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HomeMy WebLinkAboutSubmittal-Natacha SeijasA Pr Losfng Ground. e o 'Florida's IFamUes fin Poverty Research Institute on Social and Economic Policy Center for Labor Research and Studies Florida International University Miami, FL 33199 www.risep-fiu.edu Ali Bustamante at 305.348.1519 or albustam@fiu.edu Alayne Unterberger at 305.348.1415 or 813.477.2882 or aunterbe(n,fiu.edu. 13 - 0O506 - Subm r 1a. j - Oat c h a. Seta SUMITTED INTO THE UBLC RECORD FAR ITEM fLA.,0 :2.5- Research Institute on Social & Economic Policy A Profile of Florida's Families in Poverty By: Ali R. Bustamante Ph.D. (c) and Alayne Unterberger Ph.D. Research Institute on Social and Economic Policy Center for Labor Research and Studies Florida International University Miami, FL 33199 Executive Summary: The 2012 American Community Survey (ACS) released by the U.S. Census Bureau's shows that 22.6% of Florida's more than 18.6 million residents can be qualified as poor, in deep poverty or near poverty. In fact, the poverty rates and total amounts of Floridians in deep poverty, poverty and near poverty have all risen continuously between the years 2007 and 2011. Not only have Florida's poor increased in total numbers and in the share of the general population, but they have also become poorer as noted by the continuous increase in the mean income deficit during this period. It is evident that poverty is a problem affecting more than 3 million Floridians while 4 million more live on incomes within 200% of the poverty threshold. The data show that the Great Recession had a punctuated negative effect on Florida's poverty levels, concentrating the more dramatic increases in poverty between the years 2008 to 2009. It also shows that poverty levels increased prior to the recession and continued to increase afterwards. This evidence points to a general systemic failure in Florida to reduce poverty that was compounded by the Great Recession and a slow economic recovery. Since 2007, individuals and families throughout Florida have experienced declines in their real median and mean incomes while income inequality has increased. The gap between the very poor and those individuals earning more than $50,000 a year has widened as the percentage of people earning incomes between $10,000 and $50,000 has declined considerably. Likewise, the number of families earning more than $35,000 has declined. The reduction in real wages manifested by the decline of middle -income earners highlights the observed increases in income inequality between the 2007 and 2011. The majority of poor Floridians can be characterized as: White, women, adults, native citizens, non -working residents, and individuals that live in a family household. Whites, native 11Page Submitted into the public record in connection with items D5.1 on 04-25-13 Todd B. Hannon citizens and individuals that live in a family household likely represent the majority of poor because of their status as the demographic majority in Florida. However, non -working residents of all colors and ethnicities are likely to be poor due to their inability to obtain sufficient non - wage income above the poverty threshold while women are likely poor due to due many factors including gender wage differentials. Women and children are the Floridians most vulnerable to poverty. Among Florida's most vulnerable to poverty we also find African -Americans, non -naturalized foreign born residents, non -working residents, and individuals who have not graduated from college. Female households that do not have a husband present, particularly African -American families, fare the worst. These populations of Floridians are disproportionately more likely to be poor because they face considerable levels of economic insecurity stemming from socioeconomic constraints such as limited access to living wages, government benefits and social services. This report also shows that poverty is a problem for families and communities and not just individuals. The majority of all poor Floridians live in a family household. The strong link between poverty and families as well as the links between poverty and race, gender and education highlight the fact that many Floridians have difficulty in accessing the resources and incomes necessary to survive. Incomes, employment and the composition of households are important factors shaping how Floridians are affected by poverty. As a result, some possible solutions to Florida's pervasive poverty problem are: better quality jobs with benefits, higher incomes, jobs with more work hours, higher education and sound socio-economic policies that assist families. 2IPage Submitted into the public record in connection with items mi. on 04-25-13 Todd B. Hannon Losing Ground: A Profile of Florida's Families in Poverty Introduction: According to the U.S. Census Bureau's 2012 American Community Survey (ACS), the number of Florida residents living in poverty 'and near poverty increased considerably in 2011. In fact, about 23% of Florida's more than 18.6 million residents can be qualified as poor, in deep poverty or near poverty. This report seeks to unpack the state of poverty in Florida by profiling the millions of Floridians in or near poverty and by surveying the general poverty trends affecting Florida residents. Crucial to this report is an analysis of poverty in the context of the Great Recession triggered by the 2008 economic and financial crisis. In this effort, the report incorporates a comparative view on Florida's poverty levels before, during, and after the recession. 23% of Florida's more than 18.6 million residents can be qualified as poor, in deep poverty or near poverty. U.S. Census, ACS 2012 The Context: Poverty is a state of economic hardship and insecurity that affects Floridians of all backgrounds and imposes an immense social and economic cost on residents, families and the state. However, some demographic groups outnumber others within the state's poor population while other groups are disproportionately represented and therefore more vulnerable to being poor. In fact, as will be explored, the majority of Florida residents in or near poverty are White, women, adults, native citizens, non -working residents, and individuals that live in a family household. Furthermore, when we look at the demographic groups most vulnerable to poverty we find that poverty rates in Florida are considerably higher for children, African -Americans, females living in a family without a husband, non -high school graduates, and the non -working. Although poverty is a multidimensional phenomenon, the mainstream view on measuring poverty entails the designation of a poverty line that represents a very low income level conducive to economic hardship and insecurity. The federal poverty threshold is measured annually by the U.S. Census Bureau and the 2011 poverty threshold for all individual single 3 Page Submitted into the public record in connection with items D5.1 on 04-25-13 Todd B. Hannon persons under the age of 65 is $11,702. This means that if an individual's annual income is less than the $11,702 threshold then they are considered to be in poverty. By the same token, if the individual's annual income is less than half of that threshold, $5,851, then they are considered to be in deep poverty. Additionally, if the individual earns less than 125% of the poverty threshold, $14,628, then he/she is considered to be "near poverty." Lastly, the poverty threshold is adjusted depending on the size and composition of the family unit, as is the case when children are present. The U.S. Census Bureau's 2011 poverty threshold is used for all 50 states and D.C. without any geographic variation and is adjusted to the price level of the year for which poverty is measured in order to account for inflation. Table li Poverty Threshold for 2012 Size of Family Related Children Under 18 None One Two Three Four One Person $11,702 Two People $15,063 $15,504 Three People $17,595 $18,106 $18,123 Four People $23,201 $23,581 $22,811 $22,891 Five People $27,979 $28,386 $27,517 $26,844 $26,434 According to the ACS, which uses the U.S. Census Bureau's 2012 poverty threshold, more than 4.2 million Floridians were near poverty, about 22.6% of the state's total population, more than 3.1 million were in poverty, about 17% of the state's population and about 1.4 million were in deep poverty, about 7.5% of the state's population (see table The Poverty Math: 23% or 4.2 Million Near Poverty 17% or 3.1 Million in Poverty 7.5% or 1.5 Million in Deep Poverty 2). Furthermore, the total amounts of Floridians in deep poverty, poverty and near poverty have all risen continuously between the years 2007 and 2011. What's more alarming is the U.S. Census Bureau. 