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HomeMy WebLinkAboutArcheological Report• • • ARCHAEOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND ASSESSMENT OF THE SOO BLOCK BISCAYNE BOULEVARD PROJECT AREA IN MIAMI-DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA Prepared for:: Peruyera and Associates, Inc. 2800 Ponce de Leon Boulevard Coral Gables, Florida 33134 Panamerican Consultants, Inc. 5313 Johns Road, Suite 205 Tampa, Florida 33634 813.884.6351 (phone) 813,884.5968 (fax) • • • ARCHAEOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND ASSESSMENT OF THE 900 BLOCK BISCAYNE BOULEVARD PROJECT AREA IN MIAMI-DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA Prepared for: Peruyera and Associates, Inc. 2800 Ponce de Leon Boulevard Coral Cables, Florida 33134 Prepared by: Panarnerican Consultants, Inc. 5313 Johns Road, Suite 205 Tampa, Honda 33634 813.884.6351 (phone) 813,884.5968 (fax) Skye W_ Hughes, RPA Staff Archaeologist April 2004 • • • Table of Contents List of Figures Introduction 1 Archival Research 2 Environmental Setting 4 Culture History 5 Prehistoric Overview 5 Paleoindian Stage (12,000 to 8000 B.C.) 5 Archaic Stage (8000 to 500 B.G.) 6 Woodland Stage (500 S.C. to A.D. 800) 7 Protohistaric Period (A.D. 800 to 1565) i3 Historic Overview 8 Expected Results 9 Management Summary 10 Field Methods 10 Report Production and Artifact Analysis 10 Procedures to Deal with Unexpected Discoveries 11 References Cited 12 List of Figures Figure 1. Lotion of the project area. Figure 2. Project area on the Miami, Florida 1988 (photo investigated 1990) USGS 7.5' topographic quadrangle. Figure 3. 1921-1924 Historic Sanborn Map. 2 3 5 • • • Introduction Panatrierican Consultants, Inc. (PCI), completed an archaeological assessment and management plan for the 900 Boulevard project area in Miami -Dade County, Florida. This project area includes the addresses of 900, 928, 944 Biscayne Boulevard and 901, 929, and 951 NE 2" Avenue. Construction is proposed at this location, which is currently retail space. An archaeological survey and potentially monitoring of asphalt removal on the property is proposed for the project area in accordance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1964 (PL 89-665), as amended in 1992, and 36 C.F R., Part 800: Protection of Historic Properties. This assessment is intended to conform to the City of Miami's requirements as the parcel is located adjacent to a conservation area located along the west bank of Biscayne Bay, as described in the City of Miami Historic Preservation Ordinance 16-10. The purpose of this assessment is to identify previously recorded archaeological sites, historic structures, and historic features within the project limits and learn of their potential eligibility for listing on the National Register of Historic Places (NR P). This report was prepared following the guidelines established in Chapter 1 A-46, Florida Administrative Code, and the Historic Preservation Compliance Review Program of the Florida Division of Historical Resources (FDHR). "the 900 Biscayne Boulevard property consists of just 1.65 acres located in downtown Miami within. Section 37 of Township 53 South, Range 42 East on the Miami, Florida ) 988 (photo inspected 1990) 7.5' USGS topographic quadrangle. The property is a mostly paved city block surrounded by NE 10th Street to the north, Biscayne Boulevard (Route 1) to the east, NE 9th Street to the south, and Holt Boulevard to the west (Figure 1). No previously recorded historic structures currently exist within the project area; however, four buildings dating to before 1954 currently exist within the project area according to the Miami -Dade County property appraiser database. The four structures include 900 Biscayne Boulevard built .in 1932, 901 NE 2"d Avenue built in 1925, 928 Biscayne Boulevard built in 1939, and 944 Biscayne Boulevard built in 1935. Of the remaining two structures, 928 Biscayne Boulevard is listed as being built in 1977, and 951 NE 2'"f Avenue has no date provided, Given the limited ground exposure, it is recommended that monitoring should occur during ground disturbing activities and the initial groundbreaking activities related to the proposed construction at the 900 block of Biscayne Boulevard to investigate any archaeological deposits that may be exposed. • • Archival Research 900 Biscayne Boulevard Miami -Dade County, Florida Figure 9. Location of the project area. A search of the Florida Tvfaster Site File (FMSF) records in GIS format (provided September 2003) revealed that no archaeological sites, cemeteries, historic bridges, historic structures, or NR.HP-lasted