, urban designers, landscape architects, engineers, and
developers are presented ideas and insights for incorporating
health into upcoming projects.
• Shape local policies and plans. Representatives of government
agencies, user groups such as cyclists, transit advocates, residents,
health practitioners and representatives of community organizations
can use ADM strategies to inform policy and the development of
community/neighborhood plans.
• Support thought leaders. Institutions and NGOs such as
universities and colleges with public health, public administration,
urban planning and design, architecture and landscape architecture
departments and community or health -related foundations can
use Active Design Miami as a resource for developing thought
leadership and programmatic strategies that seek to improve
health through design.
• Inspire community action. Health professionals, advocates,
organizations, and students are encouraged to incorporate active
design concepts and strategies into discussions and action plans.
Active Design Miami can provide a basis for brainstorming and
prototyping sessions, in which groups are invited to identify
selected strategies and initiate hands-on local demonstration
projects to address specific needs.
Active Design Miami invites readers of all backgrounds to use this
publication as an inspiring tool to understand the intersections of
health, urban design, and building design.
It is important to note that ADM strategies are not one -size fit all.
Recognizing Miami-Dade's diversity in terms of demographics,
development styles, and neighborhood challenges, users can select
the most appropriate strategies for their needs. Maximizing use of
ADM strategies can greatly enhance the health benefits of a project
or initiative.
10
ACTIVE DESIGN MIAMI I AT A. GLANCE
Four Areas of Opportunity
Strategies are organized into four chapters that represent key areas
of opportunity for enhancing community wellbeing. Each chapter
begins with a stated objective and a series of guiding questions to
quickly orient readers toward health priorities.
Ma
PARKS & OPEN SPACES
Strategies that address parks, public plazas, open
and green spaces, waterways (blueways), and other
public spaces.
DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS
Strategies that focus on land use, community
development, and planning practices.
TRANSPORTATION & MOBILITY
Strategies that address pedestrian, bicycle,
automobile, and transit infrastructure and services.
BUILDINGS
Strategies that identify opportunities to enhance
health and well-being within, and immediately
surrounding, private and public buildings.
11
Active Design Miami is designed for ease of use and readability.
Information is organized into four strategic areas. Icons are used
throughout the publication to highlight particular points of interest,
and assist readers in gathering specific information quickly.
Three Types of Strategies
Strategies are further organized into three categories that
illustrate the general type of action or intervention required
for implementation.
■■■■
■■■■
Design strategies
Policy strategies
Programming strategies
A summary checklist capturing the full list of strategies from all
four areas can be found online at www.activedesignmiami.org.
12
INTRODUCTION REFERENCES
1. https://centerforactivedesign.org/guide-
lines/
2. Sallis, 2016; www.ipenproject.org
13
Downtown Miami, Florida
CHAPTER 1
COMMUNITY CONTEXT
& VISION
ACTIVE DESIGN Miami was developed through a collaborative process
to ensure that all strategies directly address Miami's needs and
priorities. To achieve this, a team of advisors began by reviewing
Miami -Dade County's growth, population dynamics, health indicators,
and development patterns.
MIAMI-DADE COUNTY HISTORY
Miami -Dade County was formed in 1836, incorporating a sizable
portion of what is now South Florida, extending from Indian Key
to Jupiter Inlet. When the City of Miami was incorporated in 1896,
the population in all of Miami -Dade County was still fewer than
1,000 residents.' By 1925 the county's land area was reduced to its
present-day size, while its population surpassed 110,000. By 1945,
the population nearly tripled to 315,000 residents.2
The development of Henry Flagler's railroad and an extensive trolley
system facilitated commercial activity that significantly contributed to
the development of the city and county. Over time, concerted efforts
of the automotive industry and rapid, unregulated land development
promoted car travel over all other transportation modes. By 1970, Miami
Dade's population reached 1,267,792 with continued immigration
being the greatest contributor to population growth.3
In the early 1920s and 1930s, a commuter could travel
between Coral Gables and Downtown Miami in 15
minutes using the streetcar and trolley network.
Today the trip can be up to 30 minutes in non -peak
travel hours alone.
Miami -Dade County Boundary, late 1800s; Miami -Dade County Boundary, present day.
17
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Travelers and a railcar at the FEC station in downtown Miami. 1950.
Passengers at the Florida East Coast Railway station in downtown Miami. Circa 1940.
The Colonnade Building, at the intersection of Coral Way and Ponce de Leon
Boulevard, was built in 1926 to house George Merrick's sales offices. Streetcars
and trolleys ran between Coral Gables and Miami from 1925 to 1935, and, within
the city, for an even shorter time.
20
Miami-Dade's development patterns (described by some as unbridled
sprawl), pushed the boundaries of the urbanized area south and west
into the fringes of the Florida Everglades, where land values decoupled
from municipal regulations and services enabled Lower housing prices,
and created opportunities for new and first generation residents
establishing roots in this community. As highways and other urban
services were extended to these developments, lower land costs
were, in effect, subsidized by the taxpayers. In the absence of additional
transportation services, driving became the dominant mode for
commuting and travel.
MIAMI-DADE COUNTY TODAY
Miami -Dade remains the most populous county in Florida with nearly
2.7 million residents and the seventh largest county by population in
the US.S Immigration is a major driver of Miami-Dade's demographic
and population dynamics. Miami -Dade is the county with the highest
percentage of foreign -born residents in the U.S., and the only place
where this population accounts for more than half of all residents.6
Miami-Dade's rapid growth occurred during an era when suburban
planning models shaped building and zoning regulations, while a
patchwork of governance models dictated the form of housing,
transportation, and public space. In some areas, this resulted in leafy
suburban neighborhoods; in others, setbacks and single -use zoning
restrictions generated adverse impacts. Demographic diversity as well
as disparities in municipal services has led the region to experience
a broad range of challenges, opportunities, and resource needs.
48%
Foreign Born
U.S. Born
MIAMI-DADE COUNTY FOREIGN BORN POPULATION7
21
MIAMI-DADE COUNTY POPULATION; 1896 - 2035
4,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
0
1900
1925
1950
1975
2000
2025
22
23
Across the county, the impact of car -centric development patterns
play a key role in residents' levels of physical activity and well being.
A recent study determined that the proximity of a resident's home to
Miami -Dade County's Urban Development Boundary (UDB) affected
physical activity, particularly walking. The study found an 11%
increase in "purposive walking" for each mile of distance a resident
lived away from the UDB and closer to the denser, more walkable
Central Business District.8
Approximately 68% of adults in Miami -Dade County are overweight
or obese, as are roughly 13% of high school students.9According to
the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' Healthy People
2020 initiative, Miami -Dade County ranks 61st out of 67 in health
outcomes in Florida. Poor nutrition and lack of physical activity are
the dominant contributors to these unfavorable health outcomes.10
Another study found that 35.5% of Miami -Dade residents reported
feeling sad and/or depressed every day over the last two years."
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Urban Development Boundary (2013) for Miami -Dade County.
24
A HOLISTIC VISION FOR HEALTH
In recent years, multiple studies have pointed to the inherent
connection between physical, mental, and social well-being.12
Recognizing this connection, Active Design Miami presents a
holistic approach to fostering health.
The combination of heart disease and depression
can cause twice the reduction in social interaction
than either condition alone.13
Up to 50% of cancer patients suffer from a mental
illness, especially depression and anxiety, and treating
symptoms of depression in cancer patients may
improve survival time.14
THE GOAL: CONNECTIVITY
The overall goal of Active Design Miami is to enhance connectivity in
order to improve health outcomes. Active Design Miami addresses
connectivity from two perspectives. Physical connectivity addresses
mobility, infrastructure, and various pathways linking neighborhoods
and public spaces. Social connectivity encourages social and
interpersonal connections that benefit individuals as well as the
broader community. Active Design strategies play a crucial role in
fostering both types of connectivity.
Safety is critical. Miami -Dade County is the fourth most
dangerous place to walk or bike in the United States.
This presents a major opportunity to enhance mobility
options to increase safety, usability, and activity along
bike and pedestrian corridors.
GUIDING PRINCIPLES
The collaborative process for developing Active Design Miami is
rooted in a set of guiding principles. The following principles
provided a foundation of considerations and ideals from which
the strategies emerged:
1. Physical, mental, and social health are interconnected and
together support overall well-being.