2013. Poverty Thresholds for 2011 by Size of Family and Number of Related Children Under 18 Years, Detailed Tables; generated by Ali Bustamante; using American FactFinder; http://factfinder.census.gov/home; (20 February 2013). Wage Submitted into the public record in connection with items 05.1 on 04-25-13 Todd B. Hannon considerable increase in the rates of deep poverty, poverty and near poverty that occurred during this same period. For example, 5% of Florida's population was considered to be in deep poverty in 2007 and that increased to 7.5% in 2011. Similarly, the poverty rate increased from 12.1% in 2007 to 17% in 2011. The dramatic increases in the total number of poor Floridians and in the poverty rate are due mainly to the recession. The gains in deep poverty, poverty and near poverty are concentrated in the recession period of 2008 to 2010. However, it is worth noting that poverty was increasing before and after .the Florida's poor are getting poorer at recession, albeit at a slower rate. Also worthy of note is the fact that both the individual the more drastic increases in poverty have occurred in the number of and family levels. people in deep poverty, earning incomes less than 50% of the poverty threshold. Submitted into the public record in connection with items D5.1 on 04-25-13 Todd B. Hannon 51 Page Table 2 Florida Poverty Headcount, 2007-2011 Year Deep Poverty Poverty Near Poverty Earning 0% of Poverty Level . Earning 185% Of Poverty Level Earning 200% of Poverty Level Headcount % of Total Population Headcount % of Total Population Headcount % of Total Population Headcount % of Total Population Headcount % of Total Population Headcount % of Total Population 2007 892,338 5.0% 2159457 2.1% 2,980,407 16.7% 3,843,652 21. 5,043,632 28,3% 5,595,469 31.4% 2008 985,792 5.5% 2,365,900 13.2% 3,208,303 17.9% 4,108,899 22.9% 5,325,291 29.7% 5,822,725 32.5% 2009 1,178,111 6.5% 2,700,594 14,9% 3,624,958 20.0% 4,582,888 25.3% 5,934,739 32,7% , 6,497,313 35.9% 2010 1,364,322 7.4% 3,042,070 16.5% 4,037,657 21.9% 5,008,837 27.2% 6,437,806 34.9% 6,933,565 37.6% 2011 1,398,904 7.5% 3,170,850 17.0% 4,215,365 22.6% 5,258,563 28.2% 6,694,807 35,9% 7,242,203 38.8% % Change 2007- 2011 56.80% 50.0% 46.8% 40.5% 41,4% 35.3% 36.8% 30.9% 32.7% 27.0% 29.4% 23.9% Wage Submitted into the public record in connection with items D5.1 on 04-25-13 Todd B. Hannon • 45.0%- , 40.0% — 30.0% II 25.0% 20.0% 40 g- 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% Graph 1 Florida Poverty Rates, 2007-2011 — Deep Poverty Poverty —Near Poverty 2007 2008 2009 2010 201 — Earning 150%of Poverty Level Earning 185% 0f Poverty Level Earning 200%of Poverty Level The income deficit is an important indicator for poverty because it highlights the gap between what people need to earn to survive and their actual income. The mean income deficit for Florida residents has also increased between 2007 and 2011. This means that the difference in income earned by individuals in poverty and the poverty threshold has widened. Using 2007 inflation -adjusted dollars, in 2007 poor individuals were earning an average of about $5,800 below the poverty threshold and this deficit increased to $6,127 in 2011, an increase of 5.6% (see table 3). Likewise, the mean income deficit for families also increased in this period from $7,649 to $8,210, a 7.3% increase when using 2007 dollars. Therefore, Florida's poor are getting poorer at both the individual and family levels. The greatest increase in the mean income deficit for individuals and families occurred between 2008 and 2009, signaling that the Great Recession had a punctuated negative effect on both individual and Table 3 Mean Income Deficit, 2007-2011 (in 2007 dollars) - : . Year " " - . . .. .. ,.. Mean Income ,- DeficitDeficit for Individuals . . Mean Income for Families 2007 $5,800 $7,649 2008 $5,844 -- " $7,667 2009 $6,048 $8,306 2010 . : $6,07 - $8,442' 2011 $6,127 $8,210 %Change 2007-2011 '1' '*'• 2- :TP:7":,::e : I:* 77.''' 7 'Page Submitted into the public record in connection with items 05.1 on 04-25-13 Todd B. Hannon family incomes. While the size of the mean income deficit since has since declined for families the deficit has continued to increase for individuals. Chart I shows the extent that Florida's families and individuals are losing ground every year since 2007, making it more difficult to escape poverty. $9,000 $8,000 $7,000 $6,000 111-) $5,000 cig $ 4, 0 06 •'a' $3,000 g $2,000 $1,000 $0 Chart 1 ncome Deficit, 2007-2011 (in 2007 dollars) 2011 Individuals B Families Income: More than 9.1 million of Florida's 18.6 million residents are income earning individuals 16 years of age and older. In 2007 inflation adjusted dollars, working Floridians' median income is only $24,321. However, the median income for men is considerably higher than for women, $27,745 and $21,716 respectively (see table 4). What's clear is that the median incomes for Floridians, both men and women, have declined continuously between 2007 and 2011, by a total of 11.1% (see graph 2). Men saw more drastic decreases in median income than women between 2007 and 2009 while women saw greater decreases in median income than men between 2009 and 2011. However, men experienced the greater overall declines in median income as they suffered from higher unemployment rates than women due to their greater involvement in the construction sector. Wage Submitted into the public record in connection with items D5.1 on 04-25-13 Todd B. Hannon Table 4 Median Individual Incomes, 2007-2011 (in 2007 dollars) Group Year — % Change from 2007-2011 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Women $23,649 $23,230 $22,1 6 $21,953 $21,716 - .2% Men $31,619 $30,260 $28,076 $27,937 $27,745 -12.3% Total -$27,353 $26,391 $25,014 $24,681 $24,321 -11.1%, Graph 2 Median Annual Individual Incomes, 2007-2011 (In 2007 do $35,000 $30,000 525,000 0 r$20,000 E $15 000 ' sio,000 0 $5,000 2007 2008 2009. 2010 *, 2011 —Women — Men • — Total Furthermore, among Florida's 5.6 million full-time year-round workers the mean income has also continuously declined since 2007. In 2011 the mean income in 2007 inflation -adjusted dollars was $46,291, down from $49,194 in 2007 (see table 5). The trend may be reversing for men as noted by the increase in 2011 but much improvement is needed to return to the pre - recession income levels. Unfortunately, these figures likely overstate the mean income because it only considers full-time year-round workers and excludes many Floridians that do not work full- time hours despite wanting to do so. 9 Page Submitted into the public record in connection with items D5.1 on 04-25-13 Todd B. Hannon Table 5 Mean Individual Incomes, 2007-2011 (in 2007 do lars) 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 % Change from 2007-2011 Women $40,053 $38,724 $38,477 $38,449 $37,976 -5.2% Men 555,885 $54,499 $53,467 552,747 $53,186 -4.8% Total $49,194 $47,581 $46,814 $46,267 $46,291 -5.9% Graph 3 Mean Annual Individual Incomes, 2007-2011(in 2007 dollars $60,000 -(2 550,000 f?) 540,000 ^-t-:4 $30,000 520,000 510,000 2007 2008 29.09 2010 2011 —women —Men Total ...income inequality among Floridians has grown between 2007 and 2011. According to the ACS figures, about 80% of Florida's full-time year- round income earners earn incomes below $65,000 while most earn between $15,000 and $65,000 (see table 6). This means that the great majority of Floridians are working class and middle class individuals. It is alarming that since 2007 the percentage of people earning incomes between $10,000 and $50,000 has declined while the number of people earning incomes below $10,000 has increased dramatically. The number of income earners earning more than $50,000 has also increased considerably. The shift in income trends shows that income inequality among Floridians has grown between 2007 and 2011. 