sites have been recorded within the 900 Biscayne Boulevard property (Figure 2). The project area is however, a part of a resource group called the Downtown Miami Multiple Resource Area. This resource group has 40 contributing resources associated with it, none of which are located within the project area. The Downtown Miami Multiple Resource Area consists of 36 buildings, 1 site, 1 object and 2 historic districts. The evaluation of significance of this area is based on the wide variety of historic resources that are representative of the history of the area spanning the frontier era until the twentieth century. Two surveys have been conducted within an area that includes the boundaries of the 900 Biscayne Boulevard property. The surveys were countywide surveys, archaeological and one historic (Carr 1980; Metropolitan Dade County 1989) Countywide surveys generally consist of an inventory of known resources with little to no additional fieldwork. • • • • OA 900 Bisca ne Boulevard 0 GA 02 Mlles 1=1 MOO boo I� IURNP ll** J Properties um Della County •rctuaotopleal spa Q Pm/'boozy Rttotdod Il Ietork Strocturr Figure 2. Project area on the Miami, Ronda 1988 (photo investigated 1990) USGS 7.5' topographic quadrangle. A number of historic structures, including 10 NRHP-Listed properties, have been recorded within one-half mile of the property. All of the structures and the bridge were constructed in the early to mid twentieth century, One archaeological site is located one- half Haile north of the property. Site $DA6941, Biscayne Boulevard, is an early - twentieth -century American site that has been determined ineligible for listing on the NRHP by the State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO). Site SDA12, Miami Circle at Bricked Point, is a NRHP-listed property; however it is located approximately 1.5 miles to the south. • • • Environmental Setting The project area is in the Southern or Distal Zone of Florida. The project area is located on the Miami Ridge, which is the southern extension of the Atlantic Coastal Ridge extending along the Atlantic sloe of Florida. The Miami Ridge is a Pleistocene formation made up of oolitic limestone, The Southern Slope lies to the south of the project area, and the Everglades Trough lies to the west (Noble et al. 1996:3; White 1970:Map 1-C). The elevation at the project area location is approximately l0 feet (i:k.) (3 meters [mi) above mean sea level (amsl). The project area is currently occupied by a paved public parking lot and six existing structures (Figure 3). The Urban land-Udorthents soil association is mapped for most of Miami, including the project area (Noble et al. 1996:General Soil Map). This association includes built-up areas and well -drained soil consisting of fill material, ranging in thickness from 8 inches (in.) (20 centimeters (crnj) to more than 80 in. (203 crn) on top of limestone bedrock. The specific soil type mapped for the project area is Urban, land (Noble et al. 1996:Sheet Number 18). Urban land includes soils that are covered by commercial development, parking lots, streets, sidewalks, airports, large buildings, houses, and other structures. The natural soil type cannot be observed. Within open portions of Urban land are small areas of Udorthents soils. Udorthents soils have been altered by grading or shaping and may have been covered with fill (Noble et al. 1996). The climate of south Florida is subtropical. Temperatures are moderated by the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf Strewn; however, these moderating effects diminish with increasing distance from the shoreline. The project area is less than 0.2 miles west of Biscayne Bay and just over 0.6 miles north of the Miami River. Any other previously existing naturalponds or wetlands near the project area have been filled. Miami Limestone underlies most of Miami -Dade County, including the project area. This area is fed by the Biscayne Aquifer, which can be tapped with wells to provide freshwater (Noble et al.1990). The Miami River formed when the sea level rose 5,500 to 6,000 years ago and Lake Okeechobee and the Everglades were created (Wheeler 2000). Studies of the prehistoric vegetation community indicate that 900 Block Biscayne Boulevard project area was surrounded by a vast prairie on the eastern fringes of the Everglades before the nineteenth century. The Miami River: which drains eastward from the Everglades to Biscayne Bay, was a prominent and plentiful source of fresh water (Carr and Rieisak 2000). • • • 0 110 220 1!!!!5=Mumemorol feet Legenct 900 Biscayne Boulevard Miami -Dade County, Florida IIIII 900 Block Biscayne Boulevard project area Figure 3. 