2. Safety is a critical priority. From a behavioral perspective, the
perception of safety is as important as safety indicators.
3. Inclusive and equitable design serves everyone in the community,
welcoming all ages, abilities, and backgrounds.
4. Knowledge and information sharing empower community
members and decision makers to make choices based on
measurable outcomes.
5. Sustainability is integrally linked with Active Design. Successful
implementation of ADM addresses individual, collective, and
ecological health.
It is Active Design Miami's intent that each of these principles remain
at the forefront of consideration as diverse practitioners use ADM
strategies to develop projects, policies, and practices that maximize
community wellbeing.
The Underline.
28
CHAPTER 1 REFERENCES
1. http://www.miamidade.gov/info/about_
miami-dade_history.asp
2. http://digitalcollections.fiu.edu/tequesta/
files/1946/46_1_06. pd f
3. http://www.miamidade.gov/planning/
library/reports/2009-miami-dade-county-
facts.pdf
4. http://flhousingdata.shimberg.ufl.edu/a/
population?action=results&nid=4300
(projected population)
5. http://www.floridacharts.com/Charts/
atlas/Population/PopAtlas2012/Com-
plete_Population_Atlas_2012.pdf
6. http://www.census.gov.edgehey-staging.
net/content/dam/Census/library/worh-
ing-papers/2012/demo/POP-twps0096. pdf
7. http://www.miamidade.gov/info/about_
miami-dade_statistics.asp
8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti-
cles/PMC4171193/
9. http://www.countyhealthranhings.org/
app/florida/2015/rankings/miami-dade/
county/outcomes/overall/snapshot
10. U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services' Healthy People 2020 initiative
11. http://www.countyhealthranhings.org/
app/florida/2015/rankings/miami-dade/
county/outcomes/overall/snapshot
12. http://www.who.int/bulletin/vol-
umes/91/1/12-115063.pdf
13. http://psychcentraLcom/lib/the-rela-
tionship-between-mental-and-physi-
cal-health/
14. http://www.who.int/bulletin/voI-
umes/91/1/12-115063.pdf
29
Lincoln Road, Miami Beach, Florida
CHAPTER 2
PARKS & OPEN SPACES
Parks and open spaces are essential to well-being.
Strong evidence links access to parks and open space
with increased levels of physical activity, reduced stress,
improved blood pressure and cholesterol & decreased
diagnosis of depression.'
OBJECTIVE
Create an easily accessible network of parks and open spaces for all
community members, within a close distance of residences.
"Vibrant spaces connect people to
a place and drive economic, social
and physical wellbeing."
- STUART KENNEDY
The Miami Foundation
32
InPARKS & OPEN SPACES DESIGN STRATEGIES
21 Ensure all residents have access to a park and/or green space within
a quarter mile of their home.2
In locations with a lack of available parcel, consider pocket parks that
can provide greenery, a place to sit outdoors, a playground, or fitness
circle on vacant building lots or other small, irregular pieces of land.
With many competing budgetary demands in local governments,
creative opportunities exist to expand parks through public -private
partnerships, land swaps with private developers, and park space
requirements for new development.
2.2 Design activity spaces that meet the needs of people of all
ages and abilities.3
Design parks and open spaces that promote physical activity for all
ages and abilities such as walking trails, gardens, and bike paths.
Consider locating these activity spaces near a network of multiple
modes of transportation including public transportation so that they
are accessible to all.
2.3 Expand opportunities for physical activity through a range of
affordable, easily accessible recreation facilities.4
Safe, easy to access walking paths or multi -use trails that support
walking, jogging, biking and skating, provide easy opportunities for
increased physical activity and recreation.
Provide lighting to enhance actual and perceived safety and encourage
evening use of walking paths and multi -use trails.
Fitness zones and community recreation centers in parks provide free
or low-cost access to a variety of fitness equipment and programs.
2.4 Ensure that parks, plazas, and playgrounds are easily accessible
to pedestrians and cyclists.s
Parks are an integral part of walking and biking infrastructure,
providing a safe traveling corridor for pedestrians and cyclists.
2.5 Provide amenities —such as trees, lighting, water fountains,
and seating —that enable people to enjoy spaces for longer
periods of time.6
Clean and accessible public restrooms and amenities, such as
moveable, outdoor furniture, encourage people to stay in spaces
for longer periods of time.
Given Miami -Dade County's subtropical climate, shade is critical for
encouraging activity and use of public spaces. Coverage, such as
shade structures and tree canopy, can provide adequate protection.
33
Public, free fitness equipment installed at Alice Wainwright Park in Miami
encourages parkgoers to get in some exercise while enjoying an amazing view! I
Moveable furniture in Miami Beach's South Pointe Park encourage greater use
of the path and surrounding open areas.
Interesting shade structures add comfort and visual appeal, encouraging
people to spend more time in open spaces. I When complete, The Underline will
be a safe and connected mobility corridor with clearly marked and lit bicycle
and pedestrian facilities.
34
2.6 Emphasize natural elements and landscaping, including street trees.'
Outdoor planters can provide residents with an inviting space
by adding color and variety, as well as enable portability to define
pathways and boundaries, as well as deliver shade as needed.
Water features add visual appeal potential sound masking, and in
low humidity, can contribute to cooling.
2.7 Incorporate a variety of surfaces and textures into children's play
spaces, including colorful ground markings and natural elements.8
Play spaces can include both fixed equipment such as climbing
structures, slides and balancing surfaces movable equipment such
as block -based play systems, building and game sets, and sports
nets. Children are more physically active for longer periods of time
in unstructured and aesthetically appealing spaces, so open areas
of all types are important to support free play.
2.8 Design and maintain parks and open space to promote safety.9
Appropriate placement of pedestrian -level lighting not only
enhances a public space, but also as increases comfort, security
and safety. According to the Pedestrian and Bicycle Information
Center, pedestrian -scale lighting should be placed lower in height
(12 to 16 feet) than standard street lighting and spaced closer
together (about 60 feet on center).10
Visibility is an important factor. Clear sightlines give park users
the ability to verify the presence of persons, and a visible perimeter
encourages use, and creates a perimeter of surveillance.
Activating spaces around parks increases informal surveillance
and accessibility to groups who may feel more vulnerable in the
park interior including women, children, older adults and people
with disabilities.
Placement of clear and understandable signage enhances the feeling
of safety because it allows people to orient themselves.
Nearly 70 percent of all playground injuries are related to falls to the
surface, according to a study conducted by the U.S. Consumer Product
Safety Commission." Use of loose -fill or synthetic surface materials
(hardwood wooden fiber, shredded rubber, sand) in playgrounds to
reduce the risk of injury.
35
Water features in and around open spaces create a pleasant atmosphere, reduces
the effects of loud or intrusive sound, and can provide opportunities for seating
and gathering. I Playground equipment that challenges through play attracts users
of all ages at ArtsPark at Young Circle in Hollywood, Florida.
Interactive, playful and accessible water features encourage kids and adults of all ages
and abilities to get active, cool off and have fun. I Clear visibility, soft ground covering,
and shade on fixed play equipment create a safe space for play and interaction for all
users at Alice Wainwright Path.
36
2.9 Support the development of community gardens.12
Beyond the benefits of access to greenery and healthy produce,
studies have shown that involvement in community gardening
activities and in neighborhood meetings was associated with
positive perceptions of community connectedness.
210 Install drinking fountains and water bottle refill stations.13
Free access to drinking water is an essential component of parks, and
bicycle and running trails. Water bottle refill stations in public places
encourage people to drink more water, and also encourage people to
refill water bottles which will help reduce waste.
211 Activate waterfront spaces within neighborhoods and parks
to support and encourage water activities such as kayaking,
paddle boarding, etc. 14
With an average high temperature of 76.4°F,15 Miami provides
the perfect opportunity to engage in year round water activities.
2.12 Provide amenities to welcome pet owners. 16
Parks are a great place for dogs to exercise and socialize with other
dogs. Incorporating amenities such as drinking fountains, pet wash
stations, dog park benches, and pet waste stations welcome pet
owners and enhance a pet owners' experience.
Consider whether to design a dog park or provide off -leash hours at
a regular park. A 2011 study found that regular dog walkers were more
likely to meet the CDC recommended 150 minutes of physical activity
per week,17 and those with access to a dog -supportive park were
more likely to regularly walk with their dog.18
37
Opportunities for water activities such as
kayaking, paddleboarding, and swimming are
plentiful in Miami -Dade County. I Water bottle
refill station provide cool filtered water at
Margaret Pace Park. I Providing simple amenities
such as water bowls for Fido installed with
conventional water fountains encourages
greater use of parks and open spaces.