10 Page Submitted into the public record in connection with items D5.1 on 04-25-13 Todd B. Hannon Table 6 Individual Income Groups as a % of All Income Earning Individuals, 2007-2011 Total 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 . % Change from 2007-2011 $1 to $9,999 or less 1.8% 2.2% 2.6% 2.5% 2.3% 27.8% $10,000 to $14,999 5.7% 5.5% 6.2% - - 5.5% 5.4% -5.3% $15,000 to $24,999 19.3% 18.9% 20.1% 19.0% 18.7% -3.1% $25,000 to $34,999 . 20.5% 19.8% 19.7% 39.4% 19. % 75.9% . 'S $35,000 to $49,999 21.3% 21.5% 21.8% 21.0% 20.8% -2.3% $50,000 to $64,999 12.7% 12.9% 11.3% 1 . 0 . 13.5% 6.3% ' $65,000 to $74,999 4.7% 4.6% 4.7% 4.7% 4.7% 0.0% $75,000 to $99,999 . 6.2 0 6.5% 6.5% • 6.8% 6.7% 8.1 0 ., $100,000 or more 7.8% 8.0% 7.1% 8.0% 8.6% 10.3% When looking at Florida's 4.5 million families we find that the median income is $49,378 and the mean income is $67,555. We find that similar to individual incomes; family incomes have also experienced continuous declines between 2007 and 2011 (see graphs 4 and 5). However, non -married families experienced greater declines in median and mean incomes than did married families. Additionally, married families suffered declines in both median and mean incomes concentrated between 2008 and 2009 while non -married families experienced significant declines nearly every year between 2007 and 2011. The latter likely points to the increased vulnerability of non -married couple families to poverty that is not specific to the economic downturn. Table 7 Median Family Incomes, 2007-2011 (in 2007 dollars) 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 , % Change, 2007-2011 Total $56,966 $55,200 $51,757 $50,314 $49,378 -13.3% Married $66,747 $65,463 $61,428 $60,436 $59,344 - . 'V Non -married $30,954 $29,497 $28,145 $27,408 $25,942 -16.2% • 111Page Submitted into the public record in connection with items D5.1 on 04-25-13 Todd B. Hannon $86,000, '6 $60,000 .13 8 $50,000 ev • • 40 $40,000 g $30,000 g $20,000 4.1 $10,000 $0' Median Annua Graph 4 Family Jncomes in 2007 dollars) . . • 2007 • 2008 2009 2010 2011 —.Total •—Married Non -married Mean Fami Table 8 y Incomes, 2007-2011 (in 2007 dolla s 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 nge Cha- ' 2011 Total Total $76,959 $74,517 $69,938 $68,306 $67,555 -12.2% Married $88,713 $85,960 $80,909 579,649 $78,946 -11.0% Non -married $43,921 $41,828 $40,306 $38,580 $37,737 -14.1% 12IPage Submitted into the public record in connection with items Ds.i'an 04-25-13 Todd B. Hannon to 0 0 0 eo W GC! E O $100,000 $90,000, $80,000 $70,000 $60,000 $50,000 $40,000 $30,000 520,000 510,000 $0 Graph 5 Mean Annual Family Incomes (in 2007 dollars) 2007 2008. 2009 2010. 2011 Total Married —tNon-married The majority of Florida's families, 78.9%, have annual incomes below $100,000. In fact, 46.1 % of families earn less than $50,000 annually (see table 9). What's more is that the number of families earning less than $35,000 has increased considerably since 2007 while the number of families earning more than $35,000 has declined. The shift was concentrated but not exclusive to the recession period between 2008 and 2009. It can be concluded that the recession created greater income inequality among families in Florida with considerable preexisting inequalities: Table 9 Family Income Groups as a % of All Income Earning Families, 2007-2011 Income Range 2007:. 2008 2009 2010 2011 % Change, 2007-2011 Less than $10,000 3.90% 4.10% 5.00% 5.60% 5.40% 38.5% $10,000 to $14,999 3.30% : 3.40% 3.80% . 3.90% 4.00% 21:2% $15,000 to $24,999 9.50% 9.30% 10.20% 10.10% 10.20% 7.4% $25,000 to $34,999 10.80% 10.70% 11.30% 11.30% . 11.50%. ._. 6.5% $35,000 to $49,999 15.50% 15.30% 16.30% 15.80% 15.00% -3.2% $50,000 to $74,999 . 21.50% 20.90% 20.30% 20.20% 20.00% -7.0% .: $75,000 to $99,999 13.70% 13.80% 13.00% 12.90% 12.80% -6.6% $100,000 to $149,999 13.00% 13.20% 12.00.% 12.30% :.12.50% -3.9% $150,000 to $199,999 4.30% 4.50% 3.90% 4.00% 4.40% 2.3% $200,000. or. more. 4.50% 4.80%.. 4.00% 4.10% 4.40%..- ; -2:2% 13 'Page Submitted into the public record in connection with items D5.1 on 04-25-13 Todd B. Hannon Race: More than 96% of Florida's population can be qualified as White (non -Hispanic or Latino), African-American/Black, or Latino/Hispanic. Whites comprise the overwhelming majority of Florida's poor and non -poor residents; representing about 57.5% of the state's total Since Whites comprise the largest population and about 39.4% of the state's population share of Florida's population they outnumber all other ethnic/racial in or near poverty. Since Whites comprise the largest groups in every poverty category: share of Florida's population they outnumber all deep poverty, poverty and near other ethnic/racial groups in every poverty category: poverty. deep poverty, poverty and near poverty (see table 10). However, because rates are a proportion of the total population, Whites enjoy the lowest rates of poverty in every poverty category among other ethnic/racial groups. Conversely, the third largest ethnic/racial group, African-Americans/Black, which account for 15.7% of Florida's total population, have the highest poverty rates in every poverty category among other ethnic/racial groups (see table 11). The disproportion of African - Americans in or near poverty is so severe that they are more than twice as likely as Whites to live in deep poverty, poverty and near poverty. This signals a considerable level of economic vulnerability among Florida's African -American population. Table 10 Individual Poverty Headcount by Race, 2007-2011 Year White Deep Poverty White p overty White Near Poverty Black Deep Poverty Black P vertv ° " Black Near Poverty Latino Deep Poverty Latino Pove " Latino Near Poverty 2007 401,130 899,832 1,246,755 254,360 597,076 797,886 199,702 591,709 843,185 2008 464,683 1,026,624 1,394,048 258,799 593,080 784,483 237,991 672,419 921,742 2009 527,644 1,130,665 1,539,859 341,256 743,550 946,084 278,938 758,240 1,037,178 2010 587,140 1,227,657 1,622,642 356,046 821,202 1,059,523 373,123 913,942 1,219,987 2011 578,797 1,232,622 1,661,360 401,266 866,968 1,083,710 373,433 974,360 1,330,624 % Change 44 3% 37 0% 33 3% 57 8% „. 45.270 .. 8%s5. 87.0% 64.7% 57.8% 14 'Page Submitted into the public record in connection with items D5.1 on 04-25-13 Todd B. Hannon Tab e 11 Individual Poverty Rates by Race, 2007-2011 Year White Deep Poverty White _ Poverty White Near Poverty Black Deep Poverty - Black Poverty Black Near Poverty Latino Deep Poverty ' Latino Poverty Latino Near Poverty. 2007 3.7% 8.3% 11.5% 9.5% 22.3% 29.8% 5.4% 16.0% 22.8% 2008 4. % 9.5% 12.9% 9.6% 22,% 29.1% p.3% 1 17.8% 24.4% 2009 4.9% 10.5% 14.3% 12.3% 26.8% 34.1% 7.1% 19.3% 26.4% 2010 5,5% 11.5% 15.2° 12.4% 28.6% 36.9° 8.9% 21.8% 29.1% 2011 5.4% 11.5% 15.5% 13.7% 29.6% 37.0% 8.7% 22.7% 31.0% % Change 2007-2011 ' - 45.9% - 38.6% 34.8% 44.2% _ 32.7% 24.2% 61. % 41.9% 36.0% Chart 2 Individual Poverty Rates by Race, 2007-2011 40.00% 35.00% 30,00% ..... 25.00% 20,00% cc 15.00% cL 10.00% 5.00% 0.00% 2007 2008 2009 • Year • 2011... hite deep poverty 13 White poverty White near pciverty Black deep poverty tra Backpoverty. : 6 Black near poverty 0 Latino deep poverty C Latino poverty --- Latino near poverty . ; . 