1921-1924 Historic Sanborn Map. Culture History Prehistoric Overview Paleoindian Stage (12,000 to 8000 B.C.) The Paleoindian Stage (12,000 to 8000 13.C) is the first recorded archaeological stage in Florida prehistory. The oldest evidence for human occupation in the United States dates to ca. 14,000 years ago, During this period, the Iandform of Florida was • • • markedly different than it is at present, due to sea levels 1.35 to 165 ft. lower than present- day sea levels. The Paleoindiae shorelines extended as much as 100 miles beyond the present coastal boundaries, especially to the west of the peninsula (Milanich 1.994). Characteristics of the Paleoindian Stage in Florida include a nomadic settlement pattern and subsistence that appears to have relied on large -game hunting (including the extinct Pleistocene mammals suet' as the mastodon and mammoth), small -game hunting, and gathering (Anderson 1996). The main archaeological artifacts from this period are diagnostic lanceolate spear points and unifacial tools made of chert, as pottery was not yet in use. Other types of artifact materials, such as wood and bone, do not survive well in Florida's humid environment, except at wet sites, which can provide subsistence information from floral and faunal remains (Coles 1988). During the late Pleistocene, Florida was much drier and cooler than it is at present, and a lack of surface water led Paleoindians to seek out deep springs found in the karstic, Tertiary limestone regions (Milanich 1994). Paleoindian sites have been recorded in south Florida, such as the Cutler .Fossil site (8DA2001) in Dade County, on the southeast coast. The number of Paleoindians living in Florida has been estimated at 5,000 on the west coast between the Manatee -Sarasota county line and Cape Sable (McGoun 1993, citing Widmer 1988). Atrhaio Stage (8000 to 500 B.G.) The Archaic Stage (8000 to 500 B.C.) in Florida is associated with the onset of the Holocene geologic epoch and its concurrent environmental changes. This stage has been divided into three periods: Early (8000 to 5000 B.C.), Middle (5000 to 3000 B.C.), and Late (3000 to 500 B.C.) (Milanich 1994). Sea levels fluctuated near present-day levels by 7500 B.C., and a period of hotter, dryer conditions occurred from 6000 to 3000 B.C., during the Holocene Hypsithermal (Delcourt and Delcourt 1987). By 3000 B,C. there was a return of wetter conditions, and slash and longleaf pines, cypress swamps, and bay heads replaced the scrub oak and prairie vegetation of post -Pleistocene Florida (Delcourt and Delcourt l 987). Archaic peoples subsisted by hunting, fishing, and collecting plants, hardwood nuts, and shell.fish. Seasonality is reflected in their social organization and settlement patterns; larger groups of people could congregate during those times when local plant and animal resources were abundant and separate into smaller groups during less plentiful tinges, This distinction is noted in the archaeological record, as both central base camps and outlying extractive camps and quarry sites have been recorded. The central base camps are recognized by the larger number and greater diversity of artifacts (Milanich 1994). The Early and Middle Archaic periods in Florida are recognized by their diagnostic tool,, made of chert and coral; however, there are no chert outcrops in. south Florida. and coral, bone, shell, and wood tools were predominant (Upchurch et al. 1982; Widmer 1988). The Late Archaic lifeway was similar to that of the preceding periods: inland, riverine, and coastal resources were exploited, with the latter two environtnents • • • able to support larger populations than the inland forests. In the Late Archaic period, by ca. 2000 B.C., fiber -tempered pottery known as Orange ceramics began to be produced (Buller 1972:9). Most Archaic sites identified in the Caloosahatthee region are isolated projectile point finds along the shoreline and small lithic scatters in the interior (Austin 1987). Many preceramic shell middens have been recorded on islands along the south Florida coasts (McMichael 1982). During the last part of the Late Archaic, also known as the Transitional Period (1200 to 500 B.C.), fiber tempering of pottery decreases and sand tempering increases (Milanich 1994). This change, along with the introduction of new lithic tool types, marks the beginning of the Woodland Stage. Woodland Stage (500 B.C. to AD. 600) The Woodland Stage (500 B.C. to A.D. 800) is marked by increasing regional diversity due to local adaptations to varied ecological conditions within the state. This diversity is noted archaeologically by variations in