38
ItPARKS & OPEN SPACES POLICY STRATEGIES
213 Partner with organizations to sponsor and maintain green
spaces and gardens.
Urban Paradise Guild (UPG) is an example of a partnership between
government and a non-profit organization that aims to re-create and
maintain native habitats in the urban areas of Miami -Dade County.
UPG project and nursery Locations currently include a State of Florida
park, three County parks, and a preserve in the City of North Miami.
The benefits of urban -grown food go far beyond taste and nutrition
for the consumer. It helps to address critical issues related to climate
change by reducing transportation footprint, and when grown organically
it stops the pollution caused by chemical farming.
214 Encourage shared use agreements that offer school facilities as
places for play and physical activity outside of school hours.19
Schools tend to be centrally located and have multiple facilities
such as gymnasiums, basketball courts, playing fields, and other
recreational facilities. Formal agreements provide community
members with convenient and inexpensive access to existing
facilities during after school and weekend hours. Organizations
such as Safe Routes to School offer useful examples for creating
effective agreements.20
215 Create or amend policies to facilitate the activation of
waterfront spaces within parks and open spaces.
Policies that promote and provide public access to waterfront open
space should be implemented, and should ensure equitable use for
all, as well as economic benefits to the neighborhood.
Waterfront public access areas should be inviting to the public; include
high quality design elements; ensure uninterrupted waterfront
access that is clearly open to the public; promote the greening of
the waterfront; facilitate a variety of amenities including access to
water, boat launches and anchorages, and play areas; and activate
waterfront spaces by improving connections between the water's
edge and streets.
39
Building Family Gardens at the UPG Amelia Garden Center. Credit: Debbie Skaggs
for UPG. I After Planting at the UPG Oleta Maritime Hammock project. I Making
waterway access easier, more commonplace and adaptive for all users, provides
many opportunities for physical activity and recreation.
z. n
■■■■
■■■■
■■■•
PARKS & OPEN SPACES PROGRAMMING STRATEGIES
216 Offer spaces and activities that respond to unique local and
cultural preferences.21
Provide community members with familiar activities they can easily
participate in regardless of language fluency or local knowledge.
217 Facilitate access to healthy food options in parks and open space.22
Food trucks, local vendors, farmers markets, fruit and vegetable
stands, and vending machines with high quality food can provide
healthy food options in parks and open space.
A market should be located in a central, high traffic area with ample
space to grow, space for customer parking, and amenities for shoppers.
It should be planned to be a permanent institution in the community
or neighborhood for farmers and consumers.
218 Program group activities for all ages and abilities that promote social
interaction and engagement.23
Social isolation may lead to detrimental health effects in older
adults, including increased risk for all -cause mortality, dementia,
re -hospitalization, and falls. Supporting intergenerational connection
and activities reduces social isolation among older adults.
219 Offer free or low-cost fitness programs in parks and public spaces
to encourage physical activity.24
Programs for older adults that encourage physical activity include
fitness circles, outdoor walking clubs, fitness classes like yoga and
Tai Chi, dancing, scavenger hunts, and gardening.
2.20 Support open streets initiatives and temporary street closures —
such as play streets and "ciclovia"—for community gatherings
and activities.25
Streets are one of the most common public spaces in and around
every community. Government agencies can facilitate regularly
occurring street events such as weekly bike rides. Government
agencies can also create easy, low cost processes that allow local
organizations and/or people to organize street events for
community use.
41
The Calle Ocho Ciclovia, an event where roads are temporarily open to non -automotive
use only, transformed a busy thoroughfare into a safe place for cycling, walking, and
simply gathering with family and other locals. I The Coconut Grove Organic Farmers
Market offers a variety of produce every weekend. I Communities across Miami -Dade
County have successfully incorporated games such as dominoes into paths and open
spaces, encouraging locals and visitors to gather, socialize, and incorporate more
regular physical activity.
CHAPTER 2 REFERENCES
1. http://www.nrpa.org/ParksandHealth/
Fact-Sheets/Parks-Improved-Mental-
Health-Quality-Life/
2. Rundle et al., 2013; Sturm & Cohen, 2014;
Trust for Public Land, 2016
3. Cranney et al., 2016; Joseph & Maddock,
2016; Volkanovski, 2015; World Health
Organization, 2007
4. Active Living Research, 2011b; Cohen,
Marsh, Williamson, Golinelli, & McKenzie,
2012; Kuczynski, Potwarka, & Saelens,
2008; Rundle et al., 2013
5. Cutts, Darby, Boone, & Brewis, 2009;
Weiss et al., 2011
6. Braun, 2015; Coley, Sullivan, & Kuo, 1997;
Reynolds, 2007
7. Braun, 2015; S. C. Brown et al., 2016;
Kardan et al., 2015; Lovasi et al., 2013
8. Andersen, Klinker, Toftager, Pawlowski,
& Schipperijn, 2015; Brittin et al., 2015;
Ridgers, Stratton, Fairclough, &
Twisk, 2007
9. Jorgensen, Ellis, & Ruddell, 2013;
McCormick & Holland, 2015
10. http://www.pedbikeinfo.org/planning/
facilities_streetscape_lighting.cfm
11. Tinsworth, Deborah K. and McDon-
ald, Joyce E., "Special Study: Injuries
and Deaths Associated with Children's
Playground Equipment," Directorate for
Epidemiology, U.S. Consumer Product
Safety Commission, http://cpsc.gov/Page-
Files/108601/playgrnd.pdf, 2001.
12. Alaimo, Crawford, & Snyder, 2016; Veen,
Bock, Von den Berg, Visser, & Wiskerke,
2015; Wells, Myers, & Henderson, 2014;
Whear et al., 2014; C. J. Wood, Pretty, &
Griffin, 2015
13. Jasper, Le, & Bartram, 2012; Pork, Sherry,
Wethington, & Pon, 2012
14. Foley & Kistemann, 2015; Volker &
Kistemann, 2013
15. www.usclimatedata.com/climate/miami/
florida/united-states/usfl0316
16. Centers for Disease Control and Preven-
tion, 2014; Cutt, Giles -Corti, Knuiman,
Timperio, & Bull, 2008
17. http://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/ba-
sics/adults/index.htm
18. http://msutoday.msu.edu/news/2011/
dog -walkers -more -likely -to -reach -exer-
cise -benchmarks/
19. Chriqui JF, 2012; Kanters, Bocarro, Moore,
Floyd, & Carlton, 2014; Public Health Law
Center, 2015
20. http://www.saferoutespartnership.org/
sites/default/flies/pd f/Shared-Use-In-
creasing-Access-to-Physical-Activity-Op-
portunities.pdf
21. Hall & Robertson, 2001; McCarthy, 2006
22. Freedman et al., 2016; Jilcott Pitts et al.,
2014; Ruelas, Iverson, Kiekel, & Peters, 2012
23. Cotton, White, Bond, & Learmouth, 2005
24. Cohen et al., 2016; Gortmaker et al.,
2012; Hon et al., 2014; Gregory W. Heath
et al., 2012
25. D'Haese, Von Dyck, De Bourdeaudhuij,
Deforche, & Cordon, 2015; Hipp, Eyler, &
Kuhlberg, 2013; Hipp, Eyler, Zieff, &
Samuelson, 2014; Sarmiento, 2010
43
Soundscape Park, Miami Beach, Florida
MME
I 7a
- . . • •
CHAPTER 3
DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS
Development patterns in urban and suburban
communities are dictated by land use policies
and development regulations. The location and
type of residential and commercial buildings,
parks and public spaces, street networks, transit
services, and infrastructure together constitute
development patterns.
Development patterns and associated planning and land use policies
are critical when prioritizing health and well-being at the community
and neighborhood levels. The choice between walking or biking
(active transportation) to the nearest grocery store or elementary
school versus driving (passive transportation) depends on neighborhood
dimension, structure and land use, all of which can ensure or limit
access and connectivity.
OBJECTIVE
Ensure connectivity, ease of access, and safe use for residents of all
ages and abilities.