15 'Page Submitted into the public record in connection with items D5.1 on 04-25-13 Todd B. Hannon Latinos, the largest minority population in the state which accounts for 23% of Florida's total population, are also particularly susceptible to poverty. Compared to Whites, Latinos are twice as likely to be in and near poverty and one -and -a -half times more likely to be in deep poverty. It is also particularly alarming that during the period between 2007 and 2011 Latinos experienced the greatest increases in deep poverty, poverty and near poverty headcounts and rates among all groups The recession had a punctuated negative impact in the poverty and near poverty rates of Whites and African -Americans concentrated between 2008 and 2009 while the recession's negative effects on Latinos' poverty rates has been deeper and more prolonged, lasting through the years 2007-2010. It is worth noting that Latinos or Hispanics can be of any race and are considered an ethnicity and that this data groups together all Latino groups, regardless of how long they have been in the U.S. Gender: Women account for about 51.5% of Florida's total population and yet they account for 54% of all individuals in and near poverty. Women also exhibit higher rates of poverty, deep poverty, and near poverty than their male counterparts (see graph 6). This means that women not only outnumber men within Florida's poor population but they are also disproportionately more vulnerable to being poor. Data for the 2007-2011 confirm that women have historically been more vulnerable to living in and near poverty. However, it has been men who have experienced the greatest increases in deep poverty, poverty, and near poverty rates since 2007. Both men and women experienced the greatest increases in poverty between 2007 and 2010 but it was men who absorbed the greatest increases. Submitted into the public record in connection with items D5.1 on 04-25-13 Todd B. Hannon 161Page Table 12 Individual Poverty Headcount by Gender, 2007-2011 Year Male Deep. Poverty Male Poverty Male Near Poverty Female Deep Poverty Female Poverty ..... Female Near Poverty 2007 391,953 940,686 1,315,219 502,518 1,215,180 1,672,015 2008 436,8 4 1,057,259 1,441,717 560,334 1,313,570 1,772,861 2009 530,479 1,228,943 1,662,168 649,843 1,485,355 1,968,096 2010 634,949 1,404,042 1,851,189 721,532 1,642,436 2,174,091 2011 651,895 1,448,656 1,937,577 758,239 1,718,034 2,274,716 % Change 2007-2011 ' aG a ' ' 54.0% 47.3% 50.9% 4 .4% 6.1% Graph 6 Individual Poverty Rates by Gender, 2 07-2011 25.00% • •20.00% 15.00% 10.00% 2007 2008 2009 2010 tylaie deep poverty : : • • • ---..Male poverty • near poVerty . Female deep poverty Ferna le poverty Female near poverty . . _ .r.. _ 17 [Page Submitted into the public record in connection with items D5.1 on 04-25-13 Todd B. Hannon A main reason why women are disproportionately more vulnerable to living in and near poverty is because men tend to out earn women in Florida. In fact, women are disproportionately represented in the number of workers with annual earnings below $25,000 while men comprise the majority of workers with annual earnings above $65,000 (see table 13). The gender earnings gap exists even after controlling for similar levels of education. At all levels of education, men earn higher wages than their female counterparts providing them with a wage premium from being men and giving women a wage penalty. While some of the earnings differential between men and women can be explained by the differences in college major and occupational choices, a significant portion of that differential is due gender discrimination.2 Although the gender wage gap has declined since 2007 the size of the gap is still considerably large varying between $4,138 for individuals without a high school diploma and $21,739 for individuals with a graduate or professional degree (see table 14). A gender gap exists even after controlling for similar levels of education.... Although the gender wage gap has declined since 2007 the size of the gap is still considerably large varying between $4,138 for individuals without a high school diploma and $21,739 for individuals with a graduate or professional degree. Corbett, Christianne and Catherine Hill. 2012. Graduating to a Pay Gap: The Earnings of Women and Men One Year after College Graduation (2012). Washington D.C.: American Association of University Women. 18IPage Submitted into the public record in connection with items D5.1 on 04-25-13 Todd B. Hannon Table 13 Individual Income Groups as a % of All Income Earning Individuals by Gender, 2007-2011 .Income Range 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 % Change from 2007-2011 Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women $1 to $24,999 2 . 0 31,9 0 22.7% 31.7% 25.6% 33.2% 24,0% 30.6% 23.4% 30. 0 1.3% -5.6% $25,000 to $64,999 53.2% 56.1% 53.0% 55.9% 51.4% 54.5% 51.1% 56.4% 51.3% 56.2% 3.6% 0.2% $65,000 or more 23.7% 12.0% 24.3% 12.4% 23.2% 12.4% 24,9% 13.1% 25.3% 13.7% 6,8% 14.2% Table 14 Income Premium for Men by Education Level, 2007-2011 (in 2007 dollars) Level of Education 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 % Chan e fr g m - 2007-20110 Less Than High School Graduate $6,484 $6,464 $4,887 $4,439 $4,138 -36.2% High School Graduate (Includes Equivalency) $9,236 $8,077 $6,544 $5,049 $5,635 -39.0% Some College or Associate's Degree $10,104 $8,658 $7,567 $7,636 $7,650 -24.3% Bachelor's Degree $14,912 $12,968 $11,716 $11,958 $11,815 -20.8% Graduate or Professional Degree $24,105 $21,980 $20,841 $19,866 $21,739 -9.8% 19 I P age Submitted into the public record in connection with items D5.1 on 04-25-13 Todd B. Hannon Age: When (18-64), and children, and dividing Florida's population into three age groups: children (under 18), adults the elderly (above 64) we find that 61.2% of all residents are adults, 31.2% are the remaining 17.7% are elderly. Adults represent the majority of Florida residents When compared to adults, children are one -and -a -half times more likely to be in poverty and near poverty. When compared to the elderly, children are more than twice as likely to be in poverty and near poverty and more than three times as likely to be in deep poverty. as well as the majority of poor Floridians. In fact, adults, who are 61.2% of the population, comprise 63.7% of all people in deep poverty, 58.7% of all people in poverty and 58% of all people near poverty. Conversely, the elderly represent the minority of poor Floridians as well as the population least vulnerable to poverty (see table 15). By contrast, children are the most vulnerable. It is discomforting to note that based on the size of their population, children have disproportionately higher rates of poverty, deep poverty and near poverty than other age groups (see graph 7). When compared to adults, children are one -and -a -half times more likely to be in poverty and near poverty. When compared to the elderly, children are more than twice as likely to be in poverty and near poverty and more than three times as likely to be in deep poverty. Between 2007 and 2011, children and adults have both experienced substantial increases in the levels and rates of deep poverty, poverty and near poverty. The bulk of these increases in poverty were concentrated between 2008 and 2010, signaling that the recession's negative effects on income earners was felt similarly by the child dependents of income earners. 20IPage Submitted into the public record in connection with items D5.1 on 04-25-13 Todd B. Hannon Table 15 Individual Poverty Headcount by Age, 2007-2011 Year Children Deep Poverty . Children Poverty Children Near Poverty Adult Deep Poverty It Adult Poverty Adult Near Poverty Elderly Deep Poverty Elderly Poverty Rate Elderly Near Poverty 2007 278,124 679,416 925,754 554,041 1,194,991 1,618,670 69,230 282,940 445,480 2008 291,6 1 721,319 965,700 609,115 1,327,000 1,762,082 90,039 322,900 481,245 2009 367,463 850,757 1,118,366 715,794 1,541,711 2,026,248 93,552 318,077 483,353 2010 409,403 925,094 1,188,845 858,166 1,806,666 2,348,665 89,840 317,647 487,700 2011 424,871 979,564 1,262,811 890,854 1,861,656 2,444,138 92,312 329,686 504,420 % Change 2007-2011 52.8 0 44.2° 36.4% 60.8% 55.8% 51.0% 33. % 3.6.5% 13.2% 35% 30% 25% 13 20% t' 15% 411 0 10% 5% Graph 7 Individuai Poverty Rates by Age, 2007-2011 - Children deep poverty --.