ceramic types. During the Woodland Stage the culture of South Florida,, which up until that time had been similar to others of the southeastern United States, became quite distinct. This transitional period, known as the Glades period, fasted until A.D. 1.750 with. the Spanish cession o.f, Florida to England. Unlike other cultures, including those of central and northern peninsular Florida and the panhandle, the material culture of the Glades period retained most of its Middle Archaic characteristics, with the addition of ceramics. John M. Crogg.in (1947:119) initially divided Florida into discrete cultural regions, with the'`Glades Area" encompassing all of south Florida from below Boca Grande Pass on the west coast and Fort Pierce on the east coast. Later, he subdivided this area into three cultural regions, the "Calusa, Okeechobee, and Tekesta" (Coggin 1950:228). Goggin and Sturtevant's (1964:180) later essay on the Calusa employs these three sub- areas to categorize separate cultural systems, but also notes that in south .Florida, "historical sources locate a number of named Indian entities that are often difficult to separate into towns, tribelets, confederacies, and incipient states, all of which seem to have existed in the region." This division has been somewhat revised over the years, and currently Florida is divided into different culture areas agreed upon by archaeologists (Milanich 1994). The keys lie within the South Florida region. This region is composed of the Okeechobee Basin, the Caloosahatchee River drainage, and the southern tip of the Florida peninsula. Within. the South Florida area, Miami -Dade County falls within the Glades Region (Milanich 1994). A variety of site types are known from the Glades Region. Typically, shell middens are found near the coast,, especially near fresh water drainages where various wetland resources were important. Earth middens are found in inland locales. The prehistoric inhabitants of the Glades Region also constructed sand and shell burial mounds. Marine resources were heavily relied upon, and Fontenada 1944[1575j notes that the Indians ate fish, turtle, and mollusks in great quantities (IvlcGaun 1993). • • • Prctohistoric Period (A.D. 800 to 1565) When the Spanish first visited the Miami River area in the sixteenth century, they found the main village of the Tequesta Indians at the mouth of the river, The Tequesta were a complex society based on a maritime economy. They had long-distance trade relationships with the Hopewellian culture in the Midwest and with Caribbean cultures. The Tequesta also maintained alliances with neighboring tribes in the Florida Keys and in. inland areas of south Florida. The Tequesta and the Calusa, a contemporaneous chiefdom in southwest Florida, were at times allies and at other tires enemies. Historic Overview At the time of initial European contact, the area of Dade County was inhabited by the Tequesta Indians. The information about the native culture groups in this area is limited to the archaeological work that has been done and the documentation from Spanish contacts during the sixteenth century. Documentary information is sparse, however, as the Spanish did not permanently settle this area; instead, they concentrated their efforts on establishing missions on the mainland, especially in St. Augustine and north .Florida (Sturtevant 1978). This was partly due to the lack of a tradition of horticulture in south Florida (Milanich 1978). The earliest recorded European contacts with the Native American groups in this area were made by Spanish explorers and missionaries in the 1560s (Hann 1991). The Jesuits established a short-lived mission from 1565 to 1572 in the area of present-day Miami on Biscayne Bay (Andrews 1943). Although the Spanish began to colonize Florida in the sixteenth, century, their primary presence in southeastern Florida was as the result of shipwrecks along the Atlantic coastline. Spanish and British explorers and cartographers did map the coastline, noting features such as the New River. Even after Britain gained control over Florida in 1763, there were no significant European settlements in south Florida. Under pressure from Native American groups who were being forced out of their homes in Georgia and north Florida and into south Florida, many of the remaining Tequesta Indians in the area went to, Cuba along with the Spanish soldiers. Spain regained Florida after the American Revolution, but again, there were no concerted efforts to settle south Florida (Mclver 1983), During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, south Florida had no permanent European settlements. European