"Providing a healthy mix of land uses and services is ultimately
about making it easier for people to walk, bike or use transit
to take care of their everyday needs instead of getting into a
private automobile. Walkability is the nexus between health
and the built environment and it can be reinforced at all levels:
policy, business, and individual choices."
- CESAR GARCIA-PONS, LEEDTM AP
Perkins + Will
46
47
InDEVELOPMENT PATTERNS DESIGN STRATEGIES
31 Encourage a diverse mix of land uses at all scales of development.
Neighborhood design can encourage residents and visitors to walk,
bike, and use public transit by incorporating a mix of uses. For
instance, housing, offices, retail, parks, restaurants and cafes,
professional services, cultural institutions, and schools can be
located in close proximity and, in some cases, even co -located, to
encourage greater numbers of destinations for walking and biking.
Prioritizing parks and open spaces when planning new developments
ensures adequate space will be allocated to provide active and
passive recreation areas for future residents and visitors.
3.2 Encourage transit -oriented development at appropriate densities to
create vibrant, mixed -use, walkable communities that maximize the
value of public transit.2
Major transit stops and trans -oriented developments, or TODs, are
most successful when walkability is a key design feature and when
located in proximity to everyday places such as grocery and other
retail stores, and food service establishments.
Public transit and transit -oriented developments, or TODs, depend
on higher density allowance to maximize efficiency and service.
3.3 Plant trees to provide shade, enhance neighborhoods, and promote
social connectedness.3
Recent studies indicate that people prefer to be in places with
more greenery, and these places also tend to generate greater
social activity.4 In Miami's climate, shade trees can play an
important role in encouraging people to participate in physical
activity or outdoor gatherings.
Ensuring homes, jobs, businesses, services, and recreational places are in close
proximity to each other is the hey feature of Transit Oriented Development.
48
Daily instances of physical activity are more likely when residences are in close
proximity to shopping, dining, and services. I Transit Oriented Development
Miami Central by All Aboard Florida.
Tree canopy in Coconut Grove's Regatta Park provides shade, protection,
natural beauty for all park users. I High density developments go hand in hand
with successful transit services.
49
3.4 Design neighborhoods to prioritize the pedestrian experiences
Pedestrian pathways such as arcaded, or covered, walkways and
midblock pass-throughs increase connectivity and shorten longer
blocks to maximize walking time.
Use transparent material for ground floor windows and doors to
enhance the pedestrian experience and attract interest for businesses.
Avoid blank walls or shuttered windows, as they detract from the
perception of safety and sense of walkability.
Minimize pedestrian exposure to rain and high heat, particularly in
summer/rainy months by incorporating covered walkways where
possible and adequate tree canopy.
Enhance walkability by minimizing pedestrian exposure to surface
parking lots, chain link fences and similar elements.
3.5 Apply context -sensitive design solutions to preserve and reflect the
character of existing historic neighborhoods.6
Preserving local character through design keeps local areas interesting,
enhances walkability and promotes community cohesion.
3.6 Display maps and wayfinding for local fresh food options, water
fountains, parks and open spaces, near -shore water features, such
as coral reefs.
Signage indicating time, direction, and distance for walking and
biking provide visual cues and enhance walkability.
50
4 r,lrr+, i
Convention
Center
Fillmore Jackie
Gleason Theate
Holocaust
Memorial
Signage along Collins Avenue in Miami Beach makes it easier for people to get oriented
and find landmarks and points of interest. I A Coral Gables walk-thru creates easy and
accessible connectivity to restaurants, cafes and shops. I Interesting storefront design
preserves Coconut Grove's character while enhancing walhability.
51
ItDEVELOPMENT PATTERNS POLICY STRATEGIES
3.7 Plan intergenerational communities to help people of all ages thrive.8
Intergenerational communities promote interaction and cooperation
between individuals of different ages and focus on the needs of all
residents, especially children and older adults.
Intergenerational communities may include leadership opportunities for
all ages, multi -generational programming, and housing, transportation,
or workforce policies that address the needs of residents of all ages.9
3.8 Update zoning and building codes to maximize land use mix,
support appropriate development densities, and enhance
pedestrian connectivity.18
Incorporate land use planning and transportation planning at all
levels (neighborhood, municipal, county and regional) to ensure the
successful use of new or updated transportation corridors.
As an example, The Underline project has spurred land use mix and
density changes along the upcoming corridor that will enhance the
connectivity and success of all projects.
Leveraging Miami21 and other form -based codes helps emphasize
desired design qualities over land use restrictions.
3.9 Preserve housing affordability and encourage inclusive, mixed
income neighborhoods.11
Diversity in building stock supports affordability by providing older, Less
expensive options for housing and office uses. Historic preservation
efforts may help ensure older buildings remain available for use.
Tools and processes such as inclusionary zoning, land banking, and
community land trusts provide options for preserving affordability
and mixed -income communities. Each option can be tailored to meet
local needs and may include mandatory or voluntary set -aside
requirements, affordability levels, and control periods.
Developer incentives such as density bonuses, expedited approval,
and fee waivers are built into most inclusionary zoning programs.
52
Organizations such as the South Florida Community Land Trust (SFCLT) provide affordable
housing and related services through single and multi family developments. I Protected
and preserved buildings such as Heathcote Apartments on Miami Beach add to the
diversity of building stock and may help preserve affordability.
HEATHCOTE
53
310 Promote infill development in urban core communities and deter
expansion beyond the urban development boundary.12
Address existing gaps such as underutilized, vacant or abandoned
parcels by incentivizing infill development projects. These developments
help communities address blight, increase density, and add a mix of
uses, all of which support more vibrant communities.
Discourage and disincentivize development beyond the Urban
Development Boundary, including road construction and commercial
and residential projects.
311 Update codes to reduce the impact of parking requirements. 13
Reduction or elimination of minimum parking requirements in new
developments helps preserve affordability and encourages walking,
biking, and transit use.
An infill development project by Tecela in Little Havana uses a single lot in order
to supply more housing which keeps downward pressure on housing prices without
having to tear down most existing housing which is likely already affordable.
54
Macy's Herald Square, New York
"Store windows don't belong to buildings
or companies. They belong to the people.
They are an integral part of everyone's
world. They are a vital and ever -changing
contribution to the vibrancy of our streets
and cities. They unconsciously influence
our spirit."
- VITTORIO RADICE
Vice Chairman, La Rinascente
55
CHAPTER 3 REFERENCES
1. Dill & Howe, 2011; Leyden, 2003; Mumford,
Contant, Weissman, Wolf, & Glanz, 2011;
Zhu, Yu, Lee, Lu, & Mann, 2014
2. G.W. Heath et al., 2006; Mumford
et al., 2011
3. Coley et al., 1997; Holtan, Dieterlen, &
Sullivan, 2014
4. https://depts.washington.edu/hhwb/
Thm_Community.html
5. Changelab Solutions; Ewing & Cervero,
2010; Ewing, Hajrasouliha, Neckerman,
Purciel-Hill, & Greene, 2015; Saelens &
Handy, 2008; Sun, Oreskovic, & Lin, 2014
6. Phillips & Stein, 2011
7. ChangeLab Solutions, 2013; Gibson, 2009;
Kaczynski, Wilhelm Stanis, & Hipp, 2014
8. C. Brown & Henkin, 2014; Portacolone &
Halpern, 2016
9. http://www.countyhealthranhings.org/
policies/intergenerational-comm unities
10. Chen & Florax, 2010; G.W. Heath
et al., 2006
11. Johnson, 2002; Levy, 2010
12. Aly & Attwa, 2013; Winig, Wooten,
& Allbee, 2014
13. Garthwaite, 2011; Shoup, 2005
56
Lincoln Road, Miami Beach, Florida
57
CHAPTER 4
TRANSPORTATION
MOBILITY
Transportation and mobility play a leading role
in supporting daily physical activity and social
connection. Reliability and safety rank among
the highest characteristics for successful
transportation services.
Varied, safe, and reliable options are key to successful transportation
planning. With proper planning and design, residents can be encouraged
to walk, bike, and/or use transit for both commuting and everyday
trips and errands.
Strategies for incorporating active design into transportation and
mobility can sometimes overlap with strategies for parks and public
spaces as well as development patterns.
OBJECTIVE
Prioritize people over automobiles by creating well-connected, safe,
and easy -to -use use transportation options.