-Chirdren poverty Children near poverty --Adult deep poverty -Adult poverty - Adult near poverty Elderly deep poverty - Elderly poverty Elderly near poverty 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 • Nativity: The majority of Florida residents are native citizens, individuals born in the U.S. accounting for 80.3% of the state's total population, about 15 million people. It is of no surprise that 75.7% of all Florida residents in poverty and near poverty are also native citizens. Conversely, naturalized citizens, U.S. citizens born outside the U.S., are only 9.8% of the state's 21 'Page Submitted into the public record in connection with items 05.1 on 04-25-13 Todd B. Hannon total population and have the lowest rates of poverty, deep poverty, and near when compared to native and non -naturalized foreign born residents. At the same time, non -naturalized foreign born residents are much more likely to be in poverty, deep poverty, and near poverty than native and naturalized citizens (see graph 8). The disproportionately higher poverty rates of non -naturalized foreign born residents is likely due to the general lack of access to government benefits and social services such as health and human services programs. 3 Working non -naturalized foreign born residents and their families face stricter program eligibility requirements and other barriers to access social services despite often paying into these programs. During the period between 2007 and 2011, all Floridians, irrespective of their nativity status, experienced similar increases in deep poverty, poverty and near poverty (see table 16). However, naturalized citizens have experienced the greatest gains in deep poverty despite continuing to have During the period between 2007 and 2011, all Floridians,the lowest deep poverty rates of native and foreign born irrespective of their nativity residents. Most of the increases were focused on the period status, experienced similar between 2008 and 2010 but were similarly distributed increases in deep poverty, among all individuals with distinct nationalities making it poverty and near poverty. clear that the recession did not disproportionately affect one nativity group. 3 Capps, Randy, and Karina Fortuny. 2006. Immigration and Child and Family Policy. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute. 22IPage Submitted into the public record in connection with items D5.1 on 04-25-13 Todd B. Hannon Table 16 Individual Poverty Headcount by Nativity, 2007-2011 Year Native Deep Poverty Native Poverty Native Near Poverty Foreign Born Deep Povey Foreign Born Poverty Foreign Born Near Poverty Naturalized Citizen Deep Poverty Naturalized' Citizen Poverty Naturalized Citizen Near Poverty 2007 722,436 1,676,051 2,297,346 176,698 489,317 689,801 40,358 155,224 229,732 2008 801,600 1,850,967 2,477,672 190,890 525,783 733,418 52,312 177,544 253,634 2009 968,844 2,128,521 2,833,135 213,611 582,261 799,317 53,582 190,886 274,608 2010 1,081,701 2,356,033 3,082,106 278,661 691,223 951,789 72,149 232,284 329,069 2011 1,123,906 2,427,637 3,191,893 278,665 744,329 1,019,328 76,685 253,790 359,688 % Change 2-2011 007 55.6% 44.8% 38.9% 57.7% 52.1 47.8% 90.0% 63.5h 56.6% 23IPage Submitted into the public record in connection with items D5.1 on 04-25-13 Todd B. Hannon --NatiVe pov r " Native near poverty —Foreign porn deep poverty . Foreign born poverty • born near PoVertY • ..„ . . . . . .*•* Nathraliied citizen deep. • , tOovertY'* .• • •• • Naturalized citizen poverty•.. --Naturalized citizen near Work status: About 11.9 million Floridians are of working age, ages 16 to 64, that's about 63.8% of the state's total population. However, only 45.7% of all Floridians of working age are working full-time hours year-round. Unemployment and underemployment are problems for Floridians that have become exacerbated by the recession. Underemployment is defined as working fewer hours than desired and a full 25.8% of all Floridians of working age are working less than full- time hours year-round while 28.5% are not working at all. Work is related to poverty and it is not surprising that more than 1.2 million of working Floridians of working age are in or near poverty compared to the more than 1.3 million non -working Floridians working age also in or near poverty (see table 17). 24 Page Submitted into the public record in connection with items D5.1 on 04-25-13 Todd B. Hannon Table 17 Individual Poverty Headcount for Working -Age Population, 2007-2011 Year Working Age Deep Poverty . Working Age Poverty Working Age Near Poverty 2007 578,214 1,281,140 1,723,303 2008 646,084 1,394,182 1,847,575 2009 756,892 1,616,997 2,144,528 2010 906,211 1,906,575 255 2011 927,998 1,963,073 2,581,738 % Change 2007-2011. 60.5% 53.2% 49.8% While poverty affects both working and non -working Floridians of working age, the non- working considerably outnumber their working counterparts in all poverty categories. Non- working Floridians of working age are also substantially more likely to be in poverty, deep poverty and near poverty. Non -working Floridians of working age are twice as likely as their working counterparts to be in deep poverty and one -and -a -half times as likely to be in poverty. Table 18 Individual Poverty Headcount by Work Status for Working -age Population, 2007-2011 Year Full -Time Worker Deep Poverty Full -Time Worker Poverty . Full -Time Worker Near Poverty Non Full- Time Worker. Deep Poverty Non Full- Time Worker Poverty Non Full - Time Worker Near Poverty Not Working Deep Poverty Not Working Poverty Not Working Near Poverty 2007 16,767 139,725 285,040 223,695 504,148 661,068 342,188 631,361 778,357 2008 23,532 164,723 305,915 220,389 520,119 678,799 397,103 706,240 864,578 2009 21,947 164,606 307,265 247,322 594,826 779,535 487,441 863,711 1,054,696 2010 26,760 181,965 331,818 271,808 6 9, 66 849,400 602,432 1,08 ,714 1,304,714 2011 27,168 184,745 353,190 282,206 662,571 868,091 621,516 1,120,767 1,365,298 % Change 2007-2011 _2 0% _. 6 ' 32 2% ' . 23 9% ' 26 2% * 31 4% ' 31.3% 1.6% 77.5% 75.4% 25 'Page Submitted into the public record in connection with items D5.1 on 04-25-13 Todd B. Hannon individual Pove t; 20.00°4 o 15,00? . . 5.00% 2007 2008 2009 2010 In fact, Floridians of working age that work full time have negligible rates of poverty, deep poverty and near poverty. However, poverty rates across all poverty categories rise noticeably if the worker works less than full-time hours (see chart 3). This means that employment and the level of employment play significant roles in determining whether individuals are vulnerable to poverty. However, whether jobs are available and whether those jobs offer sufficient working hours are factors that workers cannot control. Data for the 2007-2011 period show that full-time < 011-tierie working deep ' pOverty - < Full-tiriie working near poverty •.-,, Not orking poVerty orking near poverty Non -working Floridians of working age are twice as likely as their working counterparts to be in deep poverty and one -and -a -half times as likely to be in poverty. workers experienced the greatest increases in deep poverty. Additionally, workers working less than full-time hours experienced 26IPage Submitted into the public record in connection with items D5.1 on 04-25-13 Todd B. Hannon the biggest gains in poverty and near poverty levels. Workers working less than full-time hours increased poverty levels most between 2008 and 2010. The latter is likely due to the shortening of working hours during economic downturns that led to income declines for workers working less than full-time hours. Disability: The more than 2.4 million Florida residents with disabilities are also affected by poverty. Floridians with disabilities are a relatively small portion of the state's poor population but they are also particularly vulnerable to poverty, deep poverty, and near poverty as indicated by their higher poverty rates when compared to Floridians without disabilities (see chart 4). Between 2007 and 2011 Florida residents with disabilities did experience increases in deep poverty, poverty and near poverty but considerably less so than residents without disabilities (see table 19). Table 19 Individual Poverty Headcount for Disabled Population, 2007-2011 Year Disabled Deep