expansion in north Florida caused the arrival of displaced native populations from there into south Florida. This led to the demise of the Tequesta,, and by the mid -eighteenth century a Jesuit mission in the Miami area no longer recorded this group (Milanieh 1995). lip until the 182Os, the Spanish government granted large tracts of land in Florida to people who declared their loyalty to Spain and their intention to settle on their lands. Despite these efforts, south Florida remained an isolated and sparsely populated area until well after it became a United States territory in 1821 and a state in 1845 (Metropolitan Dade County 1992). The earliest settlement in Miami centered on the Miami River. In the T 830s, Richard Fitzpatrick's large plantation encompassed land on both sides of the river. Fitzpatrick was an early political leader, instrumental in the legal creation of Dade County; however, he abandoned his plantation in 1836 during the Second Seminole War, After the war, he sold the plantation to his nephew, William English. In addition to • • • rebuilding the plantation on the north side of the river, in 1842 English platted the "Town of Miami" on the south side of the Miami River. English was ultimately unsuccessful in attracting homesteaders to Miami, and by the end of the 1840s had left Florida for California. By that time, however. Miami had become the political center of Dade County (Metropolitan Dade County 1992). During the Second Seminole War in the 1840s and the Third Seminole War in the 1850s, the U.S. Army occupied Fort Dallas at the mouth of the Miami River. The presence of the fart encouraged permanent American settlement in Miami, which persisted, but did not thrive, through the Civil War (1861-1865). The residents of Dade County were ideologically split by the Civil War, with some aiding the Union's blockade of the Florida coast and others acting as blockade runners for the Confederacy. After the war there was an increased interest in homesteading and settlement of Dade County (Metropolitan Dade County 1992). Although Dade County was created in the early nineteenth century, its period of active growth did not begin until. 1896, when Henry Flagler's Florida East Coast Railway was extended to Miami. The arrival of the railroad began a period of rapid development, centered on the tourist industry (Rodriguez 1989). The city of Miami was platted in 1896 by the fort Dallas Land Company, the officers of which were William and Mary Briekell, Julia Tuttle, and Henry Flagler (Metropolitan Dade County 1992). In the early twentieth century, communities developed around hotels, and as Miami grew, suburbs began to develop. The Florida real estate boom of the 1920s was particularly intense in south Florida. Tourism continued to increase throughout the 1920s. New planned communities became more common, as slid the Mediterranean Revival style of architecture (Rodriguez 1989). The land boom ended in Florida in 1926 after a banking crisis and a series of devastating hurricanes. Soon thereafter, the rest of the country entered a period of economic depression as well. 13y the mid 1930s, Dade County was beginning to emerge from the Depression, aided by a gradual increase in tourism. The Art Deco building style was popular for tourist -related facilities in Miami in the late 1930s. During the 1940s Miami and Dade County housed thousands of military personnel who received training in south Florida (Morniino 1996). Although many buildings were converted to military use during this time period, there was little new construction. After the war, Dade County experienced a post-war economic boom, as former military personnel moved to Florida along with their families (Rodriguez 1989). Miami continued to grow throughout the late twentieth century, becoming more of an international metropolitan area, attracting immigrants from the Caribbean region and Central America. In 1957, Dade County was chartered as the state's first home rule county. Rapid suburban growth in the late twentieth century blurred the distinction between Miami and unincorporated Dade County (Patricios 1994). Expected Results The parcel is considered to have moderate potential to contain one or more archaeological sites, due to the amount of disturbance and urban nature of the project area. Although the project area has been extensively disturbed by construction and demolition, excavations at nearby sites have shown that significant prehistoric resources • • • can sometimes still be found in previously developed parcels. Historic sites were considered likely to be present because of former historic structures located