"If we have learned anything about the impact of road building
on modern life, it is the fundamental lesson that who we are
as a community depends not on how rapidly we travel, but
rather, on the density and quality of our destinations and the
character of our journey."
- JOANNA LOMBARD, AIA
Professor, University of Miami School of Architecture
59
InTRANSPORTATION & MOBILITY DESIGN STRATEGIES
41 Encourage walking by incorporating aesthetic and visually interesting
elements into streets and sidewalks.
Streetscape elements can encourage walking by making the street and
sidewalk more comfortable, interesting and usable for pedestrians.
Elements that provide amenity and utility to pedestrians include wide
sidewalks; street trees that provide shade; landscaping that provides
light and color; the location and quality of lighting; site -furnishing
such as seating, bicycle racks, signage, and public art.
4.2 Create new and enhance existing pedestrian plazas.2
Pedestrian plazas are open spaces where walking, biking and similar
activities are promoted, and automobile traffic is excluded. Plazas
provide residents and visitors with gathering and activity space.3
Locate plazas near transit stops and along existing pedestrian streets.
Ensure plazas are attractive, comfortable and well -maintained.
4.3 Enhance bike mobility by improving bicycle infrastructure, including
ensuring bicycle paths, lanes and tracks are interconnected.4
Encourage new, and support existing bicycle commuters through ease
of use amenities such as bike ramps on stairs, and clearly designated,
ample bike spaces on trains.
Expand bikeshare and locate new stations at train stations and
transit hubs.
Prioritize the development of safe, clearly marked, interconnected
bicycle pathways that provide direct access to transit stops and
other destinations.
4.4 Facilitate biking by encouraging ample bicycle parking.s
Leverage available space at transit stations as well as within
parks and public spaces to provide easily accessible and safe
bicycle facilities.
60
Pedestrian plazas make walking and biking easy, safe and accessible. I Bike ramps
allow bicyclists to easily roll their bikes while walking up the stairs.
Clearly marked bike lanes provide enhanced safety on Key Biscayne. I The proposed
Miami Loop would incorporated several upcoming and existing multimodal trails into
one system connecting a large portion of Miami -Dade County.
61
4.5 Provide facilities at or near rail and major transit stations that assist
commuters in finalizing their trip.6
Some examples include bike storage, showers/restrooms, car share
stations and bike share stations.
4.6 Provide schools with easy access to transit routes.7
Encourage use of bus or rail stops in close proximity to schools by
incorporating connected and safe walking and bicycle paths, access
gates or similar treatments.
4.7 Encourage walking by providing ample sidewalk space and
safe crosswalks.$
Factors such as perceived safety and comfort influence pedestrian
behavior. Providing plenty of sidewalk space to buffer pedestrians
from automobile travel helps reduce the sense of vulnerability while
encouraging people to walk more frequently and for longer distances.
4.8 Enhance safety and walkability by incorporating traffic calming
elements to reduce driving speeds.9
Street design elements such as curb extensions, landscaped medians,
raised intersections, and roundabouts help slow traffic speeds and
increase safety.
Developing safer streets through design and policy supports increased
activity for pedestrians and bicyclists of all ages and abilities, as safety
is consistently cited as a primary concern.
4.9 Provide comfortable bus stops with benches and protective shelters.1°
A comfortable and protected shelter is an essential part of a
successful transit system. An ideal shelter is one that allows visibility
and easy access to the bus, is comfortable and convenient, provides
clear information, is safe, and provides protection from weather.
410 Use maps and wayfinding to facilitate pedestrian and bicycle access
to healthy amenities.11
Highlight distance, time and directions to points of interest such as
community centers, local markets, and parks.
62
The Hollywood Ave pedestrian scramble in Los Angeles has reduced pedestrian
accidents and fatalities while maximizing efficiency. I Pedestrian improvements
for Flagler Street in Downtown Miami.
Pedestrian islands and clearly marked crosswalks enhance safety and access. I
Air conditioned, accessible bus stops in Hialeah protect transit riders from the
typical hot and rainy climate and enhance the user's experience.
63
ItTRANSPORTATION & MOBILITY POLICY STRATEGIES
411 Implement Complete Streets policies.12
A typical complete street contains elements including, but not limited
to, improved accessible sidewalks with frequent and safe crossing
opportunities, bicycle lanes, defined pedestrian and bicycles spaces
including bicycle parking, street trees and benches, pedestrian scaled
lighting and accessible pedestrian signals, special bus lanes,
comfortable and accessible public transportation stops, median
refuges, landscaped curb extensions, roundabouts, on -street parking,
among others.
Complete Streets improve safety, encourage more walking and
bicycling, help ease transportation woes, are good for air quality
and make fiscal sense.13
Streets designed by Plusurbia using Complete Streets principles provide safe and
comfortable access for people of all ages, abilities as well as all transportation modes
and needs. Each mode of travel, walking, biking, public transit, and automobile, is
safely supported using dedicated space allocation and clear visual cues. Below, left to
right: Safe and accessible walking; Protected lanes for bicycling.
64
Above: All transportation modes. Below, left to right: Easy access for riding
transit; Clearly designated travel lanes for drivers.
65
412 Develop community and neighborhood -scale master plans that
prioritize specific community mobility needs.14
Plans such as a Bicycle and Pedestrian Masterplan provide the basis
for policymakers to improve and expand mobility options.
The process of creating neighborhood plans provide important
opportunities for engaging residents and identifying critical mobility
and connectivity gaps in communities.
413 Incentivize commuting via public transit.15
Provide incentives such as reduced parking requirements for
transit -oriented development projects (TOD).
Support transit use by providing free or discounted public transit
passes for employees.
414 Reduce parking requirements for walkable, bikeable, and
transit -accessible sites.16
415 Expand access to BikeShare.17
Encourage use of bike share programs through discounted and/or
subsidized memberships.
66
Miami's Citibihe provides flexibility and opportunities to improve mobility.
67
r; ,t
MN
MI
■■.■
TRANSPORTATION & MOBILITY
PROGRAMMING STRATEGIES
416 Encourage and facilitate "walking school buses" and safe routes
to schools programs.18
Walking school buses are an organized mode of active transportation
for students walking to school. They have a fixed route, with
designated stops and pick up times when children join adult
chaperons to walk to school. Walking school bus programs can be
implemented in neighborhoods of various socio-economic status.19
417 Incentivize carpool and rideshare programs.20
Advantages of carpooling and rideshare programs include less
stress commuting to and from work, financial savings, increases
free time for riders, and reduces pollution due to auto emissions.
418 Promote and use temporary demonstration installations to evaluate
project design.21
Demonstration projects done on a temporary basis can be used to
illustrate improved street design concepts such as: parklets, mini -
plazas, road diets, curb extensions, protected bike Lanes, and street
closures. Sometimes referred to as tactical urbanism projects, these
initiatives can lead to improvements in the experience and aesthetic
of the street, enhanced walkability, and a stronger sense of place.
68
Rideshare services such as Uber and Lyft can be incorporated into Local transit /
mobility options and services. UberPOOL, for example, allows you to share your ride
and split the cost of your trip with another Uber rider headed in the same direction.
11 11 IJ Si SO 11 1i r
11 EL IL
11 1'1 11 I it 11-
1 11 11 !11 11 -`
al_a1 +
11
Park(ing) Day installations in Downtown Miami demonstrate how on street parking can
be repurposed into inviting gathering spaces for people. I University of Miami WalkSafe
Program at Charles R. Drew K-8 Center and Miami Park Elementary School 2012.