Poverty Disabled Poverty Disabled Near Poverty 2007 156,392 463,963 646,421 2008 159,829 451,692 604,572 2009 176,414 461,927 626,736 2010 177,122 488,855 665,977 2011 190,815 514,477 693,215 %Change 2007-2011 22.0% 10.9% • 7.2% 271P a ge Submitted into the public record in connection with items D5.1 on 04-25-13 Todd B. Hannon Chart 4 Individual Poverty Rates for the Disabled, 2007-201 ci Disabled near poverty DiSa bled poyerty Disabled deep poverty Education: Of Florida residents aged 25 and older, the great majority have graduated from high school or its equivalent, 86.3% and most have completed some college coursework or attained a college degree (56%). The 1.8 million Floridians aged 25 and older who have not graduated from college are noticeably more likely to be in poverty, deep poverty and near poverty than those who achieved higher levels of educational attainment. The overall trend is that higher levels of educational attainment lower the exposure to poverty at all levels (see table 20). This trend is supported by empirical research showing that educational attainment has a general positive effect in increasing incomes.4 During the period between 2007 and 2011, Floridians of all different levels of educational attainment experienced considerable increases in poverty levels. However, residents with some college coursework experienced the greatest increases in deep poverty, poverty and near poverty; 83.1%, 73.4% and 74.0% respectively. Florida residents with a high school degree also experienced considerable gains in deep poverty. All poverty increases occurred mainly between 4 Jacobson, Louis and Christine Mokher. 2009. Pathways to Boosting the Earnings of Low - Income Students by Increasing Their Educational Attainment. Washington D.C.: Hudson Institute Center for Employment Policy. 28 'Page Submitted into the public record in connection with items os.i on 04-25-13 Todd B. Hannon 2007 and 2010 making it clear that individuals of all skill levels are similarly affected by economic downturns. Table 20 Individual Poverty Headcount by High School Attainment, 2007-2011 Year Year Achieved < High School Deep Poverty Achieved < High School Poverty Achieved < High School Near Poverty Achieved High School Deep Poverty Achieved High School Poverty Achieved High School Near Poverty 2007 128,347 374,195 527,850 166,549 437,676 631,338 2008 148,094 417,519 553,124 174,597 442,065 631,522 2009 163,363 464,955 619,342 214,899 512,742 716,331 2010 196,319 510,794 678,029 253,157 598,371 817,007 2011 186,113 508,232 674,660 272,587 636,037 873,070 ,Change 2007-2011 45 0% ' 35 8% ' 27.8% 63.7% 45.3% 38. % 40.00% 35.00% • 30.00% — ▪ 25.00% es rg 20.00% > • 15.00% •10.00% 5.00% 0.00% Graph 9 Individual Poverty Rates by High School Attainment, 2007-2011 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 --Achieved < high school deep - poverty —Achieved< high school poverty --Achieved< high school near poverty Achieved high school deep • poverty —Achieved high school poverty Achieved high school near poverty 29 1 Page Submitted into the public record in connection with items D5.1 on 04-25-13 Todd B. Hannon Table 21 Individual Poverty Headcount by College Attainment, 2007-2011 Year Achieved Some College/Associates Degree Achieved Bachelor's Degree Or Higher Deep Poverty Poverty Near Poverty Deep Poverty Poverty Near Poverty 2007. : 100,021 244,878 344,899 61,326 . 129,108. . 180,752 2008 133,266 314,655 436,816 78,280 159,821 218,530 2009 158,562 351,103 494,564 77,219 160,873 215,570 2010 184,780 411,905 573,587 93,958 187,917 255,030 2011 183,107 424,651 599,966 92,157 191,140 262,817 %Change 2007-2011 83.1% 73.4% 74.0% 50.3% 48.1% 45.4% 18.00% 16.00% 14.00% 12.00% a, 10.00% oc a 8.00% 0 a .. 6.00% Graph 10 Individual Poverty Rates by College Attainment, 2007-2011 4.00% 2.00%- 0.00% 2007 . :: 2008 2009.. 2010 . :: .2011. Achieved some college/associates degree deep poverty Achieved some college/associates degree poverty Achieved some college/associates degree near poverty Achieved bachelor's degree or higher deep poverty Achieved bachelor's degree or higher poverty • Achieved bachelor's degree or higher near poverty 30'Page Submitted into the public record in connection with items D5.1 on 04-25-13 Todd B. Hannon Families: The overwhelming majority of Floridians live in a family household, 81.9% of the state's total population. Florida is home to more than 4.5 million families, 72.2% of which are comprised of married -couple families while 20.7% are single female households without a husband and 7.1% are comprised of other family arrangements (see table 22). While people living in families do not have disproportionately higher rates of poverty than individuals not in a living arrangement involving a family household it is alarming to find that the most people in poverty and near poverty live in a family household. Florida residents living in a family household comprise about 68.8% of individuals in deep poverty, 73.2% of those in poverty and 73.9% of those near poverty. This means that poverty is not an individualized phenomenon but is instead one experienced by thousands of families throughout the state. Table 22 Family Total and Types, 2007-2011 Year All Families Married -Couple Family Single Female Householder Family Total Total % of All Families Total % of All Families 2007 4,626,215 3,415,012 73.8% 879,889 19.0% 2008 4,577,227 3,372,168 73.7% 875,698 19.1% 2009 4,542,466 3,335,399 73.4% 897,308 19.8% 2010 4,556,930 3,307,884 72.6% 935,741 20.5% 2011 4,559,858 3,293,055 72.2% 942,718 20.756 Chart 5 Other 7% FamilyTypes as % of All Farnilies,2011 : - flouiehOlder family . 21% aiTieiciTcotiple • . 72%, Submitted into the public record in connection with item D5, I on 13 Todd B. Hannon 31 1 P a g e About 12.4% of Florida's more than 4.5 million families are in poverty. This means that more than 565, 000 families in Florida are in poverty, earning below the federal poverty threshold. About 12.4% of Florida's more than 4.5 million families are in poverty. This means that more than 565, 000 families in Florida are in poverty, earning below the federal poverty threshold (see table 23). However, not all families are similarly susceptible to poverty. Families with a female householder that do not have a husband present are more than 4 times more likely to be poor than married - couple families. The poverty rate for families with a single female householder is 28.9% and 6.9% for married -couple families (see graph 11). This points to the existence of systemic inequalities affecting single female householder and the disproportionate vulnerability of the 18.8% of all Floridians living in a family with a single female householder. However, between 2007 and 2011, married -couple families saw the most increases in poverty as a continuous and sustained increase in poverty began in 2007. Table 23 Family Poverty Total by Type, 2007-2011 Year All Families Married Families Single Female Householder Families 2007 397,854 150,261 212,933 2008 434,837 175353 214,546 2009 486,044 193,453 241,376 2010 546,832 218,320 271,365 2011 565,422 227,221 272,446 %Change 2007- 2011 42. % 51.2% 27.9% 321Page Submitted into the public record in connection )Nith item0,51 on Todd B. Hannon 35.00%• 30.00% 25.00% 20.00% 15.00% a 10.00% 5.00% 0.00% Graph ll. Family Poverty Rates, 2007-2011 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 All Families Married families Singlefemale . householder families Family characteristics: Race is an important factor in shaping how poverty affects families in Florida. Families with White or Latino householders tend to be married -couple families, 79.9% and 65.2%, respectively while African-American/Black families are more evenly divided between married - couple families and families with a female householder that do not have a husband present, 46.4% and 44.2% respectively (see table 24). The link between African American female headed households and poverty is clear and even alarming, since over a third, or 38.1%, of all African - American families with a single female householder are in