here. Management Summary The goal of this archaeological and historical assessment was to identify whether any previously recorded archaeological sites, historic structures, NRHP listed properties, cemeteries, bridges or resource groups exist within the property, Due to the proximity of this project area to previously recorded resources, it is recommended that archaeological testing occur on any open ground surface, and archaeological monitoring by a professional archaeologist take place during the early part of construction, Specific management guidelines are as follows: Field Methods Shovel tests, if possible, will be excavated within the project area. These shovel tests will conform to the state's guidelines and measure 50 cm in diameter and extend to a depth. of 1 meter below surface unless hydric soils or obstructions are met. All backdirt will be screened through '/{-inch hardware mesh. An archaeologist will be present during the environmental and engineering testing both to monitor the work and to survey the area under the asphalt for the likelihood of identifying cultural resources at this location. Monitoring will be conducted in accordance with Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations, with a hard hat and safety vest worn by the archaeological monitor at all times, A sketch map will be produced for the entire property, showing the locations of testing, Notes and digital color photographs will be taken during monitoring. All exposed ground will be inspected, and the backCll from excavated trenches troweled for artifacts. The archaeologicalfield notes and copies of the project maps will be kept on file at the offices of PCI — Tampa. Four historic structures are known to exist on the property based on information obtained from the Miami -Dade property apparaiser's online database. This database indicates that the four historic structures are located at 900 Biscayne Boulevard, 901 NE 2nd Avenue, 928 Biscayne Boulevard, and 944 Biscayne Boulevard, All historic structures will be recorded by a trained technician on state approved historic structure forms and be recorded with the state. :in addition, 35mm black and white photographs and high resolution digital photographs will be taken of at least two elevations of each structure for inclusion with the site files and in the final written report. Report Production and Artifact Analysis All collected artifacts will be returned to the Fanarnerican Consultants, Inc., archaeological laboratory and analyzed by a trained archaeological technician. These artifacts will be stabilized and returned to the landowner. In addition, a final archaeological report will be provided to the County and City Archaeologist and to the City of Miami Historic Preservation Officer. • • Procedures to Deal with Unexpected Discoveries Every reasonable effort. will be made during this investigation to identify and evaluate possible locations of prehistoric and historic archaeological sites; however, the possibility exists that evidence of cultural resources may yet be encountered within the project limits. Should any evidence of such resources be discovered during construction activities, all work in that portion of the project site should stop. Evidence of cultural resources includes aboriginal or historic pottery, prehistoric stone tools, bone or shell tools, historic trash pits, and building foundations. Should questionable materials be uncovered during the excavation of the project area, representatives of PCI — Tampa will assist in the identification and preliminary assessment of the materials, In the unlikely event that human skeletal remains or associated burial artifacts are uncovered within the project area, all work in that area must stop. The discovery must be reported to local law enforcement, who will in turn contact the medical examiner. The medical examiner will determine whether or not the State Archaeologist should be contacted per the requirements of Chapter 872.05, Florida Statutes. • • • References Cited Anderson, David G. 1996 Models of Paleoindian and Early Archaic Settlement in the Lower Southeast. In The Paleaindian and Early Archaic Southeast, edited by David G. Anderson and Kenneth, E. Sassaman, pp, 29-57. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa. Andrews, Charles M. 1943 The Florida Indians in the Seventeenth Century. requester 1943(3):36-48. Austin, Robert J. 1987 An Archaeological Site Inventory and Zone Management Plan for Lee County, Florida. Ms. No. 3893 on file, Florida .Division of Historical Resources, Tallahassee. Bullen, Ripley P. 1972 The Orange Period of Peninsular Florida. Publication No. 8. Florida Anthropological Society, Inc., Tallahassee, Florida. Carr, Robert S. 1980 Dade County Archaeological Survey, Phase Il, interim Report. Ms, No. 340 on. file. Florida Division of Historical Resources, Tallahassee. Carr, Robert S., and John Ricisak 2000 Preliminary Report on Salvage Archaeological Investigations of the Brickell Point Site (8DA12), including the Miami Circle, The Florida Anthropologist 53(4):260-284. Coles, John M. 1988 A Wetland Perspective. In Wet Site ,Archaeology, edited by Barbara A. Purdy, pp. 1-14. The Telford Press, Caldwell, New Jersey. Delcourt, Paul A., and Heel R. Delcourt 1987 Long Term Forest Dynamics of the Temperate Zone: A Case Study of Later Quaternary Forest in Eastern North America. Springer-Verlag, New York, Fontenada, Do_ d'Escalante 1944 f l $75] Memoir of Do. d'Escalante Fontenada Respecting Florida, Written in Spain About the Year 1575. Translated from the Spanish with notes by Buckingham Smith, edited by David O. True. University of Miami, Miami, Florida. Goggin, John M. 1947 A Preliminary Definition of Archaeological Areas and Periods in Florida, American Antiquity 13(2).l 14-127. 1950 Stratigraphic Tests in the Everglades National Park. American Antiquity :15(3):228-246. • • • Goggin, John M., aid William C. Sturtevant 1964 The CalhisA: A Stratified, Nonagricultural Society (With Notes on Sibling Marriage). In Explorations in Cultural Anthropology: Essays in Honor of George Peter Murdock, edited by Ward H. Goodenough, pp. 179-219. McGraw-Hill, New York, Hann, John H. 1991 Missions to the C'alusa, University of Florida Press, Gainesville. Janus Research. 2003 A Cultural Resource Assessment Survey of SR PA/.I95 New Port Access Ramp to Westbound State Road 836 from NE/NW 5th Street to the SR-836/I-95/I-395 Interchange. Ms. No. 8828 on file, Florida Division of Historical Resources, Tallahassee. ixlcGoun, William E. 1993 Prehistoric Peoples of South Florida. The University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa. McIver, Stuart B. 1983 Fort Lauderdale and I3raward County. Windsor Publications, Inc., Woodland 1-sills, California.. McMichael, Alan E. 1982 A Cultural Resource Assessment o Horr's Island, ,f Collier County, Florida. Unpublished M.A. thesis, department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville. Metropolitan Dade County 1989 Dade County Historic Survey, Phase LI, Final Report, Ms. No. 2127 on file, Florida Division of Historical Resources, Tallahassee. 1992 Frorn Wilderness to Metropolis: The History and Architecture of Dade County (1825-1940 , Second Edition, Metropolitan Dade County, Office of Community Development, Historic Preservation Division. Milanich, Jerald T. 197$ The Western Timucua. In Taccrchale: Essays on the Indians of Florida and Southeastern Georgia during the Historic Period, edited by Jerald T. Milanich and Samuel Proctor, pp. 59-88. University Presses ofFlorida, Gainesville. 1994.Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida, University Press of Florida, Gainesville. 1995 Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe. University Press of Florida, C ainesville. Mormino, Gary D. 1996 World War 1i.. In The New History ofFlorida, edited by Michael Gannon, pp. 323-343. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, • • • Noble, Chris V., Robert W. Drew, and James D. Sl.abaugh 1996 Survey of Dade County Area, Florida. Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. Patricios, Nicholas N. 1994 Building Marvelous Miami. University Press of Florida, Gainesville. Rodriguez, Ivan A. 1939 Dade. Iri Guide to Florida's Historic Architecture, compiled by F. Blair Reeves, pp. 144-146. University of Florida Press, Gainesville. Sturtevant, William C. 1978 The Last of the South Florida Aborigines. In Tacaclu7le: Essays on the Indians of Florida and Southeastern Georgia during the Historic Period, edited by Jerald T. Milanich and Samuel Proctor, pp. 141-162. University Press of Florida, Gainesville. Upchurch, Sam B., Richard N. Strom, and Mark G. Nuckels 1932 Methods of Provenance Determination of Florida Cherts. Prepared for the Florida Bureau of Historic Sites and Properties. Unpublished M.S. on file, Department of Geology, University of South Florida, Tampa. Wheeler. Ryan J. 2000 The Archaeology of Brickell Point and the Miami Circle. The Florida Anthropologist 55(4):294-322. White, William A. 1970 The Geomorphology of the Florida Peninsula. Bulletin No. 51. Florida Geological Survey, Tallahassee. Widmer, Randolph J. 1988 The Evolution of the Calusa: A Nonagricultural Chiefdom on the Southwest Florida Coast. The University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.