69
CHAPTER 4 REFERENCES
1. Cain et al., 2014; de Vries, van Dillen, Groe-
newegen, & Spreeuwenberg, 2013; Ewing
et al., 2015; Lekwa, Rice, & Hibbing, 2007
2. Gehl Studio NY and J.Max Bond Center on
Design for the Just City, 2015
3. ADG 34
4. Braun, 2015; Buehler & Dill, 2015; Fraser
& Lock, 2011; Pucher, Dill, & Handy, 2010;
Sallis et al., 2013
5. Pucher et al., 2010; Transportation
Alternatives; Wardman, 2007
6. Katzev, 2003; Scheepers et al., 2014
7. Besser & Dannenberg, 2005; Wilson,
Marshall, Wilson, & Krizek, 2010
8. McCormack, 2012; Pfortmueller, Marti,
Kunz, Lindner, & Exadaktylos, 2014
9. Bunn et al., 2003; Rothman, Buliung,
Macarthur, To, & Howard, 2014; Sun
et al., 2014
10. American Public Transportation
Association, 2012
11. ChangeLab Solutions, 2013; Gibson, 2009
12. Healthy Places Chicago Department of
Public Health, 2013; Moreland -Russell,
Eyler, Barbero, Hipp, & Walsh, 2013; Smart
Growth America, 2014
13. http://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/
complete-streets/complete-streets-funda-
mentals/benefits-of-complete-streets/
14. Braun, 2015; ChangeLab Solutions, 2013
15. Hamre, 2014; Redman, Friman, Garling, &
Hartig, 2013
16. Hamre, 2014; L. Wood, Frank, &
Giles -Corti, 2010
17. DeMaio, 2009; Fuller et al., 2013; Wood-
cock, Tainio, Cheshire, O'Brien, &
Goodman, 2014
18. Dimaggio & Li, 2013; National Center for
Safe Routes to School
19. http://www.countyhealthrankings.org/
policies/walking-school-buses
20. Rivasplata, Guo, Lee, & Keyon, 2013
21. Nemeth & Langhorst, 2014
70
Clearly marked crosswalk.
71
CHAPTER 5
BUILDINGS
Buildings' entrances, interior spaces, and immediate
surroundings play a key role in engaging people in
physical and social activities. Building designers and
developers can incorporate active design strategies in
large and small ways to impact health and well being.
By incorporating and highlighting health as a prominent outcome
of architecture and interior design, skill and creativity can be used
in private and public buildings to meet the needs of developers
and users.
OBJECTIVE
Maximize opportunities for physical activity and social connection
within and around buildings.
Many strategies in Active Design Miami can help you
achieve credits that may apply towards LEED® certification.
For example, synergies exist between stair design strategies
and LEEDTM Pilot Credit "Design for active occupants," as well
as strategies related to indoor bicycle facilities and LEEDTM
Credit "Bicycle facilities." Check out the LEEDTM Credit Library
and the Pilot Credit Library at www.usgbc.org/credits for
more information.
73
r2BUILDING DESIGN STRATEGIES
51 Maximize accessibility and visibility of stairs.
Stairs placed close to and immediately visible from a building's entrance
encourage increased use. Placing stairs so they are encountered prior
to elevators also increases likelihood of use.
Installing fire -rated glass in emergency exit (egress) stairs enhances
visibility and encourages use. Fire -rated glass can be used to convert
existing stairs or to maximize required egress stairs in new buildings.
5.2 Create attractive, visually appealing stairs.2
Encourage stair use by incorporating natural light, interesting views,
art and music.
Where possible, upgrade finishing standards for stairs to match or
exceed similar standard used in public corridors within a building.
Provide ample space on stairways to allow small, informal gatherings
and other social activities to occur.
5.3 Provide convenient, attractive circulation paths.3
Highlight both interior circulation options and outdoor walking paths.
5.4 Design sidewalk and facade elements that improve the
pedestrian experience.4
Some examples include shade, street trees, benches, canopies,
and windows.
5.5 Orient building entrances and circulation pathways to prioritize
active transportation options.s
Position main building entrances and pathways towards sidewalks,
transit stops, and/or bike parking areas. Avoid directing main entrances
toward surface parking lots or garages.
74
At the center of the Ziff Ballet Opera House lobby is a grand, open staircase and
adjacent ramp with artwork created by Jose Bedia on the terrazzo floor inviting
guests of all abilities to enter the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts
of Miami -Dade County.
Gold finishes such as those used on the stairs are consistent throughout the Alfred 1.
DuPont Building, built in 1939. / Artist Jose Bedia created site -specific work at Ziff Ballet
Opera House. His design includes an etched -glass lobby stair railings depict tropical
sights and sounds, musical instruments, exotic birds and sea creatures.
75
•
1p;
f
Fire -rated glass, natural light, and colorful graphics transform ordinary fire stairs
into light -filled communicating stairs at Planned Parenthood of New York City in
Queens, New York.
76
5.6 Provide secure, accessible indoor bicycle storage facilities in both
commercial and residential buildings.6
Secure bicycle parking refers to covered, locked storage facilities
for bikers. This type of storage for residents, as well as employees
commuting by bicycle, keeps equipment in a safe area, protected
from weather and theft.
Equally as important is to provide convenient outdoor bicycle
parking, particularly for delivery service and other quick trips.
5.7 Allocate space and provide easy access to on -site exercise facilities
and play areas in commercial and residential buildings.'
On -site exercise facilities, play areas, and multi -purpose spaces in
public, workplace, and residential buildings make it easier for users
to improve their health and well-being. They also provide for a place
for building users to engage with each other.
5.8 Provide on -site gardening opportunities.8
Incorporate rooftop gardens, greenhouses and/or community gardens
where possible.
Explore use of raised garden beds for on -site gardening facilities to
accommodate users of all ages and abilities.
5.9 Provide healthy vending machines and water fountains and refill
stations with fresh, clean water.9
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010 recommends that
Americans "reduce the intake of calories from solid fats and added
sugars."10 Tap water from fountains and refill stations is not only
low cost and provides for hydration, but is also a calorie -free drink
that reduces added sugars and extra calories.
510 Provide accessible and well-equipped kitchens and eating spaces to
promote healthy eating.11
The design of a kitchen and eating space can not only encourage
healthy eating, but it also provides for a way for building inhabitants
to engage with each other.
77
PAR ALL LL BIKES
IN RACK
F., al, LEFT AT
�,y: Yf V+5 Rigs.
The Alfred I. DuPont Building, a historic building in Miami, Florida, provides indoor,
secure bicycle facilities for its building users. I Painted raised garden beds created
by Health in the Hood in Miami is providing health and wellness opportunities to
underserved communities.
78
ItBUILDING POLICY STRATEGIES
511 Incentivize the development of visible, attractive stairs.12
Prominent, attractive stairs can be incentivized by eliminating
the space used for the stairway from the maximum Floor Area
Ratio (FAR) calculation.
512 Provide incentives and update codes for on -site bike facilities,
such as parking.13
Update ordinance dictating how bike parking is calculated in
residential buildings. Current ordinances determine required
bicycle parking based on automobile parking spaces, which results
in a reduction of bicycle parking spaces in locations with lower car
parking requirements.
513 Develop incentives and/or update codes to support
on -site gardening.14
On -site gardening allows many urban residents and restaurants to
grow their own produce through soilless, aeroponic, hydroponic or
rooftop gardening.
Incentives and code amendments can go a long way towards facilitating
on -site gardening.
514 Develop incentives and / or update codes for on -site
recreation space.15
Rooftop areas can be used for both on -site gardening and recreation
spaces by updating building codes to support increased weight rating
and appropriate access point requirements to rooftops.
79
Rooftop gardens provide opportunities to grow fruit, vegetables, and herbs particularly
in places with limited open, green spaces. I The Madison Downtown Condominium in
Miami's urban core uses the rooftop of its garage to provides its residents with an
outdoor recreation space that includes tennis and basketball courts.
80
■■■■
■■■■
■■■•
BUILDING PROGRAMMING STRATEGIES
515 Post prominent and clear signs that encourage stair use.16
Studies have shown that if the average adult climbed two minutes
of stairs every day, it would overcome the weight -gain trend that
American adults are experiencing. It is also a free workout.17
Point of decision prompts and motivational signs that encourage
stair use are a great way to promote their use.
Each organization is different, however, and messages that motivate
some may not be motivating to others. It is important to consider
your audience, and tailor the messages accordingly.
516 Provide comfortable spaces for lactation support.18
These spaces should be equipped with electrical outlets, comfortable
chairs, a table, and nearby running water.
517 Incorporate spaces for farmers markets and small produce stands.19
Farmers markets not only provide healthy, seasonal fresh fruits and
vegetables, but also offer variety, are sustainable, promote local
agribusiness, and serve as a way to connect with the community.
Consider open plazas, government facilities and parks, parking lots,
and places near public transportation when setting up a market or
produce stand.
518 Increase access to change rooms or showers for active commuters.20
On site showering facilities (showers, change rooms, lockers,
etc.) encourage people to come to work by different healthier
means of travel such as cycling and also use lunch hours for
taking exercise/jogging.