poverty, more than 109,000 families. Additionally, African -American families with a single female householder are considerably more vulnerable to poverty than their white and Latino counterparts (see chart 6). Conversely, Latino married -couple families have the highest poverty rates among other married couples at 13.7%, more than 84,000 families. Since 2007, White families have experienced the greatest increases in poverty (see table 25). White and African -American married -couple families observed significant increases in poverty while White families with a single female householder also observed considerable increases in poverty. However, it is worth noting that the percentage of families that are married - couple families has declined while the percentage of families with a single female householder have increased, especially among Latino families (17.6% increase between 2007 and 2011). The 33'Page Submitted into the public record in connection with item DJr' . I on O4I25(i Todd B. Hannon latter is disturbing due to the general heightened level of economic vulnerability observed in families with a single female householder. Table 24 Family Types by Race, 2007-2011 . - Year - White Family Black Family : Latmo Family : • Married Couples % Single Female Householder % Married Couples % Single Female Householder % Married Couples % Single Female Householder 2007 80.8% 13.5% 47.5% 42.8% 68.7% 21.3% 2008 80.8% 13.6% 47.5% 42.4% 67.6% 21.7% : 2069 80.6% 14.0% 46.5% 44.0% . 67.8% - 22.5% 2010 80.4% 14.0% 46.4% 44.6% 65.3% 25.3% 2011 79.9% 14.2% 46.4% 44.2% 65.2% 25.0% % Change, 2007-2011 -1.1% 5.6% -2.3% 3.4% -5.0% 17.6% 45.00% 40.00% 35.00% 3o.op% 25.00% a.. 0, 20 00% 15.00% 10.00% 5.00% Chart 6 Fa ily Poverty Rates by Race, 2007-2011 White family poverty White family married family poVerty, -White family single female householder family poverty ---Black family poverty family married family • poverty Black family single feniale householder family poverty -Latino faMily poverty Latino. family married family poverty Latino farnily single female householder poverty : •. 0.00% 007 2002009 2010 2011 34 'Page Submitted into the public record in connection with item D5, 1 on Todd B. Hannon Table 25 Family Poverty Headcount by Race, 2007-2011 Year White Black Latino Family Married Family Single Female Householder Family Family Married Family Single Female Householder Family Family Married Family single Female Householder Family 2007 145,215 67,041 65,394 120,902 21,651 90,212 120,302 56,728 53,164 2008 175,568 85,103 72,605 115,178 21,582 81,372 130,698 60,494 56,827 2009 190,181 90,626 78,261 144,338 27,835 99,794 140,079 65,363 59,316 2010 214,125 98,678 89,400 152,851 33,408 105,297 170,669 79,323 72,558 2011 209,736 101,918 83,337 163,654 36,153 109,464 180,718 84,134 76,131 Change 2007- 2011 44.4% 52.0% 27.4% 35.4% 67.0% 21.3% 50.2% 48.3% 43.2% 35IPage Submitted into the public record in connect n w*th item P51 on 04 25 i Todd B. Hannon 45.00% 40.00% 35.00% 30.00% vt 25.00% 13) i.E.1 20.00% 15.00% 10.00% 5.00% 0.00% Chart6 Family Poverty Rates by Race, 2007-2011 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 ---Whitefarnily poverty • White family married family poverty —White family single female householder family poverty —Blackfamdy poverty • Black family mar poverty family single female -: householder family poverty: -Latino family poverty tirio family married family poverty :: —Latino family single female householder poveriy d family The recession has also had a considerable impact on the size and composition of families. In fact, since 2007, the amount of families with more than two people or with children have declined while the amount of families with two people has remained about the same and the amount of families without children have increased (see tables 26 and 27). The decline in larger families and families with children reaffirms the fact that the overwhelming majority of poor and non -poor families in Florida are families with two people and families with three or four people, 89.4% of all families and 80.4% of all poor families. In fact, only 10.6% of all families in Florida have five or more people and 7.7% of families have more than two children. 36IPage Submitted into the public record in conneqpn ith item 05 on 0Y12511 Todd B. Hannon Table 26 Family Composition by Size, 2007-2011 Year - All Families Family with 2 People - Family with 3 or 4 . People. - Family with 5 or More People Total Total % of All families Total % of All families Total % of All families 2067 4,626,215 2,347,244 " 50.7% 1,778,243 38.4%. :5 0,728 10,8% 2008 4,577,227 2,339,048 51.1% 1,752,946 38.3% 485,233 10.6% 2009 4,542,466 2,300,897 50.7% 1,747,423 ' 38.5% 494,146 10.9% 2010 4,556,930 2,302,903 50.5% 1,744,511 38.3% 509,516 11.8% 2011 4,559,858 2, 337, 46 51.3% 1,737,947 38.1° " 484,765 10.6% % Change, 2011 -1.4% -0.4% 1.0% -2.3% -0.9% -3.2% -1.8% Table Table 27 Family Composition by Children, 2007-2011 Year Family With No " . Children Family With 1 or 2 Children Family With 3 or 4 Children Family With >4 Children Total % of All families Total % of All families Total % of All • families Total % of All families 2007 2,521,800 54.5% 1,721,159 37.2% 352,354 7.6% 30,902 0.7% 2008 2,523,111 55.1% 1,689,244 36.9% 338,326 7.4% 26,546 0.6% 2009 2,519,562 55.5% . 1,658,028 36.5% 335,302 7:4% 29,574 0.7% , 2010 2,555,737 56.1% 1,648,869 36.2% 324,180 7.1% 28,144 0.6% 2011 2,573,104 56.4% 1,635,190 35.9% 322,833 71% 28,731 0.6% ,change 2007-2011 2.0% 3.5% -5.0% -3.6% -8.4% -7.1% -7.0% -6.0% The size and composition of families also affect families' vulnerability to poverty in Florida. Families with a single female householder are more twice as likely to be poor than married -couple families. Likewise, the more children in a family the more likely that family is to be in poverty (see table 28). Married -couple families with three or four children are more than twice as likely to be poor than those with one or two children. Similarly, families with single female householder and have one or two children are also more than twice as likely to be poor 37 ' P a g e Submitted into the public record in connectipn with item pg. on 04125113 Todd B. Hannon Families with a single female householder are more twice as likely to be poor than married - couple families. Likewise, the more children in a family the more likely that family is to be in poverty. than those with one or two children. However, families without children have considerably lower poverty rates than families with children (see graph 12). While families with one or two children are 35.9% of all families in Florida they also represent about 50.3% of all poor families; most of which have a single female householder. Single female householder families with less than five children are more than three times as likely as to be poor as married families with less than five children. The disproportionately higher poverty rates of single female householder families with children make it clear that these families are facing significant obstacles to make ends meet. Table 28 Family Poverty Rates by Composition and Type, 2007-2011 Year Family With No Children Poverty Rate - Family With or 2 Children Poverty Rate Family With 3 or 4 Children Poverty Rate Family With >4 Children Poverty Rate Married Family Single Female Householder Family Married Family Single Female Householder Family Married Family Single Female Householder Family Married Family Single Female Householder Family 2007 3.4% 8.6% 4. . 27.1% 9.4% 51.$% 28.3% 68.6% 2008 4.0% 9.7% 5.6% 27.1% 12.9% 52.9% 28.6% 70.2% 2009 4.1% 10.8% 6.5% 30.6% 15.6% 56.5% .: 31.6% 80.1% 2010 4.6% 13.5% 8.5% 32.4% 15.7% 59.0% 36.7% 78.2% 2011 4.7% . . % 8.6% . 33.2% 18.2% 57.4% , 47.3° 81.6% • % Change 2007- 2011 38.2% 54.7% 79.2% 22.5% 93.6% 10.8% 67.1% 19.0% 38 'Page Submitted into the public record in connecypion vkfith item05.1 on 01/251(3 Todd B. Hannon 90 70 60 „9 50 Z5 .40 > 0 o- 30 • 20 10 Graph 12 Family Poverty Rates by Composition and Type, 2007-2011 2007 2008 2009 20 0 2011.. 