Showering facilities should increase the possibility of increased
productivity due to improved fitness and alertness.21
519 Select healthy food vendors for on -site restaurants and
vending machines.22
A 2010 study showed that improving the types of foods and beverages
served and sold in the workplace positively affected employees' eating
behaviors and resulted in net weight loss.23
Providing education and resources about healthy living and eating,
helps building inhabitants understand why company leadership/
building management is making an effort to provide healthier food
and beverages.
5.20 Offer onsite active programming and maintain spaces for community
and health activities, such as fitness classes, walking clubs, cooking
classes, and cultural events.24
Develop maintenance plans for common spaces, including fitness
areas, gardens, walking paths, and stairs.
81
The Our Biscayne Farmer's Market transformed a median parking lot along a portion
of Miami's iconic Biscayne Boulevard in order to give nearby residents access to
fresh produce. I At Miami International Airport, MLAmamas suites are located at each
of the airports concourses (post -security) to provide nursing mothers with a quiet
and comfortable space for breastfeeding their infants or pumping milk.
Healthy food vendors such as The Empanada Lady provide organic and vegan prepared
food options for employees of neighboring businesses and residents. I Miami -Dade
County Commissioner Juan C. Zapata hosted a series of pop-up art galleries, `Art After
Dark," at the Kendale Lakes Library to activate libraries during normal "off hours."
82
CHAPTER 5 REFERENCES
1. Garland, Baban, Garland, Bey, & Sanchez,
2014; Nicoll, 2007
2. Boutelle, Jeffery, Murray, & Schmitz, 2001;
Garland et al., 2014; U.S. Green Building
Council, 2009
3. City of New York, 2010
4. Coley et al., 1997; Ewing et al., 2015
5. City of New York, 2010
6. Pucher et al., 2010; Wardman, 2007
7. Active Living Research, 2011a; Powell,
Slater, Chaloupka, & Harper, 2006
8. Wells et al., 2014; Whear et al., 2014;
Zick, 2013
9. Jasper et al., 2012; Patel et al., 2014
10. US Department of Agriculture, US De-
partment of Health and Human Services.
Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010.
7th ed. Washington, DC: US Government
Printing Office; 2010. http://health.gov/
dietaryguidelines/dga2010/dietaryguide-
lines2010.pdf. Accessed September
20, 2016.
11. Almeida et al., 2014; Soba! &
Wansink, 2007
12. Garland et al., 2014; Nicoll, 2007
13. Pucher et al., 2010; Transportation
Alternatives; Wardman, 2007
14. Wells et al., 2014; Whear et al., 2014
15. Powe!l et al., 2006; Active Living
Research, 2011)
16. Bellicha et al., 2015; Soler et al., 2010;
Task Force on Community Preventive
Services, 2010
17. http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.
com/2009/06/10/to-improve-p ublic-
health-city-urges-use-of-stairs/
18. Bai, Gaits, & Wunderlich, 2015; Tsai, 2013
19. Freedman et al., 2016; Jilcott Pitts et al.,
2014; Ruelas et al., 2012
20. Hamre, 2014; Wardman, 2007
21. http://www.worldgbc.org/
files/4314/1372/1140/140918_Research_
note_ -_Acce ss_ to_Tra n s p o rt. p d f
22. Hanks, Just, Smith, & Wansink, 2012;
Moran, Krepp, Johnson Curtis, & Lederer,
2016; Wansink & Hanks, 2013
23. Groeneveld IF, Proper KI, van der Beek
AJ, Hildebrandt VH, van Mechelen W.
Lifestyle -focused interventions at the
workplace to reduce the risk of cardiovas-
cular disease -a systematic review. Scand J
Work Environ Health. 2010
24. Hersch, Perdue, Ambroz, & Boucher, 2014;
U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services, 2015
83
American Airlines Arena, Downtown Miami
84
CHAPTER 6
STUDIES
MIAMI-DADE COLLEGE WOLFSON CAMPUS
MILLION TREES MIAMI
GRAND PARK LOS ANGELES
MCDONALD'S CYCLE CENTER
ATLANTA BELTLINE
MIAMI DADE COLLEGE WOLFSON CAMPUS
CLASSROOM BUILDING 8
LEED Silver, with Physical Activity Credit - 2014
Project partners
Zyscovich Architects
Miami Dade College
Summary
Miami Dade College Wolfson Campus Classroom Building 8 includes
approximately 110,000 GSF of new academic and support spaces,
including a wellness center and exercise facilities. In its design, Zyscovich
Architects incorporated prominent stairs with natural light that are
wide enough to invite student interaction.
The design encourages students to walk up the stairs and avoid
taking the elevators. In addition, the wellness center is located on
the upper floor. Although predominantly a classroom building, there
are many student life elements that are fused together vertically by
the main open staircase and the visible active vertical circulation
located within the principal path of travel.
ACTIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES
51 Maximize accessibility and visibility of stairs.
5.2 Create attractive, visually appealing stairs.
5.5 Orient building entrances and circulation pathways to prioritize
active transportation options.
5.7 Allocate space and provide easy access to on -site exercise facilities
and play areas in commercial and residential buildings.
5.9 Provide healthy vending machines and water fountains and refill
stations with fresh, clean water.
515 Post prominent and clear signs that encourage stair use.
518 Increase access to change rooms or showers for active commuters.
5.20 Offer on -site healthy programming and maintain spaces for activities,
such as fitness classes, walking clubs, and cooking classes.
Miami Dade College Wolfson campus, Building 8 stairs.
89
MILLION TREES MIAMI
Million Trees Miami — 2011 to present
Project Partners
Miami -Dade County
Neat Streets Miami Board
Municipalities
Universities, non -profits and foundations
Summary
Launched in 2011, Million Trees Miami Campaign is a community -wide
effort to plant one million trees by 2020 in order to achieve a 30% tree
canopy cover for Miami -Dade County. To date, an overall tree canopy of
19.9% has been achieved.
A recent Urban Tree Canopy Assessment performed by the University
of Florida and Florida International University positively correlated
tree canopy with median income, but negatively correlated with
percentage of African American and Hispanic residents. Therefore, tree
plantings are being strategically implemented in minority and lower
income communities to support environmental and health equity.
Million Trees Miami tree planting.
90
ACTIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES
2.5 Provide amenities —such as trees, lighting, water fountains,
and seating —that enable people to enjoy spaces for longer
periods of time.
2.6 Emphasize natural elements and landscaping, including street trees.
3.3 Plant trees to provide shade, enhance neighborhoods, and promote
social connectedness.
41 Encourage walking by incorporating aesthetic and visually
interesting elements into streets and sidewalks.
411 Implement Complete Streets policies.
5.4 Design sidewalk and facade elements that improve the
pedestrian experience.
Tree canopy at Coconut Grove's Peacock Park.
92
GRAND PARK LOS ANGELES
Los Angeles, California — 2012
Project partners
Grand Avenue Authority
Rios Clementi Hale Studios
Los Angeles Music Center
Summary
After a multi -year planning process centered on civic engagement and
feedback, the 12-acre Grand Park LA in the City's urban core was
redesigned to visually and physically connect Grand Avenue to the
existing park space, as well as activate the park for visitors of all ages.
Through a series of stairs, accessible ramps and sloped walks,
pedestrians are invited into a vibrant garden environment with tree -
shaded sidewalks, drought -tolerant plants, an interactive fountain
plaza, performance lawns and courtyards, plenty of street lights,
movable park furniture, and kiosks to encourage the walking and
exploration of the area.
Throughout Grand Park, open spaces invite visitors to enjoy casual
sitting, leisurely strolling, and civic gatherings. Grand Park has four
distinct areas featuring amenities including the restored historic
Arthur J. Will Memorial Fountain with a new wadeable membrane
pool, an intimate performance lawn, a community terrace planted
with drought tolerant specimen plants representing Los Angeles
diversity, and a grand event lawn.
ACTIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES
2.2 Design activity spaces that meet the needs of people of all
ages and abilities.
2.4 Ensure that parks, plazas, and playgrounds are easily accessible
to pedestrians and cyclists.
2.5 Provide amenities —such as trees, lighting, water fountains,
and seating —that enable people to enjoy spaces for longer
periods of time.
2.6 Emphasize natural elements and landscaping, including street trees.
2.7 Incorporate a variety of surfaces and textures into children's play
spaces, including colorful ground markings and natural elements.
216 Offer spaces and activities that respond to unique local and
cultural preferences.
2.18 Program group activities for all ages and abilities that promote social
interaction and engagement.
3.3 Plant trees to provide shade, enhance neighborhoods, and promote
social connectedness.
Arthur J. Will Memorial Fountain, Grand Park, Los Angeles, CA.
95
MCDONALD'S CYCLE CENTER
Chicago, IL — 2004
Project partners
City of Chicago
Chicago Department of Transportation
McDonald's
Muller + Muller, Ltd., Architect
Summary
The McDonald's Cycle Center is a 16,450 square feet state-of-the-art
facility in the northeast corner of Millennium Park dedicated to
promoting the use of bicycles for commuting to and from Chicago's
Loop in an effort to reduce traffic and pollution in the city.
The Cycle Center offers 300 bicycle parking spaces, bicycle rentals,
bike tours and Segway Tours, plus lockers, showers, bike repair,
and other amenities designed to encourage biking downtown. The
Cycle Center has drawn international attention with many wanting
to emulate it as a success story in urban planning and transit
oriented development.
M C D C N A L.D•5 !
CYCLE CENTER
Bike parts and tools, locker room supplies, bike tours and rentals and more
made easily available at McDonald's Cycle Center.
96
ACTIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES
2.3 Expand opportunities for physical activity through a range of
affordable, easily accessible recreation facilities.
2.4 Ensure that parks, plazas, and playgrounds are easily accessible to
pedestrians and cyclists.
3.1 Encourage a diverse mix of land uses at all scales of development.
3.2 Encourage transit -oriented development at appropriate densities to
create vibrant, mixed -use, walkable communities that maximize the
value of public transit.
4.2 Create new and enhance existing pedestrian plazas.
4.3 Enhance bicycle mobility by improving bicycle infrastructure, including
ensuring bicycle paths, lanes and tracks are interconnected.
4.4 Facilitate biking by encouraging ample bicycle parking.
415 Expand access to BikeShare.
5.6 Provide secure, accessible indoor bicycle storage facilities in both
commercial and residential buildings.
512 Provide incentives and update codes for on -site bicycle facilities,
such as parking.
518 Increase access to change rooms or showers for active commuters.
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Indoor, protected bike storage at McDonald's Cycle Center.
98
ATLANTA BELTLINE
Atlanta, Georgia
Project partners
Atlanta BeltLine, Inc.
Atlanta BeltLine Partnership
City of Atlanta
Summary
The Atlanta BeltLine, one of the largest, most wide-ranging urban
redevelopment programs currently underway in the U.S., is a
sustainable redevelopment project that provides a network of public
parks, multi -use trails and transit along a historic 22-mile railroad
corridor circling downtown and connecting 45 neighborhoods.
The BeltLine represents a new framework for the region's growth,
centered on Transit Oriented Development, an unprecedented
expansion of park land and public spaces, and vital expansion of the
regional transit and transportation network. Four trail segments are
open, six spectacular new or renovated parks are now open for public
enjoyment, and new affordable housing is making it easier to live
along the corridor.
These are the key elements that will be developed over the life of
the Atlanta BeltLine Project:
• 22 miles of pedestrian -
friendly rail transit
33 miles of multi -use trails
• 1,300 acres of parks
• 5,600 units of affordable
housing
• 1,100 acres of brownfields
remediated
• $10-20 billion in economic
development
• 30,000 permanent jobs
• 48,000 one-year
construction jobs
• Public art
• Historic preservation
• Sustainability
Atlanta Beltline recreational area in the Old Fourth Ward.
100
AML
ACTIVE DESIGN
MI MI
This publication was supported by the Grant or Cooperative
Agreement Number, 1U58DP005957-01, funded by the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention. Its contents are solely the
responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the
official views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
or the Department of Health and Human Services.
101
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Active Design Miami was produced by the Miami Center for Architecture
& Design, and the Miami Chapter of the American Institute of Architects,
under the direction of Cheryl Jacobs. The publication was authored by
Marta Viciedo and Maggie Fernandez, with contributions from Paola
Plevak and Laurent Saint Louis.
Active Design Miami could not have been possible without the support
of the Florida Department of Health, the Active Design Miami Advisory
Council members, Miami -Dade County and our municipal partners. In
addition, we received invaluable support from the Center for Active
Design which was made possible through a contribution from the
Health Foundation of South Florida.
We are indebted to Joanna Lombard, Scott Brown, Kimberly Brown,
David Henderson, Ryan Shedd, Carlos Cruz Casas and Stuart Kennedy
for their comments on earlier drafts of the report. Branding and
graphic design were completed by So White Design & !illustration.
Active Design Miami Advisory Council:
Alejandro Garavito, City of Miami Beach
Anamarie Garces, UHP and UHS
Avra Jain, Vagabond Group
Bernard Zyscovich, FAIA, Zyscovich Architects Inc.
Carlos Cruz Casas, Mlami-Dade County
Collin Worth, City of Miami
Daniel Chatlos, Commissioner Zapata Policy Aide
Darian Martin, City of Miami Gardens
David Henderson, Miami -Dade County MPO
Elizabeth Wheaton, City of Miami Beach
Erin Sutherland, Akerman
Jane Gilbert, The Miami Foundation
Jenifer Briley, Jenifer Briley + Associate
Jennifer Llorente, Miami -Dade County
Jerry Bell, Miami -Dade County RER/Planning
Jim Murley, Miami -Dade County
Joanna Frank, Center for Active Design
Joanna Lombard, University of Miami
Josette Severyn, Akerman
Juan Mullerat, Plusurbia
Karen Hamilton, South Florida Regional Planning Council
102
Karen Weller, Florida Department of Health
Katy Sorenson, Good Government Initiative
Kimberly Brown, Miami -Dade County RER/Planning
KuanJan Ding, Health & the Built Environment Committee
Maria Nardi, Miami -Dade County Parks, Recreation and Open Spaces
Mark Woerner, Miami -Dade RER/Planning
Meg Daly, The Underline
Michael Goolsby, Mlami-Dade RER/Building
Nichole Hefty, County Office of Sustainability
Patrice Gillespie Smith, Neat Streets Miami, Miami -Dade County
Pete Wood, Health Foundation of South Florida
Ray Nellissery, Health & the Built Environment Committee
Rogelio Madan, City of Miami Beach
Ryan Shedd, City of Miami
Sabine Delouche, University of Miami, Walk Safe
Scott Brown, University of Miami
Stacy Kilroy, Mount Sinai Medical Center
Stuart Kennedy, The Miami Foundation
Susanne Torriente, City of Miami Beach
Thorn Grafton, Zyscovich Architects Inc.
Special Thanks To:
AIA New York and Rick Bell, FAIA
Consortium for a Healthier Miami -Dade and the Health & the Built
Environment Committee
Florida Department of Health in Miami -Dade County
Health Foundation of South Florida
Mobius Interactive
Plusurbia
Robin Hill Photography
Sandy DeWitt Photography
Steven Brooke Studios
Thomas Printworks
University of Miami Department of Public Health Sciences
University of Miami School of Architecture
103
PHOTOGRAPHY CREDITS
Andrew Frey & Jason Chandler
Bike Chicago Inc. 2016
Carolina Rios I University of Miami
WalkSafe Program
Dover, Kohl & Partners
Emma Reyes
Hagler Street Miami
Grand Park/The Music Center I
Mario de Lopez
Grand Park/The Music Center I John McCoy
History Miami I Ralph Kestly
L.,..
History Miami I Liddle & Kohn
History Miami I Manley S. Brower
Irvans Augustin
1
•h 1,
r
,
104
Isabella Bru
James Corner Field Operations
Laurent Saint Louis
Los Angeles Great Streets Initiative
Luisy Rocha, @goprogirlmiami
Maggie Fernandez
Miami Central
Miami Geographic / Matthew Toro. 2014.
miamigeographic.com/2014/04/14/meet-the-udb/
Miami -Dade Aviation Department
Miami -Dade County
Miami -Dade Transportation and Public Works
Ryan Holloway, Armando Rodriguez, and Bobbie Crichton
105
Michael Moran I OTTO
Neat Streets Miami
Plusurbia Design I City of Hialeah
Complete Streets Design
Robin Hill Photography
Rosa Irene Betancourt
Sandy DeWitt Photography
South Florida Community Land Trust
Steven Brooke Studios
Urban Paradise Guild I Debbie Skaggs
106