1 ----Family With no children married • farhily pOverty • : Family with no children single female householder family poverty --Family with' or 2 children married family poverty Family with 1 or 2 children single female householder family poverty with 3 or 4 children married family poverty —Family with 3 or 4 children • married family poverty --- Family with >4 children rnarried • family poverty Married families with children observed disturbingly high increases in poverty than married families without children between 2007 and 2011. However, when looking at families with a single female householder without children saw greater increases than those with children. It is particularly alarrning that married -couple families with one or two and three or four children experienced the greatest of increases, nearly doubling their poverty rates. This illustrates the point that dependent children increase the economic vulnerability of families due to the high costs of supporting children in Florida. The data also point to the continuous high poverty rates of families with a female householder that do not have a husband present whether they have children or not. Additionally, larger families tended to experience greater increases in poverty than smaller families. This is particularly true for married -couple families who absorbed the most 39IPage Submitted into the public record in connect n th' itemP5i1 on 0 25 I Todd B. Hannon gains as observed by the near doubling of the poverty rate for married families with three or four and five or six people. Conversely, when looking at families with single female householder smaller families tended to see greater increases in poverty than did larger families (see table 29). Table 29 Family Poverty Rates by Size and Type, 2007-2011 Year Family With 2 People Family With or 4 People Family Wath 5 or 6 People Family With >6 People Poverty Rate . Married Family Single Female Householder Family Married Family Single Female Householder Family Married Family Single Female Householder Family Married Family Single Female Householder Family 2007 3.7% 17.9% 3.9 . . 27.6% 7.6% * 41.4% 18.1% 43.7 0 2008 4.3% 18.5% 4.7% 27.7% 10.2% 40.1% 17.2% 45.8% 2009 4.5% 20.3% 5.3% 29.9% .8% 45.5% 21.0% 54.1% 2010 4.8% 21.4% 6.9% 33.7% 12.3% 42.7% 22.6% 50.6% 2011 4.8% 22.2% - 6.9% 32.6% 15.0% 47.2% 28.5% 50.9% % Change 2007- 2011 29.7% 24.0% 76.9% 18.1% 97.4% 14.0% 57.5% 16.5% 40IPage Submitted into the public record in connection vitith item 06.1 on 0141251(3 Todd B. Hannon 60.00% 50.00% 40.00% ad 30.00% V ' 0 20.00% 10.00% 0.00% Graph 13 Family Poverty Rates by Size and Type, 2007-2011. : : . . . • . . . ' 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Married family with 2 people Single female householder family with 2 people Married family with 3 or 4 • people —-Single female householder family with 3 or 4 people Married family with 5 or 6 people Single female householder family with 5 or 6 people Married family with >6 people Single female householder family with >6 people Families and work: Most families in Florida had a householder who worked, amounting to about 79.3% of all families. However, the majority of poor families also had a householder who worked, about 62.5% of all families in poverty. It is particularly alarming that families with one worker represent a greater share of families in poverty than families without a worker and that they also have higher poverty rates (see table 30). Furthermore, between 2007 and 2011 the more workers a family had the greater the increase in poverty rates. The latter was likely due to the poor economic security that most jobs in Florida offer during economic downturns and the resulting vulnerable position that most workers find themselves in. 411Page Submitted into the public record in connecti n tyial item P.51 on 0 2510 Todd B. Hannon orkers, 2007-2011 Table 30 Family Poverty Total and Poverty Rates by Number of Workers, 2007-2011 Year Family With No Workers Poverty Family With 1 Worker Poverty Family With 2 Workers Poverty ; Family With >2 Workers Poverty Total Poverty Rate Total Poverty Rate Total Poverty Rate Total Poverty Rate 2007 134,111 16.6% ` : 209,884 14.1% 48,594 2.6% 6,451 1.4%. 2008 153,288 18.6% 220,873 14.80% 53,056 2.9% 6,037 1.4% 2009 176,601 20.5% 247,818 16.4%.. 56,804 , 3.2% 7,501 1.9% 2010 213,081 23.4% 262,467 16.6% 65,606 3.9% 8,426 2.2% 2011 210,339 22.3% 280,170. 17.6% 64,592 3.9% 8,845 2.4% % Change 2007-2011 56.89 34.3% 33.5% 24.8% 32.9% 50.0% 37.1% 71.4% Family Poverty Ra 25.00% 20.00% > 10.00% o a Graph 14 es by Number o Family with no workers Family with 1 worker with 2 workers Family with >2 workers 42IPage Submitted into the public record in connecti n with item•% on �2513 Todd B. Hannon Conclusion: According to the 2012 ACS, Florida has experienced considerable and consistent increases in poverty, deep poverty and near poverty levels since 2007. While much of the increase was due to the Great Recession and the subsequent rise in unemployment and decline of real incomes it is also evident that poverty levels were increasing before and after the recession, albeit at a slower rate. Furthermore, this report welcomes further research to explore why Florida's women, children, African -Americans and single female households are disproportionately vulnerable to poverty. Ultimately, the rise of poverty in Florida signals a failure to implement the socioeconomic policies needed to protect individuals and families from the hardships triggered by the economic downturn. Florida needs an economic strategy that not only creates jobs, but decent jobs that have benefits that will allow working people to obtain insurance and supports for their children. This report shows that the majority of those losing ground in Florida are not only working but working families. These working families have essentially seen themselves sink into poverty, as 50% or more of those in poverty post -recession are married families with children. This not only signals a dire situation at the family level but makes a case that long-term economic strategies such as an increased minimum wage or even better health care access could seriously improve the quality of life for thousands of Floridians. We have shown that workers have lost upwards of $8000 per year since the Recession. Essentially, a loss that large will result in the difference between middle and lower class. These are serious gaps that are occurring at the same time as increases in tuition for public universities and much higher transportation costs, namely in fuel. The middle class is being squeezed as a result. However, with sufficient will and effort the increase in poverty may be reversed through greater access to living wages and social services. 43IPage Submitted into the public record in connect n with item P5i on 0 Todd B. Hannon Notes: 1) Source of data: U.S. Census Bureau. 2013. American Community Survey, 2007-2012 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates, Detailed Tables; generated by Ali Bustamante; using American FactFinder; http://factfmder.census.gov/home; (20 February 2013). 2) The U.S. Census Bureau's 2012 American Community Survey (ACS) is conducted throughout the United States and in Puerto Rico. It uses a methodology of random sampling 3 million Americans through a series of monthly samples to produce annually updated data. The U.S. Census Bureau 2012 poverty threshold methodology uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who is in poverty. If a family's total income is less than the family's threshold, then that family and every individual in it is considered in poverty. The official poverty thresholds do not vary geographically, but they are updated for inflation using Consumer Price Index (CPI-U). The official poverty definition uses money income before taxes and does not include capital gains or noncash benefits (such as public housing, Medicaid, and food stamps). 3) Special recognition and thanks to Tamanna Ashraf, RISEP intern, for her assistance in this report. 441Page Submitted into the public recor iniconneclipn viith item I) i on 011-12.511